Shahul Hameed Faizee’s research while affiliated with Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology and other places

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antimicrobial effects of orthodontic band cement incorporated with various biosynthesized nanoparticles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Zirconia, gold, copper Nanoparticles were green synthesized using white tea extract and dry ginger which are incorporated into orthodontic band cement, characterized using FTIR analysis. Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus was tested in vitro by disc diffusion and Time Kill Curve Assay. RESULTS: Zirconia nanoparticles incorporated GIC exhibited better antimicrobial activity against streptococcus mutans, and gold nanoparticles incorporated GIC against lactobacillus acidophilus at varying concentrations at different time period. CONCLUSION: The antibacterial effect against streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus acidophilus were distinctly noted in Zirconia nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles followed by copper nanoparticles. Zirconia and gold nanoparticles produced more efficient antibacterial property and eventually would be effective in curtailing White Spot Lesions.

Background Periodontitis is intricately linked to oxidative stress-antioxidant (redox) imbalance. The antioxidant system scavenges the oxygen free radicals in biological fluids in patients with periodontitis. However, little is still known about the free radicals mediated oxidative stress and reductive ability of the antioxidant system. Thus, the present meta-analysis aims to quantitatively review the literature that assessed the oxidative stress marker total oxidative stress (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in various biological fluids of patients with periodontitis. Methodology. Electronic databases were searched for studies that assessed TOS and TAC levels in various biological samples of patients with periodontitis. Results From the 1,812 articles identified, 1,754 were excluded based on title and abstract screening due to irrelevance to the topic of interest. A full-text assessment of the remaining 58 articles led to the selection of 42 articles that satisfied the inclusion criteria. Of these, only 24 studies had consistent data for quantitative analysis. The periodontitis group displayed significantly elevated TOS levels (p < 0.05) in serum, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and saliva samples in the studies evaluated. In contrast, the periodontitis group exhibited significantly attenuated TAC levels (p < 0.01) compared to healthy controls in plasma, serum, and GCF samples of the studies evaluated, which was insignificant in salivary samples (p=0.433). At the same time, the periodontitis group displayed insignificantly elevated TAC levels after periodontal therapy (p=0.130). Conclusions The present meta-analysis showed significantly higher TOS and lower TAC in periodontitis, reflecting the elevated oxidative stress level than the control group. Clinical Relevance. Scientific rationale for the study: The imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants (oxidative stress (OS)) plays a critical role in the onset and progression of periodontitis; the assessment of the relationship between OS-related biomarkers in regional samples and systemic samples of patients with periodontitis helps us to evaluate the periodontal disease progression. The OS biomarker levels can be used to assess periodontal disease and therapeutic efficacy.

Background Oxidative stress induced by free radical accumulation contributes to many pathologies, including cancer. Antioxidant defense system fails to scavenge free radicals when it is excessively accumulated. Assessing individual antioxidant enzymes and total antioxidant capacity could direct the customized therapeutic strategies. Objective Evaluation of total antioxidant status and enzyme glutathione peroxidase activity in the oral cancer group compared to the healthy control group. Method The literature search included databases PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Cochrane and Cross Reference between 1999 and 2021. The database search was completed in the month of August 2022. The extracted data were analyzed by Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis (CMA) version 3 software (Biostat Inc. Englewood, NJ). Based on search strategies, 1435 articles have been retrieved from the database. In the segregated articles, 1365 were excluded due to duplicated articles, animal studies, low‐quality studies, articles unrelated to the research question, and with unmatched objectives. Based on inclusion criteria, 70 articles were selected for full‐text valuation. However, 33 articles were found highly suitable for inclusion and data extraction. Finally, 11 articles were selected for meta‐analysis. Results The meta‐analysis of four included studies of tissue samples showed a significantly ( p < .001) increased GPx activity in the oral cancer group, when compared to the control group, whereas three included studies of erythrocyte samples displayed a significantly ( p < .001) decreased GPx activity in the oral cancer group than the control group with the pooled standardized mean difference value of −2.766 moles/min/g Hb at 95% CI (−3.297 to −2.234). The meta‐analysis of the included studies depicted an insignificant ( p = .947) reduction of salivary TAS levels in the oral cancer group when compared to the control group. Conclusion Our systematic review and meta‐analysis depict antioxidant GPx enzyme activity in the regional tissue samples of the oral cancer group differs from other systemic biological fluid samples compared to the healthy control group.

Background: To evaluate the influence of Erbium, Chromium:Yttrium-Scandium-Gallium-Garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser irradiation (2W 15Hz, 2W 25Hz) on Penetration Depth, Surface Roughness, Surface Morphology and Etching Pattern of enamel and to compare it with conventional acid etching. Material and methods: Sixty sound human premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were used for this study. Penetration Depth and Surface Roughness between Acid Etched and Laser Etched Enamel were evaluated using Non-contact 3D- Profilometer .Surface Morphology and the Etching Pattern were evaluated using Field Emission - Scanning Electron Microscope. Results: On comparing the maximum depth and surface roughness values among all the three groups, highest was found in the acid-etched group, followed by the 2W 15Hz laser-etched group and the least was with the 2W 25Hz laser-etched group. The laser etching of enamel surface with an Er,Cr:YSGG laser system showed Type 3 etching pattern, whereas acid etched surface showed Type 1 etching pattern as described by Silverstone (1974). Conclusions: Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation produces favourable etching pattern and micro-irregularities that are suitable for resin penetration. Moreover, due to its decreased surface roughness and penetration depth, laser etching can significantly decrease the probability of formation of white spot lesions which is proved to be the potential disadvantage of conventional acid etching. Hence, laser etching can be preferred over the conventional phosphoric acid etching for orthodontic bonding. Key words:Laser, Er,Cr:YSGG, Surface Roughness, Etching Pattern,Penetration Depth,SEM, Laboratory Research, Acid etching.

BACKGROUND Covid-19 pandemic has created a havoc all over the world. In the view of orthodontists, the lockdown has brought financial, emotional, and professional restrain. In order to restart the practice, we need to have a sound knowledge on the guidelines issued by the authorities. We wanted to assess the knowledge of SARS - CoV-2 infection, its impact on orthodontists and their understanding of the sanitation protocols in this study. METHODS 500 orthodontic practitioners and postgraduates who reside in India participated in the study through an online questionnaire. Intergroup comparison was made among postgraduates (PG), private practitioners (PP), both in private practice and academic institutions (PA). RESULTS 500 forms were completed and returned. The results were categorized into 3 sections - Knowledge on SARS-CoV-2, impact of Covid-19 on orthodontic practice and sanitation of the operatory. The study revealed the awareness of the infection among orthodontists at various levels of practice and their attentiveness in following Covid-19 protocol. CONCLUSIONS Orthodontic practitioners are very much aware of the seriousness of Covid-19 infection, method of spread, and its impact and sanitation protocols. Academic practitioners are more informed about the gravity of Covid-19 infection while private practitioners are robust in maintaining the sanitation standards of their operatories. KEY WORDS Orthodontist, Covid-19, Sanitation, Practitioner

Aim To evaluate the demineralization resistance and the shear bond strength of enamel surfaces after erbium, chromium: yttrium–scandium–gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser etching (2 W/15 Hz, 2 W/25 Hz) and to compare them with conventional acid etching for orthodontic bonding. Materials and Methods A total of 60 extracted human premolars with intact enamel surface were used for this study. Demineralization Resistance was estimated using ion-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). Shear bond strength was evaluated using Universal Testing Machine—Instron. Results Statistically significant difference ( P < .001) was found in the concentration of dissolved calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), with the highest mean Ca and P in the acid-etched group, followed by 2 W/15 Hz laser-etched group and least with 2 W/25 Hz laser-etched group. Maximum bond strength was found in the acid-etched group (12.06 MPa), followed by the 2 W/25 Hz laser-etched group (9.01 MPa) and 2 W/15 Hz laser-etched group (8.39 MPa). The differences were statistically significant. Conclusions Laser conditioning of enamel surface revealed significant demineralization resistance with a minimal dissolution of Ca and P ions in the demineralizing solution. Moreover, optimum bond strength was obtained similar to that of acid etching; hence, Er,Cr:YSGG laser conditioning of enamel surface is preferred over the conventional phosphoric acid etching for orthodontic bonding.

Background: Malocclusion has been a problem since ancient times. Diverse factors influence malocclusion such as oral habits, anomalies in the dentition like changes in shape, position and number of teeth. But awareness and attitude about the problem differs within the neighborhood, depending upon their understanding and education. Hence, observation is essential to diminish and avoid the deleterious effects of malocclusion. Hence the objective of this study is to perceive the knowledge of youngsters and enlighten their perception on misaligned teeth. Methods and material: A cross sectional study was conducted among 1000 young adults between ages 18-22 in Sathyabama University, Chennai, India. A questionnaire consisting of 24 multiple choice questions were given to the participants to assess their awareness, attitude towards malocclusion and orthodontic treatment. Descriptive statistics and chi square test was done using SPSS software version 20. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: More than 70% of the participants show concern and interest on self-image, 39.9% of the total study population were unhappy with the arrangement of their teeth. There was an overall lack of knowledge about the etiology and the effects of malocclusion among the participants. 60.2% of the population have not visited a dentist in the past 3 years. Many had false impressions towards orthodontic treatment. Conclusion: Awareness about the effects of malocclusion among young adults seems to be lacking. Most of the time, the treatment is neglected until the need for it arises.