S. Lavee's research while affiliated with Hebrew University of Jerusalem and other places
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Publications (141)
Background
Table olives (Olea europaea L.), despite their widespread production, are still harvested manually. The low efficiency of manual harvesting and the rising costs of labor have reduced the profitability of this crop. A selective abscission treatment, inducing abscission of fruits but not leaves, is crucial for the adoption of mechanical ha...
Olive (Olea europaea L.) inflorescences, formed in lateral buds, flower in spring. However, there is some debate regarding time of flower induction and inflorescence initiation. Olive juvenility and seasonality of flowering were altered by overexpressing genes encoding FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). OeFT1 and OeFT2 caused early flowering under short days...
Transferring plants from their native environments to new geographic regions and particularly from the northern to the southern hemisphere and vice versa is frequently somewhat problematic. Many plant species and particularly those with defined photoperiodicity for their reproductive development require considerable periods of adaptation. This is e...
Some olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars are almost completely self-incompatible. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal pollen donors for the olive cultivar 'Barnea'. The study was carried out during two consecutive years and was based on artificial cross-pollination as well as molecular paternity analysis of 'Barnea' fruits sampled fro...
The performance of five cv. Souri selections designated as "clones" were compared in two consecutive plots for ≈20 years each and three additional ones for 18 years. Fruit morphology, yield, oil production, and tree growth were monitored. The major results are presented as mean values of five sequential "on" years as well as the characteristic prod...
Global climate change leads to the exposure of olive orchards to higher temperatures than in the past. We followed yield and quality parameters of olive oils from Barnea, Coratina, and Picual, under hot climatic conditions through different levels of ripeness. Oil yield per tree increased throughout the monitoring period due to continuous oil accum...
The olive (Olea europaea) is one of the most important oleaginous crops of the Mediterranean basin. Increased demand for olive oil creates a need for new olive varieties to help meet the requirements of the global market. However, olive breeding has been handicapped by such varied challenges as a prolonged juvenile period, agrotechnical problems an...
The effect of different tree shapes and spacing on the yield, fruit characteristics, fruiting alternance and harvest efficiency of cv. Manzanillo table olives was studied under two different climatic environments. Four tree shapes were developed, ‘High trunk’, ‘Low trunk’, ‘Multi trunk’ and ‘High hedge’. Spacing was kept uniform either within the r...
The genetic diversity within most olive seedling populations is extremely high probably due to the close relation between the domesticated cultivated olives and the wild type. Although the heredity of some traits was found dominant in some specific crosses the diversity within the progenies remained high. In the present study we determined the degr...
Although the olive is one of the oldest cultivated tree-crop their large number of cultivars is mostly the result of selection from the endemic vegetation and thus, very close to the wild type. Specific cross breeding to improve or modify olive cultivars for specific new growing conditions started about 60 years ago. As most olive cultivars are onl...
The need for new olive cultivars is an ongoing process due to the continuous developments of new cultivation techniques. The olive is an old traditional crop domesticated from the wild at various locations around the Mediterranean basin, resulting in a vast number of different cultivars in the traditional olive regions. The preference of olives for...
This study analyses the variability and sources of diversity within the Olea europaea L. The highest distribution of wild and cultivated olives is around the Mediterranean basin. Various subspecies have been identified morphologically, and more recently through molecular markers, among both wild and cultivated olives. Domestication of the olive was...
The genetic diversity within most olive seedling populations is extremely high. Although the heredity of some traits was found dominant in controlled crossings, the diversity within each progeny remained high. Cross-pollination is essential in most years and under most growing conditions for satisfactory fruit set; however, self-pollination can als...
The high-density planting system recently adopted for olive, facilitates the use of efficient over-head mechanical harvesters. To accommodate the harvester only cultivars with restrained vegetative vigor can be used and managed to limit tree size while maintaining high productivity. Spray application of the 0.05% "Magic" (a commercial product conta...
Grapevine bud fruitfulness is determined by the differentiation of uncommitted meristem (UCM) into either tendril or inflorescence. Since tendril and inflorescence differentiation have long been considered sequential steps in inflorescence development, factors that control the progression of floral meristem development may regulate the final outcom...
Olive (Olea europaea) has a very high tendency for year-to-year deviation in yield (alternate bearing), which has a negative economic impact on the olive oil industry. Among possible reasons for alternate bearing, depletion of stored carbohydrates (CHO) during the On-year (high yield) has often been mentioned. The objective of the present study was...
The olive commodity spread in ancient times hand in hand with western civilization in the Mediterranean basin. It was till recently and in many regions still is a highly traditionally cultivated commodity. Table olives were subjected about 200 years ago to irrigation and intensification. This was unacceptable in olive cultivation for oil extraction...
Harvesting plays a major role in the virgin olive oil production line, being the most expensive single component, but also due to its significant effect on the whole year's produce. Previous studies have focused on the effects of harvest timing on either oil yield or quality. Here we determined the separate and combined effects of harvesting date,...
The translocation and metabolism of ethephon at pH 7.0 and its effect on abscission of olive fruit, were studied in attached and detached fruits. In detached olives, the lowest fruit removal force values were achieved when the fruits were treated at their proximal cavity and kept under humid conditions. Following application of 14C-ethephon to the...
The effects of ethylene on growth initiation of tobacco pith tissue in vitro were investigated. Pith explants were incubated
on a double inorganic modified White’s media containing 0.2mgl−1 kinetin with and without indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and the ethylene synthesis inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid (AOA). The burst
of wound ethylene had no effect on...
Olive (Olea europaea) demonstrates a high tendency toward alternate fruit production, with significant negative consequences on the industry. Fruit load is one of the main cause-and-effect factors in the phenomenon of biennial bearing, often disrupting the balance between reproductive and vegetative processes. The objectives of the present study we...
A grape-bud-oriented genomic platform was produced for a large-scale comparative analysis of bud responses to two stimuli of grape-bud dormancy release, hydrogen cyanamide (HC) and heat shock (HS). The results suggested considerable similarity in bud response to the stimuli, both in the repertoire of responding genes and in the temporary nature of...
Biennial bearing is a major horticultural and economic drawback of olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivation, which particularly affects the olive oil industry under intensive production systems. The number of fruits per tree in an on-year is a primary determinant of the biennial cycle. While fruit thinning using NAA shortly after full bloom is commonly...
It is assumed that the cultivation of olive trees started in the East Mediterranean
in the third millennia bce. Throughout history and until recently, successful olive
clones were maintained vegetatively and were grafted either on seedlings or on
spheroblasts removed from the base of the trunk. It therefore can be hypothesized
that local old olive...
Olive leaves are known to mature slowly, reaching their maximum photosynthetic activity only after full leaf expansion. Poor assimilation rates, typical to young olive leaves, were previously associated with low stomata conductance. Yet, very little is known about chloroplast biogenesis throughout olive leaf development. Here, the photosynthetic ac...
The detection of genes having similar expression profiles following the application of different stimuli that trigger bud break may constitute potent tools for the identification of pathways with a central role in dormancy release. We compared the effects of heat shock (HS) and hydrogen cyanamide (HC) and demonstrated that HS leads to earlier and h...
Dormancy of grapevine buds, which is of special concern in warm subtropical and tropical climates, is reviewed. The sequence of the stages of dormancy, from the onset of pre-dormancy to the gradual development of dormancy and to the following release to post-dormancy leading to growth resumption, are described. Relationships are shown between these...
The detection of genes having similar expression proWles following the application of diVerent stimuli that trigger bud break may constitute potent tools for the identiWcation of pathways with a central role in dormancy release. We compared the eVects of heat shock (HS) and hydrogen cyanamide (HC) and demonstrated that HS leads to earlier and highe...
The response of cv. Muhasan trees and its fruit characteristics to a 50% regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) was studied. The general response to the reduced irrigation was relatively small. However, the schedule of water application was very significant for various fruit characteristics. In the best schedule the 50% reduction in annual irrigation w...
Ethylene evolution from leaves, stems, inflorescences and fruits of the olive plant (Olea europaea L.) cv. Manzanillo was studied at various stages of their development. Mature non-growing organs, particularly leaves, have a constant, low, and uniform rate of ethylene evolution. Ethylene evolution from detached mature olive leaves was constant duri...
The oil content in olive fruits of different sizes from irrigated high (‘on’) and low (‘off’) yielding olive trees of cvs. Barnea and Manzanillo were determined at different stages of fruit maturation. The fruit size range at all stages of maturation is significantly higher on low yielding ‘off’ trees than on high yielding ‘on’ trees. The oil conte...
This investigation was designed to characterize phenolic metabolism of the olive cultivar, Hardy's Mammoth, by examining its constitutive tissues. The phenolic profiles of pulp, seed, stone, and new and old season leaves were monitored over two fruiting seasons, to investigate possible relationships between tissues and phenol content and to determi...
A methodological approach to phenolic profiling making extensive use of LC-MS with extracted ion chromatograms was applied to extracts of five different olive tissues: pulp, seed, stone, new-season leaves, and old-season leaves. Tissue extracts of the cultivars Hardy's Mammoth, Corregiola, Verdale, and Manzanillo were analyzed by HPLC with UV and E...
Phenolic compounds are a diverse range of secondary metabolites derived from the shikimate pathway and phenylpropanoid metabolism. Olea europaea L. contains a number of unusual phenolics including various oleosides. The amounts and types of phenolics vary markedly between leaf, fruit, stone, and seed. The metabolic relationships between the various...
Intact and excised 10-day-old bean plants grown in red light were subjected for 96 h to red, green, blue, and comparable intensive white lights. Leaf elongation was only partially dependent on light intensity. Blue or green light induced considerably less leaf elongation than red and white light at the same intensity (mmol m(-2) s(-1)). Blue light...
Summary Qualitative and quantitative data are presented for the phenolic content of cvs Manzanillo and Cucco based on separation by high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC, with ultraviolet, fluorescence and mass spectrometric detection. Oleuropein is the principal phenolic compound in olive and its concentration changed significantly during f...
The effects of two training systems and row spacing on development of powdery mildew caused by Uncinula necator on clusters of 'Chardonnay' and 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapevines were examined. Disease development was monitored in blocks with two different row spacing (2 and 3 m) in vertical shoot positioned vines (VSP) and in free-positioned, topped...
Comparisons of protein composition between juvenile and adult organs of olive trees were made by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. Plant material included leaves, bark and bud tissues obtained from juvenile and adult organs within the same plant as well as from separate plants of both the same and different genetic origin. The amount...
The effect of inflorescence number and distribution along the shoot on the level of fruit-set was studied using `ON' year olive trees with a high level of floral differentiation. Reduced levels and different inflorescence distribution patterns were created artificially by hand inflorescence thinning. In most cases, removal of up to 50% of the inflo...
The effect of inflorescence number and distribution along the shoot on the level of fruit-set was studied using `ON' year olive trees with a high level of floral differentiation. Reduced levels and different inflorescence distribution patterns were created artificially by hand inflorescence thinning. In most cases, removal of up to 50% of the inflo...
The response of 11 grapevine rootstock varieties to increasing salt concentrations (0, 50, 85, 120, 155 mM NaCl) was studied under in vitro and growth chamber conditions. The effect of salinity on the mortality of explants was compared with that of plantlets grown under growth chamber conditions and with data in literature on rootstock resistance u...
The dependence of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender) leaf unfolding and expansion on light has been explored in intact and excised plants by varying the duration and timing of exposure to white light. Plants were grown for 10 days in dim red light (RL), and then some were excised. Both the intact and the excised plants were then exposed to...
The effect of root excision on the growth of primary leaves, petioles, and epicotyls of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has been investigated for plants growing in various light conditions. Plants were initially grown in either continuous dim red light (RL; 4 μmol m−2S−1) or bright white light (WL; 100 μmol; m−2S−1, 16 h light: 8 h dark photope...
The effect of light intensity on primary bean leaf unfolding and elongation was studied with intact and excised 10-day-old plants grown under red light. Continuous light of 40 μmol; m−2S−1 was enough to induce maximal leaf expansion both on intact and excised bean plants. Lower light intensities had a partial effect. The growth rate during the firs...
The quantitative determination of the oil content in olive fruits on a large scale is important for both the industry and research. The standard methods today are either slow and the rapid ones involve health hazards for the technicians or require expensive equipment. Thus a simple and rapid method for the reliable determination of the oil content...
A method based on extraction from freeze-dried material and clean up by solid-phase extraction was optimized for recovery of phenolic compounds from olive fruit. The extracted compounds were characterised by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using both ultraviolet, fluorescence and electrospray ionization mass spectral detection. Using this appr...
RAPD analysis was performed on the main traditional and introduced varieties of olive grown in Israel and the West Bank. Primers were identified and used in combination to discriminate between different varieties. Significant biodiversity was demonstrated among 'Nabali' olive trees growing along the central mountain ridge of the West Bank, suggesti...
The germination potential of olive seeds without the sclerified endocarp (stoneless seeds) and growth of the seedlings were compared with germination and growth of excised and in vitro cultured embryos of ten olive cultivars. The number of empty stones and the number of stones with two seeds were also determined for each of the cultivars. Isolated...
The effect of flower number and distribution on the fruiting behavior of various olive cultivars was studied over a period of 10 years. The number of staminate flowers within each cultivar had no significant effect on fruitset. Pre-bloom removal of up to 50% of the flowers did not affect fruitset. Variation in prebloom flower-removal position resul...
Three groups of olive cultivars were characterized as showing low, moderate or high rooting percentage after application of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) treatment. To improve the rooting of olive cuttings, urea-phosphate (UP) and paclobutrazol (PB) were tested in combination with IBA. UP alone did not stimulate rooting of olive cuttings; however, wh...
Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) treatment improves rooting of easy-to-root and moderate-rooting olive cultivars, but does not stimulate root formation in hard-to-root cultivars. The rate of root formation in olive cuttings is slow and a source of carbohydrates is required to maintain and improve the effect of IBA. Sucrose treatment applied together wit...
Spray and soil treatments of paclobutrazol and uniconazole were applied to young and mature olive plants and olive cuttings. Two clear phases, were found in the growth response of olive shoots to growth retardants: an early phase, which retards and even inhibits growth considerably; and a later phase, during which the shoots are released from the r...
The effect of fusicoccin (FC) on the growth of epicotyls and leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. intact and excised seedlings has been examined, and several unexpected responses were observed. FC was added either to small wounds on one side of the epicotyl of 10 day old red-light grown seedlings or to the base of shoots excised at the base of the hypoc...
The pattern of oil accumulation in the olive fruit during its development was studied in 15 cultivars under various levels of orchard intensification. While yield, fruit size and final oil content are dependent on both genetical and environmental conditions, the basic pattern of oil accumulation is determined only by the cultural and environmental...
The amounts of glucose, fructose and mannitol, the main sugars in olive fruits, were determined in ‘Kadesh’, ‘Uovo di Piccione’ and ‘Manzanillo’ which have 8, 15 and 20% oil, respectively, at full black maturation. The sugars were separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and characterized by ultraviolet detection after derivatization with n...
The effect of evaporative cooling on budbreak and yield of Vitis vinifera L. (‘Perlette’ and ‘Thompson Seedless’) vines grown in the southern Jordan Valley in Israel was investigated. Overhead microsprinklers were operated from 0600 to 1800 hr daily during the autumn and winter months, either alone or in combination with cyanamide sprays after prun...
Catalase activity in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) buds cv. ;Perlette.' increased to a maximum in October and thereafter decreased within 3 months to less than half its maximal rate. The decrease in catalase activity coincided with the decline in temperature during winter. The rate of sprouting of buds forced at 23 degrees C was negatively related...
Morphactin in spray oil and butanol as emulsifier applied to the bark of grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) trunks caused girdling effects. Treatment of ‘Thompson Seedless’ after fruit set increased berry size and treatment of ‘Perlette’ and ‘Muscat of Hamburg’ before harvest advanced maturation. A comparison between chemical and mechanical girdling sh...
The metabolism of indolebutyric acid (IBA) in hardwood cuttings of grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Perlette) and green cuttings of olive (Olea europea cvs. Manzanillo, Kalamata and Koroneiki) was investigated. Radioactive IBA which was synthesized in our laboratory was used in these studies. Cuttings of both olive and grapevine converted IBA to IAA....
Ethephon is widely used in research and agriculture to produce ethylene mediated processes, such as fruit ripening, abscission and growth control.
The development of pomegranate fruit was studied under continental (Bet Shean Valley) and moderate maritime (coastal plain) climatic conditions. Fertile flowers were vase-shaped and developed into fruits. Bell-shaped flowers with few egg cells were sterile and did not produce fruits. Gibberellic acid induced the sterile flowers to develop into smal...
Growth of grapevine and olive shoots was inhibited by dikegulac-sodium (sodium 2,3;4,6-di-o-isopropylidene-2-Keto-L-gulonate). Concentrations of 500–6000 mg l−1 were effective in grapevine ‘Perlette’, while only 3000 or 6000 mg l−1 inhibited the growth of ‘Manzanillo’ olive shoots. Dikegulac inhibited growth of grapevine shoot apices, but induced t...
Cyanamide (H2CN2) solutions and calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) suspensions at 0.25–1.25 M caused a rapid bud opening when applied to dormant intact buds of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). The H2CN2 had a more potent effect than the CaCN2. It is suggested that CaCN2 undergoes a partial hydrolysis to hydrogen cyanamide and cyanamide ions which can be the a...
The effect of scaffold girdling on the productivity of olive trees was studied on four cultivars grown under intensive irrigated conditions. Girdling increased the yield when done in midwinter (December-February) and to a lesser extent in April. A girdling width of 10–15 mm covered with PVC tape was most effective and promoted rapid healing. Uncove...
Citations
... Bu sonuçlar, Kısmalı (1979), Jensen et al., (1981), Ezzahovani et al., (1985), Shulman et al., (1986) Thomson Seedless ve Ruby Seedless çeşitlerinde çiçeklenme zamanı bilezik alındığını, GA3 veya GA3+BA (Thomson Seedless 5ppm, Ruby Seedless 1, 5 ve 20 ppm veya meyve tutumunda 20 ve 40 ppm) uygulandığını; Thomson Seedless'te tane tutumu sonrası yapılan GA3 ve BA uygulamalarının tane iriliğini artırdığını, en iri taneleri GA3+BA uygulamasının meydana getirdiğini rapor etmişlerdir. Çalışmamızda da benzer sonuçlar elde edilmiş ve en iri taneler BA uygulamasından sonra GA3+BA kombinasyonun da belirlenmiştir. ...
... Application of hydrogen cyanamide, to promote budburst as an adaptation option for inadequate chilling, is becoming more common in perennial fruit-growing operations (e.g., table grapes; George and Nissen, 1990), though concerns regarding risks due to human exposure have been reported (Schep et al., 2009). Evaporative cooling by water sprinkling (Nir et al., 1988;Erez and Couvillon, 1983) can also be used to lower winter temperatures and thereby increase chill accumulation. However, this adaptive strategy needs to be balanced against water supply and security. ...
Reference: Climate Change: Horticulture