S H Yu’s research while affiliated with China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and other places
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Hundreds of cases of infantile hookworm disease which shows bloody stools, melena, anorexia, listlessness and oedema, have been reported in China since the 1960s. Hookworm eggs were detected in due course in the faeces of the reported cases. With the exception of a single worm identified as Necator americanus, all the adult worms expelled following chemotherapy or examined at autopsy were Ancylostoma duodenale. Many children showed clinical manifestations and eggs in their faeces on day 1-26 after birth, and more cases occurred within 3 months of birth. Evidently, these infections were mostly transmitted from the mothers by transplacental and/or transmammary routes.
The infection rate of main species of parasites and their character by first nationwide survey of human parasites was made. The overall infection rate of human intestinal parasite and the infection rate of most species of parasites were higher in females than that in males. The infection rate according to the age group, the highest infection rate was found in the group aged 5-14 years. With regard to the relation between parasitic infections and occupations of the infected persons, the highest infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides were exhibited in school children, of hookworm and Clonorchis sinensis were in halfpeasants and halfmerchant and vegetable grower; of Trichuris trichiura were in fishers, of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica and Taenia were in herdsmen and halfherdsmen and halfpeasants. In this survey it is also shown that each nationality has their main species of parasites. The family clustering of some main parasites were proved by some province/autonomous region/municipality.
A total of 2848 study sites, with about 500 people in each, were randomly sampled for this investigation which covered a total population of 1 477 742. By stool examinations using the Kato-Katz thick-smear and larval-culture techniques, overall prevalences of 47.0%, 18.8%, and 17.2% were obtained for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm infections, respectively. The number of infections due to Ascaris, Trichuris, and hookworm was estimated as 531 million, 212 million, and 194 million, respectively. Egg counts showed that 75-95% of the subjects had light infections. Higher prevalences of ascariasis and trichuriasis were found in the age group of 5-9, 10-14 and 15-19 years, and among adults for hookworm. Students, farmers (including vegetable growers) and fishermen were the occupational groups with high infection rates. The prevalence of helminthiases was found to be closely associated with climatic and geographical factors. In view of the morbidity and mortality due to these helminthiases, their control, particularly in schoolchildren, is very important.
A nationwide survey of human parasites in China was conducted during 1988-1992, with a coverage of 30 provinces/autonomous regions/municipalities (P/A/M). A total of 2,848 pilot sites in 726 counties were selected by random sampling, and 1,477,742 individuals residing on were surveyed by fecal examination. The status of paragonimiasis, hydatid diseases, cysticercosis and trichinellosis were summarized through data review. The overall infection rate of intestinal parasites was 62.6% whereas at provincial level, the highest infection rate (94.7%) was recovered in Hainan, and the lowest (17.5%) in Heilong-jiang. A high proportion (43.3%) of polyparasitism among the infected population (882,080) was revealed. Altogether 56 species of parasites comprising protozoa (19), trematode (16), cestodes (8), nematodes (12) and thorny-headed worm (1) were discovered. During the survey a new species and several new records were documented. The number of the population infected with common intestinal parasites was estimated. The diversities of parasite distribution were noted in different nationalities as well as in varied occupations.
A nationwide (Taiwan Province not included) survey of the distribution of human parasites in China during 1988-1992 was conducted under the auspices of the Ministry of Public Health, with stratified masses randomly sampling. A total of 2,848 pilot sites in 726 counties with a population of 1,477,742 were surveyed, according to unified standard, unified diagnostic method and control quality. The overall infection rate of parasites was 62. 632%. Among them, the infection rate was over 50% in 17 provinces/autonomous regions/municipalities (P/A/M), over 80% in Hainan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Fujian, Zhejiang and Guizhou, being highest in Hainan (94. 735%). Altogether 56 species were detected. Centrocestus formosanus is reported for the first time at home, Echinochasmus liliputanus and Echinostoma angustitestis are reported for the first time at home and abroad. Echinochasmus fujianensis is a new species. E. histolytica, G. lamblia, A. lumbricoides, whipworm and pinworm were distributed nationwide, while Cysticercus (27 P/A/M), Taenia (27), hookworm (26), Balantidium coli (22), Clonorchis sinensis (22), Paragonimus westermani (21), H. diminuta (21), Echinococcus (18), H. nana (17), Fasciolopsis buski (16), T. spiralis (12) were distributed non-nationwide. A preliminary suggestion on intervention of the common and/or most detrimental parasitic diseases was submitted, including hydatidosis, taeniasis, cysticercosis, clonorchiasis, paragonimiasis, trichinellosis, hookworm disease, ascariasis, trichuriasis and enterobiasis.
The paper describes a study carried out in a community in Dongdian township, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China. Medical history and the results of a physical examination, ultrasound investigation, parasitological and serological tests for Schistosoma japonicum infection were compared in 661 persons of 169 households. A lack of correlation between parasitological and serological indicators of infection and morbidity was observed in this area of low (6.4%) prevalence and intensity of infection. The prevalence of abnormal ultrasound findings in the liver in this population was high (56%), and was significantly higher than the prevalence of S. japonicum infection. The abnormal ultrasound findings correlated with a history of schistosomiasis, and the correlation increased significantly according to the number of times treated and the time since the last treatment, which suggested that past parenteral treatment has a role in the high rate of abnormal liver ultrasound findings. The significant correlation between the qualitative and quantitative serological results and abnormal ultrasound parenchymal patterns suggests that cross-reactivity between the etiology of the parenchymal disease and these tests is occurring. The presence of HBsAg correlated with the composite presence of ultrasound abnormalities of the liver parenchyma: increased echogenicity, periportal fibrosis and/or nodules and irregular fibrosis, whereas a normal ultrasound pattern was associated with the absence of HBV antigenemia.
The efficacy of broad-spectrum anthelmintics in current use was studied in Hengshan County, Hunan Province. The vermicides under study include albendazole (400mg, single dose), mebendazole composite (mebendazole 100 mg and levamisole 25mg bid x 3d), oxantel pyrantel pamoate composite (pyrantel pamoate 150 mg and oxantel pamoate 150 mg bid x 2d), and pyrantel pamoate composite (base 10 mg/kg, single dose). Therapeutic effect assessed 2 weeks after medication revealed Ascaris egg negative rates or cure rates (CR) of 97.5-100% for the former 3 regimens, and 80.9% for the latter one; while CR for hookworm infection were 95.4%, 78.6-100%, 96.7% and 83.3%, respectively. A follow-up survey pursued 4 weeks post treatment showed no significant difference in CR for the above regimens. Judging from CR in Trichuris trichiura infection, pyrantel pamoate composite was recommended as the drug of choice (89.3%), which was followed by mebendazole composite (64.6-83.8%) and albendazole (28.2-42.6%), whereas pyrantel pamoate was inefficacious. Obvious egg reduction rates were evidenced post application of the above drugs in trichuriasis treatment except pyrantel pamoate at single dose.
... Five species of the heterophyid genus Metagonimus Katsurada, 1912 have also been detected in humans (Chai 2015), with most cases caused by M. yokogawai (Katsurada, 1912), the type species of the genus. This species was described by Katsurada (1912) in Japan as Heterophyes yokogawai and then reported from other Asian countries (South Korea, Taiwan, and India), as well as Russia, Israel and several European countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Serbia, and Spain) (Yu and Mott 1994;Rácz and Zemankovics 2002;Chai et al. 2009;Pornruseetairatn et al. 2016). However, the global distribution of M. yokogawai has yet to be confirmed, as other species of Metagonimus have a limited geographical distribution, with most species described from East Asia (Shimazu 1999(Shimazu , 2002Chai and Lee 2002;Shimazu and Urabe 2002;Kino et al. 2006;Shumenko et al. 2017;Tatonova et al. 2018;Nakao et al. 2022). ...
... 31,32 However, there was poor agreement in identifying patients with a rounded caudal liver edge, a nonspecific finding associated with hepatomegaly. 33,34 Given the associations found between this outcome and both infection intensity and frequency of lake visits, more research should explore its clinical relevance in children living in endemic areas. ...
... Soil-transmitted helminthiases (Barkley et al., 2017;Zu et al., 1992) Prevention: Annual or biannual single dose of albendazole 400 mg or mebendazole 500 mg Treatment: Albendazole 400 mg single dose; mebendazole 500 mg single dose 14. ...
... Intestinavl parasitic infections pose a substantial threat to public health and are a huge burden to the economic development of a developing country. [1][2][3] Parasites infecting the gastrointestinal tract were established in 3.5 billion people and clinical symptoms were observed in 450 million people worldwide with an annual death rate of over 2 lakhs of people resulting from these illnesses. [4] Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are identified among 1.5 billion infected people in the world, forming 24% of the world's population and affecting the developing countries having deprived access to sanitation, hygiene, and potable water in tropical and subtropical regions, predominantly reported from Asia, China, sub-Saharan Africa, and South America. ...
... Omphalia lapidescens has long been regarded as a crucial antiparasitic herb in traditional Chinese medicine, whose importance was particularly pronounced when parasitic diseases were prevalent across China. The initial national survey on parasitic infections published in 2005 indicated that over 50% of the Chinese population was infected with parasitic organisms, with infection rates exceeding 70% in children [1]. The third national survey on major human parasitic diseases published in 2019 indicated a notable decline in the overall infection rate, which had dropped to below 6% [2][3][4][5][6][7]. ...
... Clonorchiasis is currently endemic in South Korea, China (excluding the northwestern provinces), Taiwan, northern Vietnam, and Russia's far-east. The prevalence of C. Sinensis was 0.4% in a countrywide sample of nearly 1.5 million persons [7]. Because the parasite feeds on bile, clonorchiasis is linked to the bile duct and gall bladder. ...
... Intestinavl parasitic infections pose a substantial threat to public health and are a huge burden to the economic development of a developing country. [1][2][3] Parasites infecting the gastrointestinal tract were established in 3.5 billion people and clinical symptoms were observed in 450 million people worldwide with an annual death rate of over 2 lakhs of people resulting from these illnesses. [4] Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are identified among 1.5 billion infected people in the world, forming 24% of the world's population and affecting the developing countries having deprived access to sanitation, hygiene, and potable water in tropical and subtropical regions, predominantly reported from Asia, China, sub-Saharan Africa, and South America. ...
... Juveniles can penetrate any epidermis, although parts most often in contact with the soil, such as hands, feet, and buttocks, are most often attacked. Necator americanus (and probably other skin-penetrating nematodes) secrete a variety of enzymes that hydrolyze skin macromolecules (Brown et al., 1999;Crompton, 1989;Yu et al., 1995). ...