Selby Jacobs’s research while affiliated with Yale University and other places

... Indeed, in our case, the physical symptoms (severe headaches and hypertension, which can lead to cardiac disease) have existed. Regarding medical visits by the bereaved, some papers mention an increase in hospital visits (17)(18)(19)(20), while others, on the contrary, find that those who grieve too much are reluctant to see a doctor (14,19), especially during the acute phase of the disease when physical symptoms are more common (21). The patient, in our case, also went to an internal medicine department. ...

Reference:

Physical symptoms in prolonged grief disorder: a case report

... For example, the bereaved person may dwell persistently on events before, leading up to, and immediately after the death event, trying to focus on and come to terms with the loss. This lossoriented feature is similar to those identified as part of grief in other models, such as attachmentbased models (e.g., Shear et al., 2007), and is reflected in grief symptom inventories, in so far as items capture orientation toward the deceased person (e.g., yearning, preoccupation, Prigerson & Jacobs, 2001). ...

Reference:

Restoration-Oriented Stressors of Bereavement

... While grief is considered a normal experience [5], a minority develops Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD). PGD is a pervasive grief response that persists for an atypically long period of time, clearly exceeding expected social, cultural, or religious norms and causing significant impairment in important areas of functioning [6,7]. It is associated with suicidality, shortened life expectancy, intense distress, and decreased general health and vitality [8][9][10]. ...

Reference:

To Identify Relatives at Risk for Prolonged Grief Disorder Symptomatology: A Cross-Sectional Study

... In the last decades, several instruments have been developed to assess PGD symptoms in children and adolescents, based on prior conceptualizations of maladaptive grief. Spuij et al. (2012) constructed the Inventory of Prolonged Grief for Children and for Adolescents (IPG-C and IPG-A), based on Prigerson and Jacobs (2001) description of PGD. The Traumatic Grief Inventory for Children (TGIC) by Dyregrov et al. (2001) and the Inventory for Complicated Grief-Revised for Children (ICG-RC) by Melhem et al. (2013) were also based on Prigerson and Jacobs (2001) description. ...

Reference:

Assessing DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 prolonged grief disorder in children and adolescents: development of the Traumatic Grief Inventory - Kids - Clinician-Administered

... In fact, PGD and PTSD have clinically significant conceptual differences. While the reexperiencing of intrusive memories is a marker of both conditions, such intrusions are not necessarily distressing to the PGD sufferer , for whom reminders of the deceased tend to be comforting (Prigerson et al., 2000). Avoidance of reminders of the traumatic event itself (e.g., the violent and/or accidental death of a loved one) and hyperarousal both are common symptoms of PTSD; however, they are not definitive of PGD (Gray, Prigerson, & Litz, 2004). ...

Reference:

Exploring Prolonged Grief Disorder and Its Relationship to Suicidal Ideation Among Veterans

... Individuals with complicated grief tend to avoid reminders of the absence of the deceased and memories related to the reality of the loss, refusing to accept the death while seeking confirmation that the loved one is still present. [32][33][34] Patients with complicated grief are also more likely to try to speak with others about the loss while subjects with PTSD usually wish to avoid talking about the trauma. 34 PTSD criterion D involves hyperarousal symptoms that are non-specific and also occur in association with emotional dysregulation from causes other than hypervigilance. ...

Reference:

Complicated Grief and Manic Comorbidity in the Aftermath of the Loss of a Son

... Consequently, the bereaved is riddled with the feelings of ambivalence, anger and low selfworth and becomes over attached to the lost object, leaving no room for libidinal energy to invest in other love objects (Freud, 1917(Freud, /1957. In fact, this fixation is quite resembling to the lingering anguish, pre-occupation with the lost and difficulty to move on identified in prolonged grief (Prigerson et al., 2009). Feelings of guilt, self-blame, low self-worth, emptiness, and loss of pleasure are also evident in depression (Beck, 2011) which is another psychological construct assessed to understand expression of abnormal grief (Wagner et al., 2021). ...

Reference:

Examining the Basic Assumption of Psychoanalytic Theory Regarding Normal and Abnormal Grief: Roles of Unfinished Businesses and Bereavement Related Guilt

... Bereavement can be considered as a continuum from pre-loss to post-loss reactions (Grassi 2007). Bereavement is an existential condition; in some cases, prolonged grief (PG) may occur, the consequences of which may jeopardize quality of life, job conditions, or social relationships, for months, or even years after the loss (Jacobs and Ostfeld 1997). Most of the bereaved individuals are able to get adjusted rather quickly, emotional consequences resolve in few months, and pre-loss functioning is restored after a variable period of 6 to 12 months (Prigerson et al. 2009). ...

Reference:

Incidence and risk factors of prolonged grief in relatives of patients with terminal cancer in French palliative care units: The Fami-Life multicenter cohort study

... Bereavement, which is defined as the situation of having recently lost a significant person through death [4], has been shown to increase the risk of mental health problems, such as depressive symptoms, major depressive episodes [4][5][6][7][8][9], and anxiety-related disorders [4,[8][9][10][11][12][13]. Bereavement has also been associated with other psychological symptoms, such as anger [7, [14][15][16], fear [9,17], grief [7, 16,18,19], and subjective well-being [20,21]. Researchers have found that prolonged grief, post-traumatic stress, anxiety, and depressive symptom levels are elevated among Chinese people that have been bereaved due to COVID-19 [22]. ...

Reference:

Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Bereaved: A Study of Bereaved Weibo Users

... Loss is a syndrome with psychological symptoms and somatic signs that may evolve normally to remission or abnormally to a mental disorder that must be addressed like any other mental disorder [9]. ...

Reference:

The Psychological Impact on Families of Departed Patients with Infectious Diseases