S.K.Parihar's scientific contributions

... Satellite images have been widely used to assess and detect land use features such as human settlement developments [9][10][11][12], informal settlements [13][14][15], and urban growth rates [16,17]. Vegetation cover and density of impervious surface are the two land cover classes that have been thoroughly investigated in an attempt to automatically detect informal settlements from satellite imagery [18][19][20]. ...

... The ASD FieldSpec4 spectroradiometer was used to obtain soil spectral data in the laboratory. The measurement protocol followed the methodology described in Figure 5 [35]. After the common configuration and control settings, i.e., output folders, connecting optical fiber, etc., the appropriate integration time was set given the lighting conditions to optimize the measurements. ...

... CD is the process used to identify and analyze differences between images of the same area taken at different times. This can be used for agricultural monitoring [1], resource exploration, land-change monitoring, potential anomaly identification [2][3][4], and various other applications. With the help of rich spectral information, HSI CD has the potential to identify finer changes. ...

... Since the S2 data are available at different spatial resolutions, depending on the wavelength band (Table 1), resampling of the data was needed to calculate indices that combined different wavelength bands' data. Due to the procedures needed to perform changes on a pixel basis, the resampling required by the different spatial resolution of the MSI sensor was unquestionably a relevant source of errors [70,71]. Nevertheless, to ensure that the resolutions of the six bands from S2 imagery used in this study were consistent, the data of the visible and NIR bands were resampled using the nearest neighbor resampling technique before calculating the water indices-e.g., ref. [72]. ...

... Multi-temporal data of Landsat-5 TM, Landsat-7 ETMþ, Landsat-8 OLI, and Sentinel-2 which were issued by USGS (1984USGS ( , 1999USGS ( and, 2019 respectively were used in this study to extract the areal evolution of the agriculture, residential and water body areas. According to Borana et al. (2019) and Wang et al. (2017), the 30 m spatial resolution Landsat-8 bands are downscaled to 10 m, treating the 10 m Sentinel-2 bands and 15 m Landsat-8 Pan Sharpen (PAN) band as covariates. ALOS PALSAR digital elevation model (DEM) with a 12.5meter resolution were obtained from JAXA and processed by Alaska Satellite Facility (ASF DAAC), 2015 was used to obtain high-resolution digital topographic, variation of elevation and watershed maps. ...

... The satellite data provides a tool for analyzing the images through different indices, and NDVI index value is one of the widely used indices for specific type of land cover study such as agriculture, grassland and shrub's vegetation etc. (Sarp, 2012). Borana et al. (2017) studied the visible red and NIR bands of Landsat data used to determine the NDVI values. The basic NDVI principle is that, healthy vegetation absorbs the majority of visible light and reflects a considerable part of near-infrared light whereas sparse 0.048, -0.26 and -0.044 indicating less vegetated land, and the high value of NDVI were found to be 0.49, 0.71 and 0.45, respectively. ...

... Conservation status and endemicity of the species will be determined to know the status of the species in their habitat. A Geographic Information System (GIS) will also be used for monitoring and databasing of information to virtually identify the distribution of species and threats in their habitat (Borana et al., 2013). This method involved traveling along transect and observing birds at predefined points then record all birds that seen and heard by the help of a local guide (Estades et al., 2006). ...

... During the research, the possibilities of combining the drilling angle within a field will be examined, considering that at the limit of exploitation (removal) of rock or ore masses, benches are formed at the designed angle, to maintain the stability of the slope (Brahimaj, et al., 2016;Borana, et al., 2018). ...

... Normally, cutting is a noisy process but its noise cannot be heard beyond 500 meters. Study of noise levels was done in various quarry areas in the Jodhpur showing maximum noise level of 69.4 dBA which is less than standards (Borana et al, 2014). However, the noise from the cutter may affect the hearing capability of workers who are involved in the cutting process, yet no case of any hearing problem was reported during the survey. ...

... Thus, understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of urbanization and LULC may contribute to more effective planning, and may provide a sound foundation for the formulation of sectoral plans, insure more of sustainable urban futures, and maintenance of environmental equilibrium. Geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) are used around the world (Al-Quraishi 2013; Keshtkar et al. 2017;Rimal et al. 2018d) for the assessment and simulation of spatial and temporal analyses of Earth's environment and land resource dynamics (Cholhyok et al. 2018;Khudair et al. 2018;Rimal et al. 2018c;Sexton et al. 2013;Yadav et al. 2018). These are important tools as they help us to understand the drivers and dynamics of LULC transformation (Meiyappan et al. 2017;Rai et al. 2018) and may predict future environmental change (Campbell 1996;Markus 2017;Thapa and Murayama 2012). ...