Shuhai Guo's research while affiliated with Chinese Academy of Sciences and other places
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Publications (86)
Electro-bioremediation is a promising technology for remediating soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, the resulting electrokinetic effects and electrochemical reactions may inevitably cause changes in soil factors and microorganism, thereby reducing the remediation efficiency. To avoid negative effect of electri...
Soil organic carbon (SOC) potentially interacts with microbial metabolism and may affect the degradation of petroleum-derived carbon (PDC) in the electro-bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. This study evaluated the interactions among organic carbon, soil properties, and microbial communities to explore the role of SOC during the electro-...
In situ capping and bioremediation are common technologies for treating contaminated soil at industrial sites. However, these two technologies have some shortcomings for treating soil heavily contaminated with organic matter, such as the limited adsorption in capping layer and the low biodegradation efficiency. This study proposed the method of an...
The intractable nature of oil-contaminated soil (OS) constitutes the chief limiting factor for its remediation. Herein, the aging effect (i.e., oil-soil interactions and pore-scale effect) was investigated by analyzing the properties of aged OS and further demonstrated by investigating the desorption behavior of the oil from the OS. XPS was perform...
Source apportionment is crucial to the prevention and control of heavy metals in the soil. The major methods focus on the identification of soil heavy metals from different pollution sources. However, they are unsuited to the source apportionment at a regional scale due to ignoring the spatial heterogeneity of heavy metal content caused by soil for...
The key to enhancing the efficacy of bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil is the precise and highly efficient screening of functional isolates. Low screening effectiveness, narrow screening range and an unstable structure of the constructed microflora during bioremediation are the shortcomings of the traditional shaking culture (TSC) met...
This study comprehensively evaluates the ecotoxicity of high-concentration heavy petroleum (HCHP)-contaminated soil before and after thermal desorption (TD) remediation at different temperatures and times. The results showed that the detoxification of contaminated soil was effectively achieved by extending the remediation duration at 400-600 °C. Af...
Rational design of multimetallic synergistic catalysis is a grand challenge in the field of green catalysis because synergistic mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, by exploiting a unique apparent anti-electronegativity polarization in cobalt-titanium-yttrium trimetallic synergy, a unified methodology is demonstrated to activate oxygen and nitro...
Rational design of multimetallic synergistic catalysis is a grand challenge in the field of green catalysis because synergistic mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, by exploiting a unique apparent anti‐electronegativity polarization in cobalt‐titanium‐yttrium trimetallic synergy, a unified methodology is demonstrated to activate oxygen and nitro...
Combined thermal desorption and stabilisation is a major choice for the remediation of soil polluted by heavy metals and organic toxicants. Coupled, these processes physically and chemically affect the stability of heavy metals. For this study, polluted soil containing cadmium (Cd) around a lead-zinc smelter was chosen as the subject. To determine...
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have great potential for desulfurization/denitrification of oil. This work investigated the underlying effect of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) in DESs on the extractive removal of quinoline, carbazole and dibenzothiophene (DBT) from oil on the basis of the intermolecular interactions. With the acid-base interaction, q...
Thermal desorption (TD) behavior of high-concentration petroleum-contaminated soil (PCS) is affected by soil composition, especially inorganic minerals. In this study, the TD behavior of petroleum-contaminated quartz (original mineral) and kaoline (clay mineral) were compared with those of pure petroleum (Petro-free); their “saturate, aromatic, res...
Different from lithium-ion batteries, composite carbon rod for high-power electrode was widely used in high-end manufacturing industry due to its good conductivity and low CTE. In this study, semi cokes with different structural characteristics was used as aggregate and coal tar pitch was adopted as binder and impregnant to prepare composite carbon...
Low yield and unremarkable electrochemical performance of MCMB prepared from conventional thermal polymerization are inevitable, which limits its large-scale application as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Hence, in this work, MCMBs were prepared by co‑carbonization of low-valued FCC decant oil and conductive carbon black (CCB). CCB can en...
Low-temperature coal tar is rich in oxygenated compounds which are hard to remove and make a great influence on the quality of needle coke. Low-temperature coal tar (LTCT) and decant oil (DO) were used to co-carbonize to prepare needle coke by liquid phase carbonization, and the evolution of oxygenated structures in LTCT during the preparation of n...
The use of electrokinetic (EK) phenomena can facilitate bioaugmentation by enhancing the mobility and redistribution of deposited soil bacteria through heterogeneous soil. In this research, batch treatments (T1-T6) were used to assess the characteristics of bacterial transportation and proliferation under a weak electric field (1 V/cm). The strain...
In needle coke industry, the raffinate oil from raw material refining could be used for co-carbonization to improve the structural evolution of aromatic feedstock with high aromaticity and low alkyl side chain content. High-temperature coal tar pitch (HCTP) and raffinate oil obtained from low-temperature coal tar (LCT) were used to prepare needle c...
In this study, we aimed to address the attenuation of electrokinetic fluxes that occur during plant (tall fescue)-based electrokinetic remediation of oil-contaminated soil. Following 60 days of treatment, the concentration of water-soluble cations and anions in the electrokinetics-assisted phytoremediation treatment (EK-P) were 20.03 mg/kg and 15.7...
Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) pollution in oilfield soils is a worldwide environmental problem. In this study, we analysed the spatial variation of residual TPH components and the ecological risk they pose. The soils of five selected oilfields in China, across 11 degrees of latitude and 17 degrees of longitude were selected for the investigatio...
In order to explore the influence of C14 alkane on physiological stress responses, mineral nutrient elements uptake, cadmium (Cd) transfer, and uptake characteristics of Lolium perenne L. (ryegrass), a series of pot trials were conducted which included a moderate level of Cd (2.182 mg·kg−1) without (control) and with five levels of C14 alkane (V/m,...
Needle coke have received much attention as a high-quality raw material for high power electrode due to its excellent electrical conductivity and low thermal expansion. In order to further investigate the effect of the molecular structure and key compositions of raw material on the quality of needle coke, a series of furfural extracts of low-temper...
The influence of electrical fields on phytoremediation of multi-metal (Cd, Cu, and Zn) naturally contaminated soils has been investigated based on different soil sections. After ryegrass and hybrid penisetum were sowed for 30 d, electrical fields were applied during 30 days with the switching polarity every 30 min and continuing for 16 h d⁻¹. After...
To clarify the relationship between the chemical compositions of green mesocarbon microbeads (GMCMBs) and the electrochemical behavior of carbonized mesocarbon microbeads (CMCMBs) for lithium-ion batteries, GMCMBs were prepared by emulsifying mesophase pitch (MP) with various anisotropic contents derived from FCC decant oil. Subsequently, GMCMBs we...
In order to explore the influence of C14 alkane on physiological stress responses, mineral nutrient elements uptake, cadmium (Cd) transfer and uptake characteristics of Lolium perenne L. (ryegrass), a series of pot trials were conducted which included a moderate level of Cd (2.182 mg·kg − 1 ) without (control) and with five levels of C14 alkane (V/...
Needle coke has been widely studied due to its highly oriented carbonaceous structure and low thermal expansion for preparing high power electrode. In order to further investigate the effect of compositions and molecular structure of heavy oil (HO) on the pyrolysis performance and structural evolution of needle coke, the heat pretreatment at 360-40...
To explore the carbonization behavior and structural evolution of needle coke prepared from different types of rich-aromatic materials, petroleum feedstock hydrocracking tail oil (HCTO) and coal feedstock low-temperature coal tar (LCT) were selected to prepare needle coke. The detailed comparative investigation focused on the properties of feedstoc...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous carcinogenic pollutants. Areas where crude oil has been exploited are at risk due to PAHs from both natural and anthropogenic sources. The Shengli Oilfield in China was used to assess the health risk posed by PAHs in areas with different population densities. A risk assessment showed that in th...
An innovative mesophilic aerobic biopile technology was explored to improve the bioremediation efficiency of petroleum-contaminated soil. Under the suitable soil conditions (C:N:P at 100:5:1 and soil moisture content at 18%), the soil pH was hold in the range of 7.4 to 6.8 throughout the bioremediation process, the mesophilic (30 °C-40 °C) and forc...
Heavy metal pollution of agricultural soils in sewage irrigation areas is a serious environmental issue. Many prior studies have demonstrated that soil around the irrigation area is polluted with heavy metals, even though they had not been irrigated by wastewater. In this study, a paddy field downstream of the Zhangshi Irrigation Area was selected...
The comparative study of different two-stage heat treatments was conducted to illustrate the modified effects on improving yield and spinnability of mesophase pitch. In such two-stage thermotreatments, a pressured condensation is employed to involve low-molecular-weight species into the formation of mesogens, thereby increasing pitch yields. Subseq...
An innovative superimposed electric field (SEF) was designed with the aim to achieve uniform removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil. Also the influence of SEF on the bioremediation efficiency of PAHs was investigated in compared with the common electric field (CEF). Five experiments were conducted in this study, namely EK-CEF (a...
Soil total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) pollution in oil fields is a worldwide environmental problem. In particular, the dense distribution of oil wells in low-permeability oil reservoirs has caused regional pollution superposition. We proposed a feasible method for the spatial ecological assessment for soil pollution in oil fields. Typical TPH-cont...
To control the liquid-phase carbonization of the petroleum residue, the transition of the aromatics in earlier stages of the thermal conversion and its effect on subsequent carbonization behavior were analyzed. It was found that more monocyclic and dicyclic aromatics was converted to polycyclic aromatics in a comparatively shorter time between 450...
Phytoremediation-assisted electrokinetic-bioremediation is a novel technology for soil remediation. We aimed to study the effects of a plant (ryegrass) on electrokinetic-bioremediation in n-hexadecane-contaminated soil. After treatment for 40 days, the n-hexadecane degradation ratio of electrokinetic-bioremediation-ryegrass (EK-Bio-RG) was 4.86% hi...
Electro-bioremediation is a promising technology for remediation of soil contaminated with persistent organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). During electro-bioremediation, electrical fields have been shown to increase pollutant degradation. However, it remains unclear whether there is an optimal strength for the electric...
This study investigated changes in soil ion content and soil water-holding capacity during electro-bioremediation (EK-Bio) of petroleum contaminated saline soil (ion content of 3.92 g/kg). The results indicated that the soil ions surrounded the electrodes with increasing time, thus changing the soil water-holding capacity. According to the Van Genu...
In this study, solvent extraction experiments were conducted to investigate the channel effect of pore structures and hydrogen bonds by analyzing the desorption behavior of oil components. The highest oil recovery efficiency was 87.9 % under optimum conditions. Pore structure of oily sludge was analyzed by N2 adsorption-desorption analysis and scan...
This study presents a systematic pilot-scale study on removal of PAHs from the abandoned site of Shenyang former Coking Plant in China (total PAH concentration of 5635.60 mg kg-1 in soil). Three treatments, including the control treatment (without inoculation and electric field), bioremediation (with inoculation), and the electro-bioremediation (wi...
The two-stage pyrolysis was proposed to effectively form uniaxially fibrous mesophase during pyrolysis of FCC decant oil. Detailed investigation focuses on main factors of regulating mesophase orientation and corresponding changes of mesogen stacks. The first-stage treatment under low temperature of 440 °C and high pressure of 2 MPa for 8 h ensures...
To concentrate pre-mesogens (molecules can convert to a mesophase quickly) from petroleum pitch and prevent system from suffering from excessive carbonization, the parent pitch was extracted by various solvents with different solubility parameters and the corresponding pitch residues were carbonized. It was found that the dispersive solubility para...
The 'focusing' effect has become a limiting factor for the removal of heavy metals from soils by electrokinetic (EK) remediation. A superimposed electric field EK (SE-EK) method is proposed to address this problem. Two sets of fixed electrodes placed at different positions were switched to move the 'focusing' region of Cd to the cathode by controll...
Cadmium (Cd) pollution of rice grain caused by Cd-contaminated soils is a common problem in southwest and central south China. In this study, utilizing the advantages of the Bayes classification statistical method, we established a risk forewarning model for rice grain Cd pollution, and put forward two parameters (the prior probability factor and d...
Soil pollution is a global problem which has gained enormous attentions especially in China. The Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences is the first research institute to study remediation technology for contaminated soils. In the 1990s, this institute carried out the Major Programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences, namely, “Study...
This study investigates the effect of the electrokinetic process, which includes electromigration and electro-osmosis, and the cause of process termination. The results show that electromigration strongly contributes to the ionic transportation in the first 10 days, and electro-osmosis is the dominant mechanism during 11-40 d. A total of 90% of Na⁺...
In the water shortage countries and areas, untreated sewage irrigation led to the extensive organic pollution of farmland soil, which seriously threatened environmental security. In this study, we selected Shenfu irrigation area (SIA) as the study area, and it was the first and largest organic sewage irrigation area in China. We analyzed the tempor...
This study investigated the distribution of ion contents and microorganisms during the electro-bioremediation (EK–Bio) of petroleum-contaminated saline soil. The results showed that soil ions tend to accumulate around the electrodes, and the concentration was correlated with the distance from the electrodes. The average soil ion content was 7.92 g/...
An innovative approach that couples electrokinetics with microbial degradation to breakdown cycloparaffinic hydrocarbons in soils is described. Soils were spiked with cyclododecane, used as a model pollutant, at approximately 1000 mg kg−1. A mixture of petroleum-utilizing bacteria was added to achieve about 106–107 CFU g−1. Then, three treatments w...
This study demonstrated the highly efficient degradation of n-hexadecane in soil, realized by alternating bioremediation and electrokinetic technologies. Using an alternating technology instead of simultaneous application prevented competition between the processes that would lower their efficiency. For the consumption of the soil dissolved organic...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading bacteria capable of growing under electrokinetic conditions were isolated using an adjusted acclimation and enrichment procedure based on soil contaminated with heavy PAHs in the presence of an electric field. Their ability to degrade heavy PAHs under an electric field was individually investigated in...
An innovative application of oily sludge via a distillation modification treatment has been proposed. Particular attention was paid to key parameters of the recovered light oil and residual emulsion, including the separation ratio of light oil, the change of chemical composition, values of penetration and softening point of the residual emulsion. I...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soil was studied under electrokinetic enhanced biodegradation with polarity-reversal. The effects of polarity reversal were investigated on electric current, pH, microbial counts and the spatial distribution of pyrene biodegradation rate during the application of electro-bioremediation. Three typ...
Petroleum-contaminated soil washing experiments were conducted to investigate a novel method for surfactant selection. Particular attention was paid to the effect of surfactant on petroleum removal for individual clay mineral types. Four clay minerals (chlorite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite) and three types of surfactant (the nonionic: Tween2...
![Fig 1. A major area of focus for the NMPRGS [16], the PRD region.](profile/Bo-Wu-65/publication/281817728/figure/fig4/AS:340529238822939@1458199905996/A-major-area-of-focus-for-the-NMPRGS-16-the-PRD-region_Q320.jpg)
The data on the heavy metal content at different soil depths derived from a multi-purpose regional geochemical survey in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) were analyzed using ArcGIS 10.0. By comparing their spatial distributions and areas, the sources of heavy metals (Cd, Hg, As and Pb) were quantitatively identified and explored. Netted measuring points...
A combined treatment technology (DEF-BIO) using the direct electro-Fenton (DEF) process and bioremediation (BIO) was established in this study. The performance of the DEF-BIO process on the remediation of a pyrene (PYR)-contaminated soil was evaluated in a slurry reactor. The appropriate order of application was to conduct the DEF process followed...
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A soil remediation method combining in situ reduction of Cr(VI) with approaching anodes electrokinetic (AAs-EK) remediation is proposed. EK experiments were conducted to compare the effect of approaching anodes (AAs) and fixed electrodes (FEs) with and without sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) as a reducing agent. When NaHSO3 was added to the soil before E...
Background
Although electro-bioremediation (EK-Bio) is effective at removing organic contaminants from soil, the role of electrical intensity (EI) and polarity-reversal (PR) remains unclear. Two electrokinetic reactors (ER I and II) with six treatments (EK-I, EK-PR-I, Bio-I, EK-Bio-I, EK-Bio-PR-I and EK-PR-II) were applied for 42 days to examine th...
The present study investigated the contributions of electrokinetics (EK) and bioremediation (BIO) in the treatment of different petroleum components by using bio-electrokinetics (BIO-EK) technology with a 2-dimensional (2-D) electric field. The spatiotemporal changes of the contents of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and its components, as well...
The effectiveness of electrokinetic remediation for pyrene-contaminated soil was investigated by an anode–cathode separated system using a salt bridge. The applied constant voltage was 24 V and the electrode gap was 24 cm. Two types of soil (sandy soil and loam soil) were selected because of their different conductive capabilities. The initial conc...
Bioremediation is a safe and cost-effective technology for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soils, but its remediation rate is usually very slow at soils contaminated with heavy PAHs in high concentrations. This paper describes the feasibility of using electrokinetics to enhance the degradation of heavy PAHs in so...
Inhibition of scale buildup and optimization of the selected compound inhibitor were investigated during the recycling and reuse of oilfield produced-water. Particular attentions were paid to the factors of scale inhibition, and the changes of scale phase composition and morphology. The results showed that the addition of Zn2 + ions can effectively...
The present study evaluated the coupling interactions between bioremediation (BIO) and electrokinetics (EK) in the remediation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) by using bio-electrokinetics (BIO-EK) with a rotatory 2-D electric field. The results demonstrated an obvious positive correlation between the degradation extents of TPH and electric in...
Electrokinetic remediation is an emerging physical remediation technology for the removal of heavy metals and organic chemicals from contaminated soil. We set up a soil chamber (24 × 12 × 8 cm) with two stainless steel electrodes (12 × 0.5 cm), and a constant voltage gradient of 1.0 v cm(-1) or 2.0 v cm(-1) was applied to study the effects of unidi...
Rivers in the Liaohe River Estuary area have been seriously polluted by discharges of wastewater containing petroleum pollutants and nutrients. In this paper, The Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model (QUAL2K) and its revised model as well as One-dimensional Tide Mean Model (1D model) were applied to predict and assess the water quality of the tidal...
This paper investigates the hybrid technology of electrokinetics (EK) coupled with bioremediation (Bio) in the removal of pyrene (PYR) in a soil matrix. Five different treatments were conducted to investigate the coupling interactions between EK and Bio on PYR degradation. A simulated removal curve was obtained by combining the degradation curves i...
As a new technology used for the cleaning of chromium-contaminated soil, worldwide interest in eletrokinetic (EK) remediation has grown considerably in recent times. However, owing to the fact that chromium exists as both cationic and anionic species in the soil, it is not an efficient method. This paper reports upon a study in which a process usin...
A new four-step approach, which removed fractions one by one based on the sequential extraction procedure proposed by the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), was designed to study the variation of chromium (Cr) chemical fractionation after citric acid/sodium citrate (CA/SC) washing. Particular attention was paid to the potential redistribution of...
Approaching anode is used to decrease the ‘focusing’ effect during electrokinetic (EK) remediation of chromium-contaminated soils from a chromite ore processing residue (COPR) deposition site. Four EK remediation experiments were performed to compare the effect of approaching and fixed anodes. Various parameters, including current, pH, removal of c...
The purposes of our study focus on the fate and transport of petroleum pollutants in the river, and effects of suspended substances (SS) on the change of group composition. The water samples were collected along the river which received the effluent discharged from the oil wastewater treatment plant located in Liaohe Oilfield. Saturated hydrocarbon...
Electrokinetic remediation of chromium contaminated soil is affected by the species of chromium in soil. This work studies the extent of chromium migration and the speciation of chromium during the enhanced electrokinetic remediation process. Two lab-scale electrokinetic experiments were carried out to remediate chromium contaminated soil from a ch...
a b s t r a c t This paper presents the improvement of acidification on the dewaterability of oily sludge from a flotation process. Various parameters, including the volume of supernatant water, capillary suction time (CST), and specific resistance to filtration (SRF) were used to evaluate the dewaterability of oily sludge. In addition, floc size d...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination of topsoil in Benxi City, Northeast China was investigated in this study,
and sampling sites were located in industrial area and residential area. Results demonstrate that there is high variability
in the total PAHs concentrations, ranging from 783.00 ng/g to 729 076.29 ng/g dry weight in the to...
Treatment of oilfield produced water was investigated using an anaerobic process coupled with micro-electrolysis (ME), focusing on changes in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biodegradability. Results showed that COD exhibited an abnormal change in the single anaerobic system in which it increased within the first 168 hr, but then decreased to 222...
Electro-bioremediation is an innovative method to remedy organic-polluted soil. However, the principle of electrokinetic technology enhancing the function of microbes, especially the relationship of electric intensity and biodegradation efficiency, is poorly investigated. Petroleum was employed as a target organic pollutant at a level of 50 g/kg (m...
Electro-bioremediation is an efficient method for removal or degradation of soil organic pollutants. Oil contaminants widely exist in many regions of the world and pose persistent risk on human health. In this study, we performed a number of experiments to examine the effectiveness of electro-bioremediation on an oil-contaminated soil in a perspex...
Soil contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydro-carbons (PAHs) is an increasing problem in China. An field survey was conducted in the industrial field and adjacent soils of Benxi Iron and Steel Group Corporation of Benxi, China to investigate the contents and distribution of the PAHs of soil, and a health risk assessment was carried out with tot...
A treatment engineering of prepared bed was set up for the bioremediation of oil contaminated soil with oil in this study, soils contaminated with different type of oils were treated using composting process in the prepared bed and the treatment period was divided into 2 phases with total time of 210 days. When the concentration of total petroleum...
The bioremediation of soils contaminated by different types of petroleum were carried out with composting process in a prepared bed. By the measures of nutrient- and microbiological agent addition, and moisture- and pH control, an ideal environment for microbes were obtained. When total petroleum hydrocarbons, which consist of thin oil, high conden...
Citations
... Recent findings have emphasized that in-situ control technology is regarded as a cost and time-effective method for contaminated sediment (Wang et al., 2019a). Compared with ectopic situ control technology, in-situ remediation has the good characteristics of less pollution, environmental friendliness, less expensive and prevention of biological invasion(Von Von Lau et al., 2014;Labianca et al., 2022;Debnath et al., 2023;Li et al., 2023). In-situ enhancement technology (Hafez et al., 2022) of sorbents and in situ active cover technology (Sun et al., 2020) have been widely used for in situ control technology in recent years. ...
... The thermal desorption of individual components within oil-based drill cuttings is influenced by various factors such as adsorption, temperature, pressure, and diffusion [44,45]. Competitive adsorption of both oil and water takes place on the particle surface, and this adsorption process is dynamic, varying with external conditions and component content. ...
... As a matter of fact, these biological catalysts play a leading role in the transformation processes of organic matter. Clearly, they are sensitive indicators of the influence of various soil formation factors, including anthropogenic changes in soil heavy metal content (Wu et al. 2023). The problem of degradation of soil biological properties is relevant in the context of uncontrolled environmental pollution by a wide range of pollutants (Sukiasyan and Kirakosyan, 2020). ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/960285749821441-1605961372360_Q64/Bo-Wu-31.jpg)
... To address this issue, polarity reversal, which involves periodically changing the polarity of the electric field acting on the soil, is the most commonly used method to adjust the pH. Li et al. (2023) demonstrated that electrode polarity reversal in the salt bridges electrokinetic system resulted in better purification effects on pyrene compared to fixed electrodes. After 14 days of polarity reversal, the removal rate of pyrene increased to 62.9%, which was 25.5% higher than that achieved with conventional fixed electrodes. ...
... Refs. [97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107] are cited in supplementary materials. ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/444538679500806-1482997688803_Q64/Wang-Sa-4.jpg)
... 39,40 OVs can effectively activate molecular oxygen to form reactive oxygen species with upgraded oxygen mobility and reactivity, and further enhance the initiation of C−H bond and the transformation of intermediates. 41,42 Therefore, OV concentration is the crucial structural parameter to evaluate its catalytic activity of CVO materials in selective oxidation, which can be calculated based on the ratio of peak area (O v /(O L + O v + O γ ) and it was summarized in Table 2. The CVO-300 catalyst had the lowest surface OV concentration under lowtemperature heat treatment, while the OV concentration was improved through increasing the calcination temperature as depicted in the CVO-700 catalyst. ...