Shaikh Mostak Ahammad’s scientific contributions

This study examines the interconnections between two primary food crops of Bangladesh those are rice and wheat (production, consumption, and import). Three methods use to examine. Those methods are unit root test, Granger causality test and Johansen cointegration test. Yearly data (collected from the website https://www.indexmundi.com from 1972 to 2022) are used to investigate the relationship between rice and wheat in Bangladesh. In the unit root test results, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) show that rice and wheat (production, consumption, and import) are the initial difference, stationary. By applying the Granger causality test it is founded that consume rice, consume wheat, wheat import, rice production is unidirectional and consumption rice, rice production, rice import is bidirectional relationship. There are a long-run integrating relationship between rice and wheat (production, consumption and import) that’s founded by Johansen cointegration test. As a result, rice and wheat are depended on each other and having strong relationship.

This study's objective is to examine how Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan use their farmland and compare their agricultural practices and policies. The idea behind the study is that land use and farming are very different in the three countries, even though they are all in similar places and have similar climates. In this study, the research was done using both quantitative and qualitative methods and also used several tests like the Johansen cointegration test, the Granger causality test, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, the Phillips-Perron (PP) test, and the Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS) test. The information used in this study came from both first-hand and secondhand sources, like government reports, academic journals, and other relevant literature. The study's findings show that, while Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan have similar meteorological and geographical qualities, their approaches to land use and agriculture are vastly different. Bangladesh has a more diverse cropping pattern and has had great success in increasing agricultural production by implementing new technologies. India, on the other hand, uses more fertilizers and pesticides, resulting in environmental harm and health issues. Pakistan has a more limited farming strategy, as well as water shortages and insufficient irrigation systems.