S. A. Bardakova’s scientific contributions

The aroma of 324 varieties of roses of garden groups was evaluated: hybrid tea (Hybrid Tea), floribunda (Floribunda), miniature (Miniature), shrub (Shrub), climbing large-flowered (Large-Flowered Climber) in the collection of the Stavropol Botanical Garden. It was revealed that 36 varieties of hybrid tea roses, 11 varieties of floribunda roses, 3 varieties of miniature roses, 18 varieties of shrubs, 6 varieties of large-flowered climbing roses have a pronounced aroma. 90 varieties of hybrid tea roses, 12 varieties of floribunda roses, 7 varieties of miniature roses, 2 varieties of shrub roses, 10 varieties of large-flowered climbing roses have a medium pronounced aroma. The aroma is weakly expressed or absent in varieties of hybrid tea roses, 46 varieties of floribunda roses, 30 varieties of miniature roses, 11 varieties of shrub roses, 4 varieties of large-flowered climbing roses. The perception and description of the aroma is different for each variety, it can resemble several types of aroma of flowering and non-flowering plants. It was found that the air temperature at the stage of budding and flowering, the time of day, humidity – all this can radically affect the aroma. The strongest aroma is observed in the morning hours from 9 am to 11 am. Fragrant garden roses can be used not only in ornamental gardening, but also be part of aromatherapy zones. Varieties of tested garden groups, which received 2 and 3 points on the basis of aroma, are recommended by us for the creation of phyto zones of natural aromatherapy in parks, which are used as part of health complexes, private gardens, sanatoriums and boarding houses for various purposes in the North Caucasus Federal District.

The analysis of the introduction and selection work with garden roses carried out in the Stavropol Botanical Garden is presented. The study of decorative and economic and biological features of garden roses allows us to reveal the potential of cultivars for further use in the practice of gardening, landscape design and breeding. The task of our research included: the study and selection of garden roses, taking into account adaptability and plasticity in the corresponding agro-climatic zones of Stavropol and the creation on their basis of new domestic cultivars of highly ornamental, with repair, long flowering and resistant to fungal diseases. To achieve this goal, the method of spontaneous somatic mutations and the method of intervarietal hybridization were used. Two cultivars of Yanka and Pearl of the Caucasus, obtained by spontaneous mutagenesis have adapted well, bloom profusely, which indicates the success of the introduction and the prospects for their use. In 2017 patents and copyright certificates were obtained for cultivars resulting from kidney mutations. During intersort hybridization, the cultivars of roses of the floribunda group Erfordia and Lion’s Rose, which are close in origin, differ little morphologically, tie fruits well with free pollination, have high decorative, repair, and resistance to mycoses, were involved in the breeding process. Both cultivars were included as maternal and paternal plants. The cultivar Erfordia, taken as a mother plant, when pollinated with pollen of the Lion’s Rose cultivar, tied hybrid fruits by 100%, and when pollinated with the Lion’s Rose cultivaris with pollen of the Erfordia cultivars, the fruits tied only by 60%. 104 hybrid seedlings were obtained from crossing two combinations, from which 7 valuable decorative hybrid seedlings were selected. The selected hybrid seedlings were vegetatively propagated on the rootstock of the dog rose (R. canina L.) and underwent primary cultivar evaluation.

Relevance. Conducting research on the resistance of hybrid tea roses to phytopathogenic harmful organisms and determining the species composition of pathogens and factors affecting their developmen. Methods. The objects of the study were the causative agents of fungal diseases of varieties of hybrid tea roses from the collection of the Stavropol Botanical Garden. The research was carried out using the Methodology of state variety testing of agricultural crops. Results. The results of studying the species composition of mycosis pathogens on varieties of roses of the tea-hybrid garden group of the collection of the Stavropol Botanical Garden are presented. The nature and degree of damage to plants is described, the causes are established and methods of containment of diseases are developed. The most harmful and common diseases on hybrid tea roses in growing conditions are: powdery mildew (Podosphaera pannosa Lew. var. rosae Voron.); downy mildew (Peronoplasmopara sparsa (Berk.) Uljan.); rust (is caused by 2 pathogens — Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl., Phragmidium tuberculatum Mϋll. Hal.); gray rot (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) and leaf spotting of different types: black spot (Diplocarpon rosae F.A. Wolf. = Marssonina rosae (Lib.) Diet.); septoria (Septoria rosae Desm.); cercosporiasis (Cercospora rosiola Pass.), the development of which was facilitated by meteorological conditions over the years of research. Evaluation of hybrid tea cultivaris of roses for resistance to fungal diseases was carried out in 2019-2021 in the collection of the Stavropol botanical garden on a natural infectious background on a 5-point scale during the period of mass spread of diseases. Despite the fact that all cultivaris of hybrid tea roses are affected by fungal diseases, it has been found that different cultivaris are affected differently. According to the degree of resistance to the complex of diseases, 4 cultivaris received 1 point (practically resistant), 52 cultivaris received 2 points (weakly affected), 74 cultivaris received 3 points (mediumly affected), 33 cultivaris received 4 points (strongly affected). Regular monitoring of the phytosanitary state of the studied cultivaris, biological and chemical protection measures made it possible to reduce the massive spread of fungal diseases and preserve the decorative effect of plants.

Relevance . To identify the features of the growth and development of species of roses of different geographical origin, to establish the biological minimum temperatures necessary for the beginning of flowering of representatives of the genus Rosa L., to study the morphological indicators of fruits. Methodology . The research material was 12 wild roses belonging to 4 sections: Canina Crep, Cinnamomeae DC, Luteae Crep, Pimpinellifoliae DC. The research was carried out using the methods of the Main Botanical Garden, floral and geographical analyses — according to Hrzhanovsky. A caliper was used to measure the length and diameter of 10 fruits. For the analysis of statistical data, the MS Excel table processor and the integrated MATLAB mathematical package were used. Results . The article presents the results of a study of species of roses in the Stavropol Botanical Garden of various geographical origin. The study involved 12 species belonging to 4 sections. The features of growth and development of plants in new soil and climatic conditions are revealed. The dates of the beginning of the main phenological phases andtheir duration have been established: spring regrowth of shoots, budding, beginning and end of flowering, fruiting. In the studied species of roses, the growing season begins in the first — second decade of March, flowering occurs in late May — early June, the fruits ripen in August — September. The dependence of the timing of the beginning of flowering in the studied roses on the dynamics of the accumulated average daily air temperatures and the sum of effective temperatures above 5 °C was revealed. Mathematically, it was proved that the lower limit of the air temperature required for the beginning of flowering of species of roses is +16 °C, when the sum of the average daily temperature air St° = 1007.75–1069.48 °С and St эф > 5 °С = 530.75–594.75 °С are accumulated. Early flowering species of roses include Rosa foetida Herrm., R. pendulina L., R. pimpinellifolia L., late flowering — R. caudata Baker and R. corymbifera Borkh. The shortest flowering period is in R. caudata Baker, R. jacutica Juz. and R. kamtschatica Vent. Representatives of those types mostly bloom once. Their flowers are formed on biennial and more mature shoots. The flowering period is 13–23 days. Rosa rugosa Thunb. blooms again, its flowering period is extended and long — from 40 to 48 days. All species of roses form fruits. The longest fruits are in R. pendulina L., R. caudata Baker, R. rugosa Thunb., R. corymbifera Borkh. and R. canina L., and large ones — in R. rugosa Thunb., R. marretii Lev. and R. roxburghi Tratt.