Sadhana Dash’s scientific contributions

Estimations of event-by-event mean transverse momentum ($\langle p_{\rm T} \rangle$) fluctuations are reported in terms of the integral correlator, $\langle \Delta p_{\rm T} \Delta p_{\rm T}\rangle$, and the skewness of event-wise $\langle p_{\rm T} \rangle$ distribution in proton$-$proton (pp) collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the Monte Carlo event generators PYTHIA8 and HERWIG7. The final-state charged particles with transverse momentum ($p_{\rm T}$) and pseudorapidity ($\eta$) ranges $0.15 \leq p_{\rm T}\leq 2.0$ GeV/c and $|\eta| \leq 0.8$ were considered for the investigation. The correlator, $\langle \Delta p_{\rm T} \Delta p_{\rm T}\rangle$, is observed to follow distinct decreasing trends with average charged particle multiplicity ($\langle N_{\rm ch} \rangle$) for the models. Furthermore, both models yield positive finite skewness in low-multiplicity events. The fluctuations are additionally studied using the transverse spherocity estimator ($S_{\rm 0}$) to comprehend the relative contributions from hard scattering (jets) and other soft processes to the observed fluctuations. Comparing the model predictions would enhance our understanding of fluctuation dynamics in pp collisions, establishing a crucial baseline for studying non-trivial fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions.