Sergio Martín's research while affiliated with University of Santiago, Chile and other places
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Publications (93)
The radio galaxy NGC 1052 casts absorption features of sulfur-bearing molecules, H$_2$S, SO, SO$_2$, and CS toward the radio continuum emission from the core and jets. Using ALMA, we have measured the equivalent widths of SO absorption features in multiple transitions and determined the temperatures of $344 \pm 43$ K and $26 \pm 4$ K in sub-millime...
We have used ALMA imaging (resolutions 0.1\arcsec-0.4\arcsec) of ground and vibrationally excited lines of HCN and HC$_3$N toward the nucleus of NGC 4945 to trace the protostellar phase in Super Star Clusters (proto-SSC). Out of the 14 identified SSCs, we find that 8 are in the proto-SSC phase showing vibrational HCN emission with 5 of them also sh...
We analyze HCN and HNC emission in the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253 to investigate its effectiveness in tracing heating processes associated with star formation. This study uses multiple HCN and HNC rotational transitions observed using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array via the ALCHEMI Large Program. To understand the conditions a...
The centers of starburst galaxies may be characterized by a specific gas and ice chemistry due to their gas dynamics and the presence of various ice desorption mechanisms. This may result in a peculiar observable composition. We analyse the abundances of CO 2 , a reliable tracer of ice chemistry, from data collected as part of the Atacama Large Mil...
We analyze HCN and HNC emission in the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253 to investigate its effectiveness in tracing heating processes associated with star formation. This study uses multiple HCN and HNC rotational transitions observed using ALMA via the ALCHEMI Large Program. To understand the conditions and associated heating mechanisms within NGC...
Centers of starburst galaxies may be characterized by a specific gas and ice chemistry due to their gas dynamics and the presence of various ice desorption mechanisms. This may result in a peculiar observable composition. We analyze abundances of $CO_2$, a reliable tracer of ice chemistry, from data collected as part of the ALMA large program ALCHE...
Nitriles play a key role as molecular precursors in prebiotic experiments based on the RNA-world scenario for the origin of life. These chemical compounds could have been partially delivered to the young Earth from extraterrestrial objects, stressing the importance of establishing the reservoir of nitriles in the interstellar medium. We report here...
Context. The central engines of many active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are thought to be surrounded by warm molecular and dusty material in an axisymmetric geometry, thus explaining part of the observational diversity of active nuclei.
Aims. We aim to shed light on the physical properties and kinematics of the molecular material in the nucleus of one o...
Nitriles play a key role as molecular precursors in prebiotic experiments based on the RNA-world scenario for the origin of life. These chemical compounds could have been partially delivered to the young Earth from extraterrestrial objects, stressing the importance of establishing the reservoir of nitriles in the interstellar medium. We report here...
The cosmic-ray ionization rate (CRIR) is a key parameter in understanding the physical and chemical processes in the interstellar medium. Cosmic rays are a significant source of energy in star formation regions, impacting the physical and chemical processes that drive the formation of stars. Previous studies of the circum-molecular zone of the star...
We aim to shed light on the physical properties and kinematics of the molecular material in the nucleus of one of the closest type 2 active galaxies. To this end, we obtained high angular resolution ALMA observations of the nucleus of the Circinus galaxy. The observations map the emission at 350GHz and 690GHz with spatial resolutions of ~3.8pc and...
Theories on the origins of life propose that early cell membranes were synthesized from amphiphilic molecules simpler than phospholipids such as fatty alcohols. The discovery in the interstellar medium (ISM) of ethanolamine, the simplest phospholipid head group, raises the question whether simple amphiphilic molecules are also synthesized in space....
The cosmic ray ionization rate (CRIR) is a key parameter in understanding the physical and chemical processes in the interstellar medium. Cosmic rays are a significant source of energy in star formation regions, which impacts the physical and chemical processes which drive the formation of stars. Previous studies of the circum-molecular zone (CMZ)...
We present the first detection of ( Z )-1,2-ethenediol, (CHOH) 2 , the enol form of glycolaldehyde, in the interstellar medium toward the G+0.693−0.027 molecular cloud located in the Galactic Center. We have derived a column density of (1.8 ± 0.1) × 10 ¹³ cm ⁻² , which translates into a molecular abundance with respect to molecular hydrogen of 1.3...
We report the first detection of the phosphorus monoxide ion (PO+) in the interstellar medium. Our unbiased and very sensitive spectral survey toward the G+0.693–0.027 molecular cloud covers four different rotational transitions of this molecule, two of which (J = 1–0 and J = 2–1) appear free of contamination from other species. The fit performed,...
We present the first detection of ($Z$)-1,2-ethenediol, (CHOH)$_2$, the enol form of glycolaldehyde, in the interstellar medium towards the G+0.693-0.027 molecular cloud located in the Galactic Center. We have derived a column density of (1.8$\pm$0.1)$\times$10$^{13}$ cm$^{-2}$, which translates into a molecular abundance with respect to molecular...
We report the first detection of the phosphorus monoxide ion (PO$^{+}$) in the interstellar medium. Our unbiased and very sensitive spectral survey towards the G+0.693$-$0.027 molecular cloud covers four different rotational transitions of this molecule, two of which ($J$=1$-$0 and $J$=2$-$1) appear free of contamination from other species. The fit...
The Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) contains most of the mass of our Galaxy but its star formation rate is one order of magnitude lower than in the Galactic disk. This is likely related to the fact that the bulk of the gas in the CMZ is in a warm (>100 K) and turbulent phase with little material in the prestellar phase. We present in this Letter obser...
We observed with Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array three deeply buried nuclei in two galaxies, NGC 4418 and Arp 220, at ∼0.″2 resolution over a total bandwidth of 67 GHz in f rest = 215–697 GHz. Here we (1) introduce our program, (2) describe our data reduction method for wide-band, high-resolution imaging spectroscopy, (3) analyze in vi...
Molecular abundances are sensitive to the UV photon flux and cosmic-ray ionization rate. In starburst environments, the effects of high-energy photons and particles are expected to be stronger. We examine these astrochemical signatures through multiple transitions of HCO ⁺ and its metastable isomer HOC ⁺ in the center of the starburst galaxy NGC 25...
We present the line observations in our Atacama Millimeter-Submillimeter Array imaging spectral scan toward three deeply buried nuclei in NGC 4418 and Arp 220 . We cover 67 GHz in f rest = 215–697 GHz at about 0.″2 (30, 80 pc) resolution. All the nuclei show dense line forests; we report our initial line identification using 55 species. The line ve...
Amines, in particular primary amines (R-NH$_2$) are closely related to the primordial synthesis of amino acids since they share the same structural backbone. However, only limited number of amines has been identified in the ISM which prevents us from studying their chemistry as well as their relation to pre-biotic species that could lead to the eme...
One of the most prominent features of galaxy clusters is the presence of a dominant population of massive ellipticals in their cores. Stellar archaeology suggests that these gigantic beasts assembled most of their stars in the early Universe via intense starbursts. However, the role of dense environments and their detailed physical mechanisms in tr...
Molecular astronomy is a field that is blooming in the era of large observatories such as the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA). With modern, sensitive, and high spectral resolution radio telescopes like ALMA and the Square Kilometer Array, the size of the data cubes is rapidly escalating, generating a need for powerful automatic...
We present the line observations in our ALMA imaging spectral scan toward three deeply buried nuclei in NGC 4418 and Arp 220. We cover 67 GHz in $f_{\rm rest}$=215-697 GHz at about 0.2$"$ (30, 80 pc) resolution. All the nuclei show dense line forests; we report our initial line identification using 55 species. The line velocities generally indicate...
We observed with ALMA three deeply buried nuclei in two galaxies, NGC 4418 and Arp 220, at $\sim$0.2$''$ resolution over a total bandwidth of 67 GHz in $f_{\rm rest}$ = 215 - 697 GHz. Here we (1) introduce our program, (2) describe our data reduction method for wide-band, high-resolution imaging spectroscopy, (3) analyze in visibilities the compact...
Molecular abundances are sensitive to UV-photon flux and cosmic-ray ionization rate. In starburst environments, the effects of high-energy photons and particles are expected to be stronger. We examine these astrochemical signatures through multiple transitions of HCO$^+$ and its metastable isomer HOC$^+$ in the center of the starburst galaxy NGC 25...
Utilizing the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, we present CS line maps in five rotational lines ( J u = 7, 5, 4, 3, 2) toward the circumnuclear disk (CND) and streamers of the Galactic center. Our primary goal is to resolve the compact structures within the CND and the streamers, in order to understand the stability conditions of molec...
Significance
The detection of ethanolamine ( N H 2 C H 2 C H 2 OH) in a molecular cloud in the interstellar medium confirms that a precursor of phospholipids is efficiently formed by interstellar chemistry. Hence, ethanolamine could have been transferred from the proto-Solar nebula to planetesimals and minor bodies of the Solar System and thereafte...
Cell membranes are a key element of life because they keep the genetic material and metabolic machinery together. All present cell membranes are made of phospholipids, yet the nature of the first membranes and the origin of phospholipids are still under debate. We report here the first detection in space of ethanolamine, NH$_2$CH$_2$CH$_2$OH, which...
The chemical compounds carrying the thiol group (-SH) have been considered essential in recent prebiotic studies regarding the polymerization of amino acids. We have searched for this kind of compounds toward the Galactic Centre quiescent cloud G+0.693-0.027. We report the first detection in the interstellar space of the trans-isomer of monothiofor...
 in a smaller FOV of 7.2...](profile/Dieu-Nguyen-5/publication/351080017/figure/fig2/AS:1083692839641094@1635383915763/Same-as-Fig-2-but-for-CI1-0-in-a-smaller-FOV-of-72-arcsec-72-arcsec-or-24_Q320.jpg)
We present a supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass measurement in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 7469 using Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the atomic-[CI](1-0) and molecular-12CO(1-0) emission lines at the spatial resolution of ≈0${_{.}^{\prime\prime}}$3 (or ≈ 100 pc). These emissions reveal that NGC 7469 hosts a circum...
The chemical compounds carrying the thiol group (-SH) have been considered essential in recent prebiotic studies regarding the polymerization of amino acids. We have searched for this kind of compounds toward the Galactic Centre quiescent cloud G+0.693-0.027. We report the first detection in the interstellar space of the trans-isomer of monothiofor...
We present a supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass measurement in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC7469 using Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the atomic-${\rm [CI]}$(1-0) and molecular-$^{12}$CO(1-0) emission lines at the spatial resolution of $\approx0.3$" (or $\approx$ 100 pc). These emissions reveal that NGC7469 hosts a...
Utilizing the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), we present CS line maps in five rotational lines ($J_{\rm u}=7, 5, 4, 3, 2$) toward the circumnuclear disk (CND) and streamers of the Galactic Center. Our primary goal is to resolve the compact structures within the CND and the streamers, in order to understand the stability conditi...
One of the proposed scenarios for the origin of life is the primordial RNA world, which considers that RNA molecules were likely responsible for the storage of genetic information and the catalysis of biochemical reactions in primitive cells, before the advent of proteins and DNA. In the last decade, experiments in the field of prebiotic chemistry...
Using ALMA data, we have studied the HC$_3$N and continuum emission in the starburst ring (SB ring) and the circumnuclear disc (CND) of the SB/AGN composite galaxy NGC 1068. We have detected emission from vibrationally excited HC$_3$N (HC$_3$N*) only towards one star-forming region of the SB ring. Remarkably, HC$_3$N* was not detected towards the C...
One of the proposed scenarios for the origin of life is the primordial RNA world, which considers that RNA molecules were likely responsible for the storage of genetic information and the catalysis of biochemical reactions in primitive cells, before the advent of proteins and DNA. In the last decade, experiments in the field of prebiotic chemistry...
 and (b) 12 CO(2-1)...](profile/Dieu-Nguyen-5/publication/342258741/figure/fig4/AS:903620706959360@1592451373260/Velocity-channel-maps-of-a-C-I1-0-and-b-12-CO2-1-line-emission-in-the-central-2_Q320.jpg)
/ 12 CO(2-1)=R C I/CO vs. [C I](1-0)/ 13...](profile/Dieu-Nguyen-5/publication/342258741/figure/fig10/AS:968664568299525@1607959038802/C-I1-0-12-CO2-1R-C-I-CO-vs-C-I1-0-13-CO2-1R-C-I-13CO-line-flux_Q320.jpg)
We used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to map $^{12}$CO($J$ = 1-0), $^{12}$CO($J$ = 2-1), $^{12}$CO($J$ = 3-2), $^{13}$CO($J$ = 2-1), and [CI]($^3P_1$-$^3P_0$) emission lines around the type-1 active galactic nucleus (AGN) of NGC 7469 ($z = 0.0164$) at $\sim 100$ pc resolutions. The CO lines are bright both in the circumnuc...
Small imines containing up to three carbon atoms are present in the interstellar medium. As alkynyl compounds are abundant in this medium, propargylimine thus represents a promising candidate for a new interstellar detection. The goal of the present work is to perform a comprehensive laboratory investigation of the rotational spectrum of propargyli...
We report ALMA observations of NGC 1052 to quest mass accretion in a gas-poor active galactic nucleus (AGN). We detected CO emission representing a rotating ring-like circumnuclear disk (CND) seen edge-on with the gas mass of $5.3 \times 10^{5}$ M$_{\odot}$. The CND has smaller gas mass than that in typical Seyfert galaxies with circumnuclear star...
In the past decade, Astrochemistry has witnessed an impressive increase in the number of detections of complex organic molecules. Some of these species are of prebiotic interest such as glycolaldehyde, the simplest sugar, or amino acetonitrile, a possible precursor of glycine. Recently, we have reported the detection of two new nitrogen-bearing com...
In the past decade, astrochemistry has witnessed an impressive increase in the number of detections of complex organic molecules. Some of these species are of prebiotic interest such as glycolaldehyde, the simplest sugar, or aminoacetonitrile, a possible precursor of glycine. Recently, we have reported the detection of two new nitrogen-bearing comp...
We present spatial variations of the CO J = 2−1/1–0 line ratio (R₂₁/₁₀) in the barred spiral galaxy M83 using Total Power Array (single-dish telescopes) data from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. While the intensities of these two lines correlate tightly, R₂₁/₁₀ varies over the disk, with a disk average ratio of 0.69, and shows the...
Using $0.2^{\prime \prime}$ ($\sim3$ pc) ALMA images of vibrationally excited HC$_3$N emission (HC$_3$N$^*$) we reveal the presence of $8$ unresolved Super Hot Cores (SHCs) in the inner $160$ pc of NGC\,253. Our LTE and non-LTE modelling of the HC$_3$N$^*$ emission indicate that SHCs have dust temperatures of $200-375$ K, relatively high H$_2$ dens...
We report an astrochemical study on the evolution of interstellar molecular clouds and consequent star formation in the center of the barred spiral galaxy M83. We used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to image molecular species indicative of shocks (SiO, CH$_3$OH), dense cores (N$_2$H$^+$), and photodissociation regions (CN a...
Mergers of galaxies are an important mode for galaxy evolution because they serve as an efficient trigger of powerful starbursts. However, observational studies of molecular gas properties during their early stages are scarce. We present interferometric CO(2-1) maps of two luminous infrared galaxies, NGC 3110 and NGC 232, obtained with the Submilli...
In external galaxies, molecular composition may be influenced by extreme environments such as starbursts and galaxy mergers. To study such molecular chemistry, we observed the luminous-infrared galaxy and merger NGC 3256 using the Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array. We covered most of the 3-mm and 1.3-mm bands for a multi-species, multi-...
We present the first spatially and spectrally resolved image of the molecular outflow in the western nucleus of Arp\,220. The outflow, seen in HCN~(1--0) by ALMA, is compact and collimated, with extension $\lesssim$ 120\,pc. Bipolar morphology emerges along the minor axis of the disk, with redshifted and blueshifted components reaching maximum incl...
Centaurus A, with its gas-rich elliptical host galaxy, NGC 5128, is the nearest radio galaxy at a distance of 3.8 Mpc. Its proximity allows us to study the interaction between an active galactic nucleus, radio jets, and molecular gas in great detail. We present ALMA observations of low J transitions of three CO isotopologues, HCN, HCO$^{+}$, HNC, C...
The Survey of Water and Ammonia in the Galactic Center (SWAG) covers the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) of the Milky Way at frequencies between 21.2 and 25.4 GHz obtained at the Australia Telescope Compact Array at $\sim 0.9$ pc spatial and $\sim 2.0$ km s$^{-1}$ spectral resolution. In this paper, we present data on the inner $\sim 250$ pc ($1.4^\ci...
We present an 8 pc x 5 pc resolution view of the central ~ 200 pc region of the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253, based on ALMA Band 7 ({\lambda} ~ 0.85 mm or {\nu} ~ 350 GHz) observations covering 11 GHz. We resolve the nuclear starburst of NGC 253 into eight dusty star-forming clumps, 10 pc in scale, for the first time. These clumps, each of which...
We analyze 3 mm emission of the ultraluminous infrared galaxy Arp 220 for spatially-resolved structure and spectral properties of the merger nuclei. ALMA archival data at ~0.05" resolution are used for extensive visibility fitting and deep imaging of continuum emission. The data are fitted well with two concentric components for each nucleus, such...
We report the discovery of a remarkable concentration of massive galaxies with extended X-ray emission at $z_{spec} = 2.506$, which contains 11 massive ($M_{*} \gtrsim 10^{11} M_{\odot}$) galaxies in the central 80kpc region (11.6$\sigma$ overdensity). We have spectroscopically confirmed 17 member galaxies with 11 from CO and the remaining ones fro...
Our aim is to characterize the polarized continuum emission properties including intensity, polarization position angle, and polarization percentage of Sgr A* at $\sim$100 (3.0 mm), $\sim$230 (1.3 mm), $\sim$345 (0.87 mm), $\sim$500 (0.6 mm), and $\sim$700 GHz (0.43 mm). We report continuum emission properties of Sgr A* at the above frequency bands...
We report linearly polarized continuum emission properties of Sgr A* at $\sim$492 GHz, based on the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) observations. We used the observations of the likely unpolarized continuum emission of Titan, and the observations of C\textsc{i} line emission, to gauge the degree of spurious polarization. The Stokes I flux of...
We present the first submillimetric line survey of extragalactic sources carried out by APEX. The surveys cover the 0.8 mm atmospheric window from 270 to 370GHz toward NGC253, NGC4945 and Arp220. We found in NGC 253, 150 transitions of 26 molecules. For NGC 4945, 136 transitions of 24 molecules, and 64 transitions of 17 molecules for Arp 220. Colum...
We present observations of the $^{12}$CO(6-5) line and 686GHz continuum
emission in NGC253 with the Submillimeter Array at an angular resolution of
~4arcsec. The $^{12}$CO(6-5) emission is clearly detected along the disk and
follows the distribution of the lower $^{12}$CO line transitions with little
variations of the line ratios in it. A large-vel...
We present results from a study of the dense circumnuclear molecular gas of starburst galaxies. The study aims to investigate
the interplay between starbursts, active galactic nuclei and molecular gas. We characterize the dense gas traced by HCN, HCO+ and HNC and examine its kinematics in the circumnuclear regions of nine starburst galaxies observe...
Compiling data from literature and the ALMA archive, we show enhanced
HCN(4-3)/HCO$^+$(4-3) and/or HCN(4-3)/CS(7-6) integrated intensity ratios in
circumnuclear molecular gas around active galactic nuclei (AGNs) compared to
those in starburst (SB) galaxies (submillimeter HCN-enhancement). The number of
sample galaxies is significantly increased fro...
We present ALMA Cycle 1 observations of the central kpc region of the
luminous type-1 Seyfert galaxy NGC 7469 with unprecedented high resolution
(0.5$"$ $\times$ 0.4$"$ = 165 pc $\times$ 132 pc) at submillimeter wavelengths.
Utilizing the wide-bandwidth of ALMA, we simultaneously obtained HCN(4-3),
HCO$^+$(4-3), CS(7-6), and partially CO(3-2) line...
We study the structure and kinematics of the OH-streamer and the +80 km/s
cloud and their interactions with the circumnuclear disk (CND) and with other
molecular clouds in the vicinity of the Galactic centre (GC), and we map OH
absorption at about 6" resolution at R $\le$ 10 pc from the GC, with about 9
km/s velocity resolution. The VLA was used to...
We present an unprecedented measurement of the disc stability and local
instability scales in the luminous infrared Seyfert 1 host, NGC7469, based on
ALMA observations of dense gas tracers and with a synthesized beam of 165 x 132
pc. While we confirm that non-circular motions are not significant in
redistributing the dense interstellar gas in this...
We used the IRAM 30m telescope to observe the frequency range [86-116]GHz
towards the central regions of the starburst galaxies M83, M82, and NGC253, the
AGNs M51, NGC1068, and NGC7469, and the ULIRGs Arp220 and Mrk231. Assuming LTE
conditions, we calculated the column densities of 27 molecules and 10
isotopologues. Among others, we report the firs...
NGC1266 is a nearby lenticular galaxy that harbors a massive outflow of
molecular gas powered by the mechanical energy of an active galactic nucleus
(AGN). It has been speculated that such outflows hinder star formation (SF) in
their host galaxies, providing a form of feedback to the process of galaxy
formation. Previous studies, however, indicated...
We present the first 100 pc scale view of the dense molecular gas in the central ∼1.3 kpc of the type-1 Seyfert NGC 1097,
traced by HCN (J = 4–3) and HCO+ (J = 4–3) lines afforded with ALMA band 7. This galaxy shows significant HCN enhancement with respect to HCO+ and CO in the low-J transitions, which seems to be a common characteristic in AGN env...
We present a kinematic analysis of the dense molecular gas in the central 200 pc of the nearby galaxy NGC 1097, based on Cycle 0 observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). We use the HCN(4-3) line to trace the densest interstellar molecular gas ( cm–3), and quantify its kinematics, and estimate an inflow rate for the...
We have observed the nucleus of the nearby luminous infrared galaxy NGC 4418 with subarcsec resolution at 860 and 450 μm for the first time to characterize its hidden power source. A ~20 pc (01) hot dusty core was found inside a 100 pc scale concentration of molecular gas at the galactic center. The 860 μm continuum core has a deconvolved (peak) br...
We aimed to study the molecular composition of the interstellar medium (ISM)
surrounding an Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN), by making an inventory of
molecular species and their abundances, as well as to establish a chemical
differentiation between starburst galaxies and AGN. We used the IRAM-30 m
telescope to observe the central 1.5-2 kpc region of...
We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and Australia
Telescope Compact Array data of molecular absorption lines toward the
bright central core of Centaurus A. The line of sight crosses the
prominent dust lane and continues through the disk and eventually
through gas that may be very close to the central supermassive black
hole. The...
We aimed to study the chemistry of the circumnuclear molecular gas of NGC 1068, and to compare it with those of the starburst galaxies M 82 and NGC 253. Using the IRAM-30 m telescope, we observed the inner 2kpc of NGC 1068 between 86.2 GHz and 115.6 GHz. We identified 35 spectral features, corresponding to 24 different molecular species. Among them...
