S. Weiner’s research while affiliated with Weizmann Institute of Science and other places

... The SB-HP technocomplexes mostly correspond to Marine Isotope Stage 4 (an important cooling stage). In the same manner, the re-appearances of Aterian mostly correspond to a cooling trend (significant gene flows and so genetic enrichment), such as 110 ka ago at Dar-es-Soltane I Cave, c. 90 ka ago at Oued el Akarit, Tunisia, and 80-70 ka ago at Rhafas Cave, Morocco [121,122]. The same process seems valid among Neandertals. ...

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Birth of modern human neither in Africa nor gradual, but macroevolutionary in the Levant circa 150,000 years ago

... The archaeologic deposits in Hayonim, a relict phreatic cave (Fig. 1e) twelve km SSE of Manot Cave, yielded TL ages ranging from 230 to 140 ka for the lower part of its Middle Paleolithic sequence (Mercier et al., 2007;Bar-Yosef et al., 2017). Relict caves, such as the ones used by prehistoric hominins, have been attributed to speleogenesis from Neogene (Wakshal, 1979, p. 150) to early Pleistocene age (Picard, 1943, p. 143;Nir, 1989, p. 293). ...

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Karst terrain in the western upper Galilee, Israel: Speleogenesis, hydrogeology and human preference of Manot Cave

... Any substance or combination of substances that is implanted into or added to a biological system to support or replace the function of living tissue or organs is referred to as a biomaterial [1]. Due to their chemical similarity to the mineral that builds up mammalian bones and teeth, calcium phosphates are primarily employed as bone substitute materials [2][3][4]. So, they are both nontoxic, biocompatible, and the body doesn't see them as foreign materials. The fact that they both integrate into live tissue through the same processes employed to repair healthy bones is most essential. ...

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Impact of Sr2+ ions on Structural, Morphological, Elemental and Compositional Analysis of β- Tricalcium Phosphates for Biomedical Applications

... By mass, its composition includes approximately 60% hard, mineral phase (primarily semi-crystalline, carbonated hydroxyapatite), 30% soft, organic phase involving type I collagen fibrils and noncollagenous proteins, and 10% water. 1 Consequently, the biomechanical characteristics of bone are influenced by the quality and spatial organization of these components. The contributions of mineral and collagen phases to bone mechanical competence have been well documented. ...

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Pivotal roles of biglycan and decorin in regulating bone mass, water retention, and bone toughness

... Shortterm occupations are characterized by few remains, small areas, significant carnivore activity, and lithic tools configured outside the camp (Costamagno et al. 2011;Niven et al. 2012;Picin and Cascalheira 2020;Vallerdú et al. 2005;Villaverde et al. 2017). At the archaeological level, it has been possible to identify sites used as long-term camps (Bar-Yosef et al., 1992;Blasco et al. 2016;Daujeard, 2008;Morin 2012;Rendu 2010;Romandini et al. 2014), and short-term (Castel et al. 2017;Conard et al. 2012;Delagnes and Rendu 2011;Jauberte et al. 2008;Marín-Arroyo 2013;Rendu and Armand 2009;Rosell et al., 2012b;Valensi et al. 2012) and special purpose sites such as intermediate slaughter or butchering places (Costamagno et al. 2006;Rendu et al. 2012). In the Iberian Peninsula, we find numerous sites in which Neanderthals are the main accumulating agent and which are interpreted as long-term (Gabucio et al. 2014;Luret et al. 2020;Marín et al. 2019;Romero et al. 2019;Rosell et al. 2012a, b;Sañudo et al. 2016;Villaverde et al. 2017) and short-term residential sites, especially hunting camps or hunting stands (Baldeón, 1993;Bargalló et al. 2020;Martínez-Moreno et al. 2004;Moclán et al. 2021;Pérez et al. 2017aPérez et al. , b, 2020Real Margalef et al. 2019;Rios-Garaizar et al. 2015;Salazar-García et al. 2013;Sánchez-Romero et al. 2020;Sanchis et al. 2019;Utrilla et al. 2010;Uzquiano et al. 2012). ...

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Too good to go? Neanderthal subsistence strategies at Prado Vargas Cave (Burgos, Spain)

... A minimum of 200 phytoliths was examined at 200Â and 400Â using a Nikon Eclipse 50i optical microscope. Morphological identification was based on modern plant reference collections and standard literature (Albert and Weiner 2001;Albert et al. 2008, Albert, Ruiz, andSans 2016;Brown 1984;Mulholland and Rapp 1992;Twiss, Suess, and Smith 1969;Piperno 2006;Portillo et al. 2014;Rosen 1992;Tsartsidou et al. 2007;Twiss 1992). The International Code for Phytolith Nomenclature (ICPN 2.0) was also followed where appropriate (Neumann et al. 2019). ...

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The stone connection: Functional and microbotanical analysis of prehistoric macrolithic tools on the island of Formentera (Balearic Archipelago)

... Subsequently, bone and tooth samples with higher collagen concentrations are fluorescing stronger (Bachman and Ellis 1965;Mazel 2017;Miranda et al. 2017). Subsequently, the mineralogical preservation of samples was corroborated using FTIR (Asscher et al. 2011). ...

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Investigating the Microarchaeological Record at Underwater Sites: Operating an On-Site Laboratory During the Antikythera Shipwreck Excavation

... Hayonim Cave is located in western Galilee, Israel. Two series of excavations were carried out on site (for history of excavations, see Bar-Yosef et al. 2005). The Natufian was the last prehistoric occupation in the cave, capping Mousterian, Aurignacian and Kebaran habitations. ...

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The Natufian Audio-Visual Bone Pendants from Hayonim Cave

... Integral matrix proteins are intimately associated with the mineral phase of the spicule, thus making them likely candidates to play a role in stabilizing ACC. To address this possibility, Raz et al. 27 inquired whether the spicule integral matrix proteins could stabilize ACC in Vitro. They found that spicule matrix proteins isolated from earlier stage spicules that have high levels of ACC (from late gastrula/prism stage embryos) will stabilize amorphous calcium carbonate in Vitro in the presence of Mg 2+ , while spicule matrix proteins isolated from older spicules that have little ACC (from pluteus stage) will not. ...

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Molecular Aspects of Biomineralization of the Echinoderm Endoskeleton

... [11][12][13][14] Many naturally occurring crystals have shapes which do not correlate with their crystallographic symmetry.B iomineralization can afford materials with superior properties, complex morphologies and hierarchical order. [15][16][17][18] Most of these natural materials are based on single crystals of calcium carbonate.T he existence of specific and complex morphologies is ad irect result of the evolutionary approach of nature and needed to fulfill various tasks.For example,coccoliths are composed of calcium carbonate which is known to be brittle. However,the interlocking architecture significantly enhances their damage tolerance. ...

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Unusual Surface Texture, Dimensions and Morphology Variations of Chiral and Single Crystals