S. Tamminga's research while affiliated with Wageningen University & Research and other places
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Publications (487)
When analysing the fermentative breakdown of cell wall material in plants it is important to realize that it is not homogeneous. The cell walls are composed of different cell wall types which can differ in both their breakdown characteristics and composition. In this experiment in vitro cumulative gas production (Theodorou et al. , 1994) was measur...
Dietary fructooligosaccharides (FOS) shifted the proportion of propionate (↑) and acetate (↓) compared to transgalactooligosaccharides (TOS) in weaner pigs' ileal digesta, both in vivo and in vitro (Houdijk et al. , 1997). This could be related to different fermentation rates between these so-called non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs). These rat...
The timing in which supplements are provided in grazing systems can affect dry matter (DM) intake and productive performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of timing of corn silage supplementation on ingestive behaviour, DM intake, milk yield and composition in grazing dairy cows. In total, 33 Holstein dairy cows in a rando...
A widely adopted procedure to characterize degradation in the rumen is the in situ incubation technique (IS), that assumes the washout fraction of feeds (W) to be equal to the soluble (S) fraction and that both are rapidly and completely degraded which may not be the case. Because IS technique is unable to measure the rate at which the W fraction i...
Rumen microorganisms have variable requirements for a nitrogen source. Cumulative gas production (Theodorou et al. , 1994) is often measured using media containing both ammonia (NH 3 ) and mixed peptides (trypticase-TRYPT) to ensure that all microbes will have sufficient nitrogen (N) of the appropriate quality for growth and metabolism. This experi...
Fractional passage rates form a fundamental element within modern feed evaluation systems for ruminants, but knowledge on feed-specific fractional passage is largely lacking. Commonly applied tracer techniques based on externally applied markers, such as chromium-mordanted neutral detergent fibre (Cr-NDF), have been criticised for behaving differen...
The aim of the current study was to explore the use of the tracer 13C as an internal marker to assess feed fraction-specific digesta passage kinetics through the digestive tract of dairy cows. Knowledge on feed-specific fractional passage rates is essential to improve estimations on the extent of rumen degradation and microbial protein efficiency;...
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of restricting access time to pasture and time of grazing allocation on grazing behaviour, daily dry matter intake (DMI), rumen fermentation, milk production and composition in dairy cows. Twenty-one autumn-calving Holstein cows were assigned to one of the following 3 treatments: providing acces...
In the current Dutch protein evaluation system (the DVE/OEB 1991 system), two characteristics are calculated for each feed: true protein digested in the intestine (DVE) and the rumen degradable protein balance (OEB). Of these, DVE represents the protein value of a feed, while OEB is the difference between the potential microbial protein synthesis (...
The DVE/OEB2010 system (Van Duinkerken et al., 2011) for protein evaluation in ruminants is an update of the DVE/OEB1994 system (Tamminga et al,., 1994). In the DVE/OEB2010 system more detail and differentiation is included concerning representation of chemical components in feed, rumen degradation characteristics of these components, efficiency of...
Twenty Holstein cows were split into two equal groups to test the effect of daily move to a previously ungrazed strip after morning milking (MA) or afternoon milking (AA) on herbage intake, grazing behaviour, rumen characteristics and milk production using a randomized block design with three periods of 14 days each. Milking took place at 06.00 and...
BACKGROUND: An experiment was carried out to establish whether using a pre-compacting device (expander) changes the contribution of dry matter (DM) and degradative behaviour of grains of barley, maize and milo pre-processed by grinding over the different DM fractions (non-washable (NWF), insoluble washable (ISWF) and soluble washable (SWF) fraction...
parity and DIM to evaluate the effect of frequency of allocation to new grazing plots on profiles of FA in milk fat. The 2 treatments were daily allocation to 0.125-ha plots (1D) or allocation every 4 d to 0.5-ha plots
(4D) of Lolium perenne L. and were tested in a randomized block design (2 rotations with 2 measuring periods of 4 d each). The mode...
Most supplementation experiments with fodder trees including S. sesban have been of short duration and focused mainly on feed intake and growth rate. Long-term studies regarding the effects of feeding S. sesban on reproductive performance of sheep particularly in both sexes are scanty. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of S. sesba...
The present experiment was conducted to study the effects of supplementation of Sesbania sesban on the milk yield of ewes and growth rate of their lambs. The experiment was done with animals that had been fed for 16 months on a basal diet of teff straw supplemented with concentrates alone (0% S. sesban) or 95% of supplementary protein provided by S...
Two successive experiments were conducted to investigate the long-term effects of supplementation of Sesbania sesban on reproductive performance of Ethiopian Menz sheep. Forty ewes and 40 rams ranging in weight and age between 16¿20 kg and 14¿15 months respectively were fed a teff straw basal diet and supplemented with two levels of Sesbania (0, an...
LNV heeft de Commissie van Deskundigen Meststoffenwet (CDM) gevraagd voor de diercategorieën uit de meststoffenwet de excretiecijfers te valideren en zo nodig te actualiseren. De hiervoor in het leven geroepen werkgroep heeft de forfaits uit de meststoffenwet kritisch vergeleken met de excretiecijfers uit recente rapporten (o.a. CBS) en met de gemi...
Tijdens weidegang is voldoende voeropname essentieel voor hoge melkproducties. Vaker omweiden zorgt voor een hogere voeropname, maar alleen bij voldoende gewashoogte, zo blijkt uit een promotiestudie van Wageningen Universiteit. Het effect van ’s avonds in plaats van ’s ochtends inscharen is beperkt
Het ministerie van LNV heeft aan de Commissie van Deskundigen Meststoffenwet (CDM) gevraagd om advies te geven over maatregelen, die genomen moeten worden om te borgen dat de ammoniakemissie bij bovengrondse toediening van mest aan grasland niet hoger is dan die bij emissiearme toediening. 3 groepen maatregelen zijn beschouwd: 1. rantsoenmaatregele...
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of feeding total mixed rations (TMR) that differ in structural and nonstructural carbohydrates to dairy cows in early and late lactation on short-term feed intake, dry matter intake (DMI), rumen fermentation variables, and milk yield. A 5 x 5 Latin square experiment with 15 dairy cows was...
The internodes of forage maize (Zea mays L.) stems were studied at anthesis for variation in anatomy and chemical composition in relation to digestibility. The study was carried out with a short (Vitaro) and a tall (Volens) cultivar differing in whole-plant digestibility, both of which were grown in the field in the growing seasons of 1999 and 2000...
The internodes of forage maize (Zea mays L.) stems were studied at anthesis for variation in anatomy and chemical composition in relation to digestibility. The study was carried out with a short (Vitaro) and a tall (Volens) cultivar differing in whole-plant digestibility, both of which were grown in the field in the growing seasons of 1999 and 2000...
BACKGROUND: An experiment was carried out to establish whether using a pre-compacting device (expander) changes the contribution of dry matter (DM) and degradative behaviour of peas, lupins and faba beans over the different fractions (non-washable fraction, NWF; insoluble washable fraction, ISWF; soluble washable fraction, SWF). Samples of the enti...
Daily herbage intake depends on factors governing the initiation and cessation of successive grazing bouts. Ruminal fill is one such factor, regulating grazing bout-eating behavior. Under grazing conditions, nutrient supply
varies among grazing bouts, not only in amount, but also in balance. Also, there is evidence suggesting differential energy ex...
Twenty Holstein cows were blocked in 2 groups according to milk yield to evaluate the effect of frequency of allocation to new grazing plots on pasture intake, grazing behavior, rumen characteristics, and milk yield. The 2 treatments, daily allocation to 0.125-ha plots (1D) or allocation every 4 d to 0.5-ha plots (4D) of Lolium perenne L., were tes...
The present study gives a critique of the mechanisms involved with the formation of volatile fatty acid (VFA) formed in the lumen of the reticulo-rumen, the absorption of VFA across the reticulo-rumen wall, and the intra-epithelial metabolism of VFA by reticulo-rumen epithelium. In contrast to the empirical treatment of these aspects in previous ru...
A simulation rumen model has been developed to function under non-steady state conditions in order to allow prediction of nutrient availability in dairy cows managed under discontinuous feeding systems. The model simulates availability of glycogenic, aminogenic and lipogenic nutrients to lactating dairy cows fed discontinuously. The model structure...
The effects of washing procedure, particle size and dilution on the distribution of non-washable (NWF), insoluble washable (ISWF) and soluble washable (SWF) fractions were studied. The effects of three washing procedures (Yang (Y), Melin (M) and in situ (IS)) on the size of NWF, ISWF and SWF in six concentrate ingredients (maize, barley, milo, peas...
Increasing the availability of glucogenic nutrients relative to lipogenic nutrients has been hypothesized to decrease the production of milk fat, to improve the energy balance (EB), and to decrease the incidence and severity of metabolic and reproductive disorders in dairy cows in early lactation. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the effect...
The effect of processed cereal grain supplementation on volatile fatty acid (VFA) production rates of grazing, lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were measured in a 5x5 Latin square experiment. The experimental treatments were as follows: control (only grazing, no supplement addition, NS), pelleted barley (PB), pelleted maize (PM), toasted and subseq...
A procedure that mimics washing in the in situ incubation technique, combined with an in vitro gas and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production technique, was used to verify the assumption that rumen degradation behaviour of material washed out of nylon bags is instantaneous and complete. In a 6 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments with three repl...
Grinding is a technological process widely applied in the feed manufacturing industry and is a prerequisite for obtaining representative samples for laboratory procedures (e.g. gas production analysis). When feeds are subjected to technological processes other than grinding (e.g. expander treatment), grinding afterwards may disturb the effect of pr...
Metabolic problems related to negative energy balance suggest a role for the balance in supply of lipogenic and glucogenic nutrients. To test the effect of lipogenic and glucogenic nutrients on energy partitioning, energy balance and nitrogen balance of 16 lactating dairy cows were determined by indirect calorimetry in climate respiration chambers...
Negative energy balance-related metabolic disorders suggest that the balance between available lipogenic and glucogenic nutrients is important. The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of a glucogenic or a lipogenic diet on liver triacylglycerides (TAG), metabolites, and metabolic hormones in dairy cows in early lactation and to rel...
An in vitro trial was conducted to evaluate the fermentation characteristics of soybean meal oligosaccharides (SMO) and changes in the caecal contents microbial community of broiler chickens as affected by SMO by using cumulative gas production and a PCR/DGGE technique. An in vivo trial aimed to study the effect of SMO on the caecal contents lactic...
Modern feed evaluation for ruminants, characterises metabolisable energy (ME) in feeds as ketogenic, glucogenic or aminogenic energy. Feed components (NDF, Starch, Sugars, CP, CFAT, Residue) contain a soluble (S), a washable non-soluble (W-S), an insoluble degradable (D) and an insoluble undegradable (U) fraction, each of which has specific fractio...
Naast rantsoensamenstelling is het voeropnameniveau sterk bepalend voor de soort nutriënten die aan de intermediaire stofwisseling van een koe worden aangeboden. Het voeropnameniveau wordt op haar beurt weer beïnvloed door het voeropnamepatroon. Het voeropnamepatroon verandert in afhankelijkheid van rantsoensamenstelling en ook als gevolg van het l...
Reproduction in dairy cattle is negatively affected by a negative energy balance (NEB), a combination of the deposition or mobilisation of fat and protein. The mode of action of NEB on fertility is not always clear, but the severity, length, and probably also the nature of the NEB may be involved. Extensive mobilisation of fat is expected to have d...
Dit rapport geeft een overzicht van de methaanvorming in het maagdarmkanaal van rundvee. De mogelijkheden worden besproken om de methaanvorming te beïnvloeden door middel van voedingsmaatregelen en het gebruik van voeradditieven, en door middel van managementmaatregelen. Deze mogelijkheden zijn besproken in de context van de Nederlandse rundveehoud...
The fatty acid (FA) composition of cows milk has become less favorable to human health in the last four decades due to changed feeding and management practices, notably higher proportions of concentrates and silages in diets with less grazing. Essential FA and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentrations have generally declined and, with more `low...
The objectives of this study were 1) to determine whether a relationship exists between molar proportions of volatile fatty acids in the rumen and milk odd-and branched-chain fatty acid concentrations (i.e., iso C13:0, anteiso C13:0, iso C14:0, C15:0, iso C15:0, anteiso C15:0, iso C16:0, C17:0, iso C17:0, anteiso C17:0, and cis-9 C17:1); and 2) to...
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of sward characteristics and chemical composition of eight diploid perennial ryegrass cultivars during the growing season on degradation characteristics in the rumen of dairy cows. As part of an indoor-feeding experiment with dairy cows, sward characteristics were measured, and samples of...
The effects of 4 diploid perennial ryegrass cultivars that differed in water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations on milk yield and nitrogen (N) utilization in dairy cows were evaluated in a 2-yr grazing experiment. Twelve lactating dairy cows were assigned to 1 cultivar for a 2-wk period in a 4 x 4 Latin square design with 3 replicates. Each...
Received for publication September 13, 2005. Six endophyte-free diploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars (Abergold, Respect, Agri, Herbie, Barezane, and Barnhem) were examined in an experiment to investigate the selection behavior of grazing Holstein Friesian cows in July and September 2003 and May 2004 and to identify factors relat...
The objective of this experiment was to compare measurements of fractional clearance rates obtained by using an unlabeled valerate-CoEDTA technique with measurements obtained by using a (13)C-labeled volatile fatty acids (VFA) technique. The exponential decay rate of the (13)C/(12)C ratio after pulse-dosing (13)C-acetate, (13)C-propionate, or (13)C...
The characteristics of metabolic and reproductive disorders in early lactation suggest a role for the balance in availability of lipogenic and glycogenic nutrients (Van Knegsel et al., 2005; Reprod Nutr Dev 45, 665¿688). The objective of this study was to compare the effects of a glycogenic or a lipogenic diet on body weight change and metabolites...
About this book
Product quality and a sustainable food chain of ruminant products are largely determined by animal nutrition, in which forage is the major feed source. Forages and grasslands play a unique role in agriculture because they contribute through animals to our food supply and to the abatement of environmental problems. Interest in grass...
This experiment was aimed at studying the diurnal rhythm of dairy cows eating behaviour at different stocking systems, and quantifying the effect of daily ambient temperature on this diurnal rhythm. In two experiments carried out in the summer of 2003 in The Netherlands, eight dairy cows were offered fresh pasture of perennial ryegrass. In the firs...
The aim of this study was to assess grazing behaviour, intake, rumen function, milk production and composition of dairy cows grazing perennial ryegrass varieties that were morphologically and chemically similar, but differed in their water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration. Eight multiparous rumen cannulated dairy cows were offered four vari...
This experiment was aimed at studying the role of rumen fill in signalling the termination of grazing bouts of dairy cows using a combination of experimental and modelling approaches. The day was divided into three main periods (06:00-12:00 h, 12:00-18:00 h and 18:00-24:00 h) during which the three main grazing bouts (dawn, afternoon and dusk) of d...
In the summers of 2000 and 2001, the effect of six diploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars on the N utilisation by 12 high productive dairy cows was determined. Experiments were conducted according to a double 3 × 3 Latin square design; within each Latin square, three cultivars were fed to six cows during three periods of 2 weeks e...
The purpose of this study was to improve the prediction of the quantity and type of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) produced from fermented substrate in the rumen of lactating cows. A model was formulated that describes the conversion of substrate (soluble carbohydrates, starch, hemi-cellulose, cellulose, and protein) into VFA (acetate, propionate, buty...
This book aims to bring together the quantitative approaches concerned with elucidating mechanisms used in the study of ruminant digestion, metabolism and related areas from different contributing practitioners, experts and scientists. A great deal of research had been carried out on the digestive system of ruminants and also led to studies on the...
Nutrition has been indicated to be important to limit the severity of a negative energy balance (NEB) and related metabolic disorders in dairy cattle in early lactation. The NEB related metabolic problems suggest a role for the balance in supply of lipogenic and glycogenic nutrients. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effects...
This chapter describes the fatty-acid profile of lipids in milk and herbage normally included in dairy diets. The next section deals with the possible effects of forage management on lipid intake in dairy cows. Then a detailed account is given of the fate of fatty acids in the rumen, showing that important microbial transactions occur through which...
Fermentable carbohydrates can lead to changes in the gut microflora, which may have positive consequences for health. However, often, ingredients are added to diets without prior investigating about their potential fermentability within the target animal. The experiment reported, was conducted to investigate the fermentation kinetics of some non-di...
The pathway for oxidation of energy involves a balanced oxidation of C2 and C3 compounds. During early lactation in dairy cattle this C2/C3 ratio is out of balance, due to a high availability of lipogenic (C2) products and a low availability of glycogenic (C3) products relative of the C2 and C3 products required for milk production. This review com...
Animal production systems convert plant protein into animal protein. Depending on animal species, ration and management, between 5% and 45 % of the nitrogen (N) in plant protein is converted to and deposited in animal protein. The other 55%-95% is excreted via urine and feces, and can be used as nutrient source for plant (= often animal feed) produ...
The effects of 8 diploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars on dry matter (DM) intake, DM digestibility, and milk yield (MY) of dairy cows were evaluated in the summer of 2000 and 2001. Each summer, herbage was harvested daily and stall-fed to 12 dairy cows during six 2-wk periods. Six cultivars were fed in 3 periods (1, 3, and 5) acc...
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) fractional clearance rate (Kcl) and fractional degradation rate (kd) of six varieties of perennial ryegrass were measured to examine the possibility of selecting for varieties with fast degradable NDF. The experiment was conducted in 2000 and repeated in 2001. In each year, six multiparous rumen-cannulated dairy cows w...
Four perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars were compared for differences in herbage production, nutritive value and herbage intake of dry matter (DM) during the summers of 2002 and 2003. Two paddocks were sown with pure stands of four cultivars in a randomized block design with three replicates. Each plot was subdivided into fourteen sub...
Interest in fermentation within the monogastric digestive tract is growing, particularly relative to animal health. This is of particular importance in relation to the forthcoming European ban on inclusion of anti-microbial growth promotors in animal diets. Fermentable carbohydrates are recognized as having an important role in fermentation in the...
For estimating herbage intake during grazing, the traditional sward cutting technique was compared in grazing experiments in 2002 and 2003 with the recently developed n-alkanes technique and with the net energy method. The first method estimates herbage intake by the difference between the herbage mass before and after grazing and the regrowth betw...
Recently, it has become apparent that GIT fermentation is not only of interest for ruminant animals, but also for monogastrics. While it is now widely accepted that the fermentation process and its resultant end-products can have important influences on animal health, little is known about the microbiological and immunological processes involved. I...
To understand the relationship between the gastrointestinal inhabiting microbial community and broiler health, a literature review is presented. The available information on the development of gut microbial community, the relationship between commensal microflora and digestive function, the role of gut microorganisms on competitive exclusion of chi...
This book aims to bring together the quantitative approaches concerned with elucidating mechanisms used in the study of ruminant digestion, metabolism and related areas from different contributing practitioners, experts and scientists. A great deal of research had been carried out on the digestive system of ruminants and also led to studies on the...
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of cultivar and season on the fatty acid (FA) composition of the lipids of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Eight diploid cultivars were cut at the same target yield of approximately 2000 kg dry matter ha)1 between mid-June and mid-September. Two cultivars (Barlet and Magella) were harve...
In vitro fermentation characteristics of soluble, washout, and non-washout fractions separated from barley and maize and their technologically processed (i.e., pressure toasting, pelleting and their combination) products were measured. The aim was to establish whether the soluble equaled the washout fraction, whether these fractions are rapidly and...
This experiment aimed at studying the behavioral strategies grazing dairy cows use to satisfy their nutritional needs as the day progresses and the possible role of rumen fill in controlling these behavioral strategies. The day was divided into 3 main periods (0600 to 1200 h, 1200 to 1800 h, and 1800 to 2400 h), where the 3 main grazing bouts (dawn...
The (15)N-isotope dilution technique ((15)N-IDT), with either pulse-dose oral administration or continuous i.v. administration of [(15)N]-l-leucine (carotid artery), both at 5 mg/(kg body weight . d), was used to measure ileal (postvalve T-cecum cannula) endogenous nitrogen recovery (ENR) in pigs (9 +/- 0.6 kg). Diets were cornstarch, enzyme-hydrol...
