Samanta Waxman’s research while affiliated with University of Buenos Aires and other places

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Publications (42)


Agreement between rectal temperature and ocular thermography in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) anesthetized with isoflurane
  • Article

January 2025

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3 Reads

Ciencia Veterinaria

E Esjaita

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S. Waxman







Plasma concentrations vs time profiles of enrofloxacin after a single intramuscular dose of 10 mg/kg in Coragyps atratus (n = 6). Solid lines show the final model fits. Shaded grey represents the confidence intervals of 95% of the predictive check for model evaluation after Monte Carlo simulation. Observed values of each bird are shown in greyscale.
Pharmacokinetic Behaviour of Enrofloxacin after Single Intramuscular Dosage in American Black Vultures (Coragyps atratus)
  • Article
  • Full-text available

August 2021

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56 Reads

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5 Citations

The aim of the study was to investigate the intramuscular pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in black vultures (Coragyps atratus). The pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular dose (10 mg/kg) of enrofloxacin was studied in six vultures. Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLCuv). Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using non-compartmental and compartmental analysis. After intramuscular administration, enrofloxacin showed a rapid and complete absorption, reaching a Cmax value of 3.26 ± 0.23 μg/mL at 1.75 ± 0.53 h. A long terminal half-life of 19.58 h has been observed. Using previously published MIC values to perform a PK/PD analysis, cumulative fraction responses obtained after Monte Carlo simulation for AUC/MIC > 30, 50 and 125 were 72.93%, 72.34% and 30.86% for E. coli and 89.29%, 88.89% and 58.57% for Mycoplasma synoviae, respectively. Cumulative fraction responses obtained for Cmax/MIC index were 33.93% and 40.18% for E. coli and M. synoviae, respectively. The intramuscular administration of 10 mg/kg could be appropriate to treat infectious diseases caused by gram-positive bacteria with MIC value lower than 1 µg/mL; however, although enrofloxacin showed a slow elimination in black vultures, plasma concentrations were insufficient to reach the gram-negative stablished breakpoints.

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Agreement between noninvasive oscillometric and invasive blood pressure measurements in isoflurane-anesthetized guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)

December 2020

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29 Reads

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2 Citations

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

Objective To assess the agreement between an oscillometric device and invasive blood pressure measurements in anesthetized healthy adult guinea pigs. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals A total of eight adult Hartley guinea pigs. Methods All animals were anesthetized; a carotid artery was surgically exposed and catheterized for invasive blood pressure (IBP) measurements. A size 1 cuff placed on the right thoracic limb was connected to an oscillometric device for noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) assessment. Concurrent pairs of systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP) and mean (MAP) arterial pressures were recorded simultaneously with both methods every 3 minutes for 30 minutes. Agreement between IBP and NIBP measurements was determined using the Bland-Altman method, considering the recommended standards for the validation of NIBP measurement devices proposed by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM). Results The bias and the 95% limits of agreement were: –14 (–31 to 3) mmHg, –2 (–14 to 10) mmHg and –1 (–13 to 11) mmHg for SAP, DAP and MAP, respectively. Conclusions and clinical relevance The oscillometric device used in this study to measure NIBP did not meet ACVIM criteria for validation. It showed good agreement for DAP and MAP but not for SAP measurements. Considering the small size of these animals and the resulting difficulty in performing percutaneous arterial catheterization, this device might be a useful tool to assess MAP and DAP during anesthetic procedures in adult guinea pigs.


Evaluation of allometric scaling as a tool for extrapolation of the enrofloxacin dose in American black vultures (Coragyps atratus)

August 2019

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29 Reads

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14 Citations

American Journal of Veterinary Research

Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after IV administration in American black vultures (Coragyps atratus), to compare clearance of enrofloxacin in American black vultures with clearance of this fluoroquinolone in other avian species, and to evaluate whether allometric scaling is an appropriate tool for dose extrapolation in avian species. Animals: 6 healthy adult American black vultures. Procedures: Enrofloxacin concentrations were quantified by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin was determined in American black vultures after IV administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters for 12 avian species obtained from 24 pharmacokinetic studies were used. Allometric analysis of enrofloxacin pharmacokinetic parameters was performed. Results: Volume of distribution at steady state for enrofloxacin was 3.47 L/kg, clearance was 0.147 L/h·kg, and elimination half-life was 18.3 hours. Comparisons among avian species revealed that American black vultures had the lowest extraction ratio for enrofloxacin (1.04%). Only the volume of distribution at steady state and clearance had a good allometric fit. Goodness of fit was improved when ratites were not included in the analysis. Conclusions and clinical relevance: Results suggested that the use of allometric scaling for the prediction of volume of distribution at steady state could provide a suitable method for extrapolation of enrofloxacin doses among avian species; however, allometric scaling could not be used to adequately predict the clearance of enrofloxacin.


Citations (29)


... The current appraisal for success is based upon visual inspection rather than objective measurements like those used in ImageJ. 15 These findings further support an argument for the use of image analysis comparisons and objective scoring in foundational dye studies for locoregional development. ...

Reference:

Iodinated contrast dye–diluent combination exhibits longer time to full dye saturation compared to lidocaine, bupivacaine, and water in porcine cadaveric nervous tissue
Ultrasound-guided caudal quadratus lumborum block combined with the greater ischiatic notch plane block as motor-protective analgesia for the pelvic limb in dogs
  • Citing Article
  • November 2023

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

... The study by Waxman et al. provides information about the intramuscular pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in black vultures (Coragyps atratus) to dispose the necessary knowledge to avoid extrapolation from other species and the derived risks [7]. Using previously published MIC values, the authors performed a PK/PD analysis, with cumulative fraction responses obtained after Monte Carlo simulation for AUC/MIC > 30, 50, and 125, and Cmax/MIC for E. coli and Mycoplasma synoviae. ...

Pharmacokinetic Behaviour of Enrofloxacin after Single Intramuscular Dosage in American Black Vultures (Coragyps atratus)

... Another limitation is that BP was recorded in a 5-minute interval, so available data may fail to fully capture the exact occurrence of hypotension. Moreover, different methods of BP monitoring were used, including non-invasive and invasive measurements, which could result in disparities in acquired values, as non-invasive monitoring is less precise [36]. ...

Agreement between noninvasive oscillometric and invasive blood pressure measurements in isoflurane-anesthetized guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)
  • Citing Article
  • December 2020

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

... It is a tool by which changes in relative dimensions of parts of the body are correlated with changes in overall size or metabolism [51]. For example, it has been used to scale pulmonary morphometric parameters according to body mass [37] and phylogenetic affinities [52], and has also been used to determine doses for those drugs and animals for which there are few or no dosing guidelines, and has been used to determine drug doses for birds [53][54][55][56][57][58]. But there are limitations to its application in avian species. ...

Evaluation of allometric scaling as a tool for extrapolation of the enrofloxacin dose in American black vultures (Coragyps atratus)
  • Citing Article
  • August 2019

American Journal of Veterinary Research

... There are different types of works in the bibliography involving analysis of aspects related to Didelphis albiventris. However, most of these studies involve clinical, therapeutic and/or anesthetic aspects, such as the studies by da Silva et al. (2017) on parasite infection in D. albiventris and by Waxman et al. (2018) on immobilization of this species. The few papers more focused on morphology of this species are dedicated to the study of non-fossil structures, such as the work of Schäfer et al. (2017) on the structure of the tongue of this animal. ...

Comparison of two protocols for field immobilization of white-eared opossums (Didelphis albiventris)
  • Citing Article
  • August 2018

European Journal of Wildlife Research

... This contrasts with the high proportion of grade IIb breaches at L6 and even more at L7, which are more likely to be associated with neurological problems (Samer et al. 2021). In grade IIb breaches, the entire diameter of the screw is within the vertebral canal and the narrow epidural space, and in this region in the cat (0.04-0.2 mm) is likely insufficient to protect the spinal cord against damage by the screw (Otero et al. 2016). ...

Sonographic evaluation of epidural and intrathecal injections in cats
  • Citing Article
  • February 2016

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

... Additionally, enrofloxacin is less nephrotoxic than aminoglycoside antibiotics in reptiles. The use of enrofloxacin by injection can cause tissue damage if more than 1 ml is administered and it is recommended to be injected at several points with a maximum administration of 0.5 ml (Waxman et al. 2014). Dexamethasone is administered as an anti-inflammatory agent to prevent and treat the inflammation that occurs in soft tissues (Beam et al. 2022). ...

Pharmacokinetic behavior of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in urutu pit vipers (Bothrops alternatus) after intramuscular administration

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

... The dosing regimen for "most species" in the formulary is higher than the PO or SC 15 mg/kg q24 h regimen recommended for Caribbean flamingos [48] and different from the PO pill/pill in fish 15 mg/kg q24 h regimen recommended for African penguins [42]. The various dosing regimens recommended for "raptors" in the formulary is different from the IV 7.5 mg/kg q24 h and IM 9.5 mg/kg q24 h regimens recommended for southern crested caracaras [45]. The common ostrich and greater rhea are also species for which the formulary does not have specific dosing recommendations. ...

Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Enrofloxacin in Southern Crested Caracaras (Caracara plancus)

Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery

... Following i.v. injection, the elimination half-life (t 1/2 ) of MBF (13.78 h; as shown in Table 4) was much longer in beagle dogs than in broilers (5.26 h) and buzzards (4.11 h) (Garcia-Montijano et al., 2001;García-Montijano et al., 2003;Anadón et al., 2002;Haritova et al., 2006). Moreover, the value of t 1/2 after i.v. ...

Pharmacokinetics of Marbofloxacin After Oral Administration to Eurasian Buzzards (Buteo buteo)
  • Citing Article
  • December 2003

Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery

... Plasma concentration profiles showed a rapid initial distributive phase, followed by a slower elimination phase with an estimated mean distribution half-life (t 0.5α ) of 0.25 h. this result was longer than marbofloxacin (0.12 h) in chicken (Anadon et al., 2002) and shorter than marbofloxacin (1.58 h) in Mallard ducks(Garcia-Montijano et al., 2012). The elimination half-life (t 0.5β ) was 4.03 h. ...

Marbofloxacin Disposition After Intravenous Administration of a Single Dose in Wild Mallard Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)
  • Citing Article
  • March 2012

Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery