Ronnen Levinson's research while affiliated with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and other places
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Publications (83)
The ability to measure occupants’ thermal state in real time will enable major advances in the control of air conditioning systems. This study proposes predicting occupant thermal state by a combination of infrared thermography, computer vision, and machine learning. The approach 1) uses cheek, nose and hand temperatures because they are least subj...
Photocatalytic building envelope materials harness sunlight to activate self-cleaning and de-polluting properties, which can help mitigate the urban heat island effect and abate urban pollution. The performance of roofing membranes manufactured with bright-white photocatalytic (BWP) granules, and with a non-photocatalytic bright-white control (BWC)...
Thermal comfort is one of the primary factors influencing occupant health, well-being, and productivity in buildings. Existing thermal comfort systems require occupants to frequently communicate their comfort vote via a survey which is impractical as a long-term solution. Here, we present a novel thermal infrared-fused computer vision sensing metho...
We present an approach to household thermal regulation and energy saving from an all-season perspective by developing a mechanically flexible and energy-free coating that automatically adapts its thermal emittance to different ambient temperatures.
A passive turnoff
Passive radiative cooling technology uses the infrared atmospheric window to allow outer space to be a cold sink for heat. However, this effect is one that is only helpful for energy savings in the warmer months. Wang et al . and Tang et al . used the metal-insulator transition in tungsten-doped vanadium dioxide to create window g...
IEA EBC Annex 80 - Dynamic simulation guideline for the performance testing of resilient cooling strategies
The global effects of climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of extreme events such as heatwaves and power outages, which have consequences for buildings and their cooling systems. Buildings and their cooling systems should be designed and operated to be resilient under such events to protect occupants from potentially dangerous i...
We evaluate two mitigation strategies for urban heat island (UHI) in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area (KCMA). Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, we assess the potential benefits of reflective "cool" roofs and urban irrigation on air temperature in typical summer conditions between 2011 and 2015, and during six of the strongest...
Prolonged and/or extreme heat has become a natural hazard that presents a significant risk to humans and the buildings, technologies, and infrastructure on which they have previously relied on to provide cooling. This paper presents a conceptual model of a resilient cooling system centred on people, the socio-cultural-technical contexts they inhabi...
Cool paints on exterior walls will save energy in air-conditioned buildings at hot-climate universities, such as the University of California, Davis (UC Davis). Cool paints are more reflective, typically lighter-colored versions of conventional paints. They can reduce air-conditioning demand by reducing the wall’s solar heat gain and decreasing hea...
The concept of climate resilience has gained extensive international attention during the last few years and is now seen as the future target for building cooling design. However, before being fully implemented in building design, the concept requires a clear and consistent definition and a commonly agreed framework of key concepts. The most critic...
Increasing envelope facet albedos considerably reduces solar heat gain, thus yielding building cooling energy savings. Few studies have explored the potential benefits of utilizing cool coatings on building envelopes (“cool-coated buildings”) based on life-cycle cost analysis. A holistic approach integrating the field testing, building energy simul...
Albedo (solar reflectance) can be measured outdoors with a pyranometer or indoors with a hemispherical reflectometer or a spectrophotometer. The current study evaluates these methods and their applicability to roofing materials by measuring and comparing the ASTM E1918 (pyranometer), non-ASTM E1918A (alternative pyranometer), ASTM C1549 (reflectome...
Photocatalytic self-cleaning “cool” roofs and walls can maintain high albedos, saving building cooling energy, reducing peak power demand, and mitigating the urban heat island effect. Other environmental benefits result from their de-polluting properties. Specimens from two different photocatalytic architectural membranes and a non-photocatalytic c...
Raising urban albedo increases the fraction of incident sunlight returned to outer space, cooling cities and their buildings. We evaluated the angular distribution of solar radiation incident on exterior walls in 17 U S. climates to develop performance parameters for solar-retroreflective walls, then applied first-principle physics and ray-tracing...
This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Highlights • We selected sixteen roofing and four wall finish products • We naturally aged them for four years in Rome and Milan and exposed them in the lab • The mean absolute albedo difference (natural-lab) of roofing prod...
Increasing roof albedo (using a “cool” roof) and night ventilation are passive cooling technologies that can reduce the cooling loads in buildings, but existing studies have not comprehensively explored the potential benefits of integrating these two technologies. This study combines an experiment in the summer and transition seasons with an annual...
Photocatalytic building surfaces can harness sunlight to reduce urban air pollution. The NOx abatement capacity of TiO2-coated granules used in roofing products was evaluated for commercial product development. A laboratory test chamber and ancillary setup were built following conditions prescribed by ISO Standard 22197-1. It was validated by expos...
Solar reflective cool roofs and walls can be used to mitigate the urban heat island effect. While many past studies have investigated the climate impacts of adopting cool surfaces, few studies have investigated their effects on air pollution, especially on particulate matter (PM). This research for the first time investigates the influence of wides...
Solar-reflective “cool” walls reduce absorption of sunlight by the building envelope, which may decrease cooling load in warm weather and increase heating load in cool weather. Changes to annual heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) energy use depend on climate, wall construction, wall orientation, building geometry, HVAC efficiency, an...
The effects of neighborhood-scale land use and land cover (LULC) properties on observed air temperatures are investigated in two regions within Los Angeles County: Central Los Angeles and the San Fernando Valley (SFV). LULC properties of particular interest in this study are albedo and tree fraction. High spatial density meteorological observations...
White roof (WR) and Sedum lineare tray garden roof (STGR) have been convinced to improve the energy-efficiency and provide various benefits for conventional impervious grey roofs. Some national and local standards have standardized and recommended these technologies in existing building retrofits, however, they do not include assessment and choice...
This study for the first time assesses the influence of employing solar reflective “cool” walls on the urban energy budget and summertime climate of the Los Angeles basin. We systematically compare the effects of cool walls to cool roofs, a heat mitigation strategy that has been widely studied and employed, using a consistent modeling framework (We...
To identify and characterize localized urban heat- and cool-island signals embedded within the temperature field of a large urban-climate archipelago, fine-resolution simulations with a modified urbanized version of the WRF meteorological model were carried out as basis for siting fixed weather monitors and designing mobile-observation transects. T...
The alkaline earth copper tetra-silicates, blue pigments, are interesting infrared phosphors. The Ca, Sr, and Ba variants fluoresce in the near-infrared (NIR) at 909, 914, and 948 nm, respectively, with spectral widths on the order of 120 nm. The highest quantum yield ϕ reported thus far is ca. 10%. We use temperature measurements in sunlight to de...
Replacing dark conventional roofs with more reflective "cool" roofs has been proposed as a method to lower urban air temperatures. Many meteorological studies have simulated potential cool roof air temperature reductions. However, economic and logistical challenges make it difficult to perform the large-scale demonstrations needed to verify these m...
This study presents the experimental measurement of the energy consumption of three top-floor air-conditioned rooms in a typical office building in Chongqing, which is a mountainous city in the hot-summer and cold-winter zone of China, to examine the energy performance of white and sedum-tray garden roofs. The energy consumption of the three rooms...
Solar reflective “cool pavements” have been proposed as a potential heat mitigation strategy for cities. However, previous research has not systematically investigated the extent to which cool pavements could reduce urban temperatures. In this study we investigated the climate impacts of widespread deployment of cool pavements in California cities....
Raising the albedo (solar reflectance) of streets can lower outside air temperature, reduce building energy use, and improve air quality in cities. However, the production and installation of pavement maintenance and rehabilitation treatments with enhanced albedo (“cool” pavements) may entail more or less energy and carbon emission than for less-re...
The ability of a climate model to accurately simulate the urban cooling effect of raising street albedo may be hampered by unrealistic representations of street geometry in the urban canyon. Even if the climate model is coupled to an urban canyon model (UCM), it is hard to define detailed urban geometries in UCMs. In this study, we relate simulated...
Particularly in hot climates, various pigments are used to formulate desired non-white colors that stay cooler in the sun than alternatives. These cool pigments provide a high near-infrared (NIR) reflectance in the solar infrared range of 700–2500 nm, and also a color specified by a reflectance spectrum in the 400–700 nm visible range. Still cooler...
Fluorescent cool dark surfaces stay cool in the sun by reflecting near-infrared (NIR) radiation and by actively re-emitting in the NIR spectrum some of the energy absorbed from visible sunlight. The fraction of incident solar energy rejected by reflection and fluorescence is the “effective solar reflectance”, or ESR, of the surface.
It is challengi...
A web-based Roof Savings Calculator (RSC) has been deployed for the United States Department of Energy as an industry-consensus tool to help building owners, manufacturers, distributors, contractors and researchers easily run complex roof and attic simulations. RSC simulates multiple roof and attic technologies for side-by-side comparison including...
In this paper we simulate temperature reductions during heat-wave events and during typical summer conditions from the installation of highly reflective "cool" roofs in the Chinese megacity, Guangzhou. We simulate temperature reductions during six of the strongest historical heat-waves events over the past decade, finding average urban midday tempe...
A laboratory method to simulate natural exposure of roofing materials has been reported in a companion article. In the current article, we describe the results of an international, nine-participant interlaboratory study (ILS) conducted in accordance with ASTM Standard E691-09 to establish the precision and reproducibility of this protocol. The acce...
In 2006, California introduced the Global Warming Solutions Act (Assembly Bill 32), which requires the state to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. “Cool community” strategies, including cool roofs, cool pavements, cool walls and urban vegetation, have been identified as voluntary measures with potential to reduce statewide emis...
The albedo of a roof determines the fraction of incoming sunlight that is reflected, which affects heat transfer into the building and exchange of energy between the built environment and the atmosphere. While the albedo of individual roofs can be easily measured, roof albedo at the city scale is unknown. In this paper we characterize the albedos o...
Cool roofs reflect sunlight and therefore can reduce cooling energy use in buildings. Further, since roofs typically cover about 20–25% of a city, widespread deployment of cool roofs could mitigate the urban heat island effect and partially counter urban temperature increases associated with global scale climate change. The magnitude of these poten...
A web-based Roof Savings Calculator (RSC) has been deployed for the United States Department of Energy as an industry-consensus tool to help building owners, manufacturers, distributors, contractors and researchers easily run complex roof and attic simulations. This tool employs modern web technologies, usability design, and national average defaul...
We present a simple method to estimate the maximum possible energy saving that might be achieved by increasing the albedo of surfaces in a large city. We restrict this to the “indirect effect”, the cooling of outside air that lessens the demand for air conditioning (AC). Given the power demand of the electric utilities and data about the city, we c...
To assess cool-roof benefits, the temperatures, heat flows, and energy uses in two similar single-family, single-story homes built side by side in Fresno, California were measured for a year. The "cool" house had a reflective cool concrete tile roof (initial albedo 0.51) with above-sheathing ventilation, and nearly twice the thermal capacitance of...
Highly reflective roofs can decrease the energy required for building air conditioning, help mitigate the urban heat island effect, and slow global warming. However, these benefits are diminished by soiling and weathering processes that reduce the solar reflectance of most roofing materials. Soiling results from the deposition of atmospheric partic...
A solar reflectometer is commonly used to determine the albedo of roofing products. This study validates against pyranometer measurements of albedo three new methods for solar reflectometer measurement of the albedo of the irregular surface presented by a bed of roofing aggregate. Method A determines the albedo of an aggregate bed by averaging many...
![Figure 3. U.S. Direct Normal Solar Radiation (NREL 2005 [30])](profile/Joshua-New-3/publication/268149456/figure/fig2/AS:295449316610051@1447452014498/US-Direct-Normal-Solar-Radiation-NREL-2005-30_Q320.jpg)
Increasingly "urban greening" is being implemented in order to meet goals of sustainability. Tree planting is part of these efforts that provide climate and environmental benefits. Albedo is an important factor in climatological and ecological functioning. Using GIS, this study assesses albedo changes of suburban communities resulting from trees. B...
Reflective roofs can reduce demand for air conditioning and warming of the atmosphere. Roofs can also host photovoltaic (PV) modules that convert sunlight to electricity. In this study we assess the effects of installing a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) roof on an office building in Yuma, AZ. The system consists of thin film PV laminated t...
Exposed asphalt shingles undergo chemical and physical changes as they weather. Here we focus on the resulting changes in solar reflectance. Most roofing granules employing inorganic metal oxide pigments are very stable. Initial reflectance changes are therefore due to changes in the asphalt itself, and the loss of processing oils coating the granu...
Vehicle thermal loads and air conditioning ancillary loads are strongly influenced by the absorption of solar energy. The adoption of solar reflective coatings for opaque surfaces of the vehicle shell can decrease the “soak” temperature of the air in the cabin of a vehicle parked in the sun, potentially reducing the vehicle’s ancillary load and imp...
The use of highly reflective “cool” roofing materials can decrease demand for air conditioning, mitigate the urban heat island effect, and potentially slow global warming. However, initially high roof solar reflectance can be degraded by natural soiling and weathering processes. We evaluated solar reflectance losses after three years of natural exp...
Solar reflectance can vary with the spectral and angular distributions of incident sunlight, which in turn depend on surface orientation, solar position and atmospheric conditions. A widely used solar reflectance metric based on the ASTM Standard E891 beam-normal solar spectral irradiance underestimates the solar heat gain of a spectrally selective...
A companion article explored how solar reflectance varies with surface orientation and solar position, and found that clear sky air mass 1 global horizontal (AM1GH) solar reflectance is a preferred quantity for estimating solar heat gain. In this study we show that AM1GH solar reflectance Rg,0 can be accurately measured with a pyranometer, a solar...
The widespread use of solar-reflective roofing materials can save energy, mitigate urban heat islands and slow global warming by cooling the roughly 20% of the urban surface that is roofed. In this study we created prototype solar-reflective nonwhite concrete tile and asphalt shingle roofing materials using a two-layer spray coating process intende...
Cool roofs—roofs that stay cool in the sun by minimizing solar absorption and maximizing thermal emission—lessen the flow of heat from the roof into the building, reducing the need for space cooling energy in conditioned buildings. Cool roofs may also increase the need for heating energy in cold climates. For a commercial building, the decrease in...
The two main forcings that can counteract to some extent the positive forcings from greenhouse gases from pre-industrial times to present day are the aerosol and related aerosol-cloud forcings, and the radiative response to changes in surface albedo. Here, we quantify the change in radiative forcing and land surface temperature that may be obtained...
Shadows cast by trees and buildings can limit the solar access of rooftop solar-energy systems, including photovoltaic panels and thermal collectors. This study characterizes residential rooftop shading in Sacramento, San Jose, Los Angeles and San Diego, CA. Our analysis can be used to better estimate power production and/or thermal collection by r...
The widely used methods to measure the solar reflectance of roofing materials include ASTM standards E903 (spectrometer), C1549 (reflectometer), and E1918 (pyranometer). Standard E903 uses a spectrometer with an integrating sphere to measure the solar spectral reflectance of an area approximately 0.1cm2. The solar spectral reflectance is then weigh...
Roofs that have high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance stay cool in the sun. A roof with lower thermal emittance but exceptionally high solar reflectance can also stay cool in the sun. Substituting a cool roof for a noncool roof decreases cooling-electricity use, cooling-power demand, and cooling-equipment capacity requirements, while sl...
Shadows cast by trees and buildings can limit the solar access of rooftop solar-energy systems, including photovoltaic panels and thermal collectors. This study characterizes rooftop shading in a residential neighborhood of San Jose, CA, one of four regions analyzed in a wider study of the solar access of California homes.High-resolution orthophoto...
Roofs that have high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance stay cool in the sun. A roof with lower thermal emittance but exceptionally high solar reflectance can also stay cool in the sun. Substituting a cool roof for a non-cool roof decreases cooling electricity use, cooling power demand and cooling equipment capacity requirements, while sl...
Owners of homes with pitched roofs visible from ground level often prefer non-white roofing products for aesthetic considerations. Non-white, near-infrared-reflective architectural coatings can be applied in situ to pitched concrete or clay tile roofs to reduce tile temperature, building heat gain, and cooling power demand, while simultaneously imp...
We describe methods for creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to a wide variety of residential roofing materials, including metal, clay tile, concrete tile, wood, and asphalt shingle. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.7–2.5μm) is maximized by coloring a topcoat with pigments that weakly absorb and (optio...
An overview of several aspects of the weathering of roofing materials is presented. Degradation of materials initiated by ultraviolet radiation is discussed for plastics used in roofing, as well as wood and asphalt. Elevated temperatures accelerate many deleterious chemical reactions and hasten diffusion of material components. Effects of moisture...
A roof with high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance (e.g., a white roof) stays cool in the sun, reducing cooling power demand in a conditioned building and increasing summertime comfort in an unconditioned building. The high initial solar reflectance of a white membrane roof (circa 0.8) can be lowered by deposition of soot, dust, and/or b...
Solar-reflective roofs stay cooler in the sun than solar-absorptive roofs. Such “cool” roofs achieve lower surface temperatures that reduce heat conduction into the building and the building's cooling load. We monitored the effects of cool roofs on energy use and environmental parameters in six California buildings at three different sites: a retai...
Urban areas tend to have higher air temperatures than their rural surroundings as a result of gradual surface modifications that include replacing the natural vegetation with buildings and roads. The term ''Urban Heat Island'' describes this phenomenon. The surfaces of buildings and pavements absorb solar radiation and become extremely hot, which i...
Owners of homes with pitched roofs visible from ground leveloften prefer non-white roofing products for aesthetic considerations.Non-white, near-infrared-reflective architectural coatings can be appliedin-situ to pitched concrete or clay tile roofs to reduce tiletemperature, building heat gain, and cooling power demand, whilesimultaneously improvin...
Various pigments are characterized by determination of parameters S (backscattering) and K (absorption) as functions of wavelength in the solar spectral range of 300–2500 nm. Measured values of S for generic titanium dioxide (rutile) white pigment are in rough agreement with values computed from the Mie theory, supplemented by a simple multiple sca...
The suitability of a pigment for inclusion in “cool” colored coatings with high solar reflectance can be determined from its solar spectral backscattering and absorption coefficients. Pigment characterization is performed by dispersing the pigment into a transparent film, then measuring spectral transmittance and reflectance. Measurements of the re...
Roofs that have high solar reflectance (high ability to reflect sunlight) and high thermal emittance (high ability to radiate heat) tend to stay cool in the sun. The same is true of low-emittance roofs with exceptionally high solar reflectance. Substituting a cool roof for a non-cool roof tends to decrease cooling electricity use, cooling power dem...
Increasing the solar reflectance (albedo) of a paved surface keeps it cooler in the sun, reducing convection of heat from pavement to air and thereby decreasing the ambient air temperature. Lower air temperatures decrease demand for cooling energy and slow the formation of urban smog. Variations with composition and environmental exposure of the al...
Shingles, tiles, and metal products comprise over 80% (by roof area) of the California roofing market (54-58% fiberglass shingle, 8-10% concrete tile, 8-10% clay tile, 7% metal, 3% wood shake, and 3% slate). In climates with significant demand for cooling energy, increasing roof solar reflectance reduces energy consumption in mechanically cooled bu...
Since 1999, several widely used building energy efficiency standards, including ASHRAE 90.1, ASHRAE 90.2, the International Energy Conservation Code, and California's Title 24 have adopted cool roof credits or requirements. We review the technical development of cool roof provisions in the ASHRAE 90.1, ASHRAE 90.2, and California Title 24 standards...
Science at the Theater: Berkeley Lab scientists discuss how cool roofs can cool your building, your city ... and our planet. Arthur Rosenfeld, Professor of Physics Emeritus at UC Berkeley, founded the Berkeley Lab Center for Building Science in 1974. He served on the California Energy Commission from 2000 to 2010 and is commonly referred to as Cali...
The recent Journal of Climate paper by Stanford researchers Mark Jacobson and John Ten Hoeve (2011) is a useful contribution to the literature on urban heat islands and mitigation potential of reflective (or white or cool) surfaces such as roofs and pavements. However, the article's results regarding white roofs are preliminary and uncertain. Moreo...
Citations
... In cities, for instance, increasing pervious surfaces through vegetation cover can reduce localized air and surface temperatures and help replenish groundwater by capturing and filtering rainfall. In addition, urban forest canopies can keep localized temperatures lower through shading and evaporative cooling, reducing the so-called "urban heat island effect"-an increase in air temperature in cities relative to surrounding areas (Levinson et al. 2019). In rural areas, strategies such as beaver restoration and riparian vegetation restoration can help store water and keep nearby streams cooler. ...
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... They are used for applications such as detecting thermal bridges [1,2], detection of insulation heterogeneities [3], moisture detection [4], and many more. Thermographic measurements can bring useful information for analyses of building structures' thermal transmittance [5,6] or in the modelling of thermal comfort in buildings [7]. Furthermore, thermographic cameras are being used for active thermography measurements in this field as well. ...
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... 41 Active emitters based on phase change materials also provide a thermoregulation function for all seasons, however, they have limitations on customizing the target temperature owing to fixed transition temperatures. [42][43][44][45] Herein, we propose a radiation-based 'continuous' temperature-regulation system by introducing a polarization valve, which opens and shuts the energy-balancing channel between an emitter and outer space. The thermal regulation system composes of a vertically-arranged linearly polarized thermal emitter and an IR polarizer. ...
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... Heatwaves overload energy grids, disrupting electricity supplies when people most need air conditioning or fans to survive in overheated homes [1]. In this context, the building's thermal resilience concept is in the spotlight of the current scientific discussions [5][6][7][8]. ...
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... The results show that there will be a significant increase in building overheating and cooling energy use, and a substantial decrease in building overcooling and heating energy use in the future in the reference building used in this study. Implementation of resilient cooling systems [99] in buildings should be focused on in this scenario. Notably, all three HVAC strategies assessed in the study proved to be resistant to climate change induced overheating and overcooling due to climate change sensitive sizing and design. ...
... In contrast to our results, Jeong et al. (2021) reported a much smaller decrease in T2 during heat waves in the KCMA when increasing roof albedo by 0.4 (from 0.2 to 0.6) in their simulations. They also found an increase in T2 between 1500 and 1900 LST with the use of cool roofs. ...
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... Few studies and case studies succeeded in defining resilience and applying its principles on a building scale. Across our review, we found some studies that focus mainly on robustness as a proxy for resilience (Homaei & Hamdy, 2020Kotireddy et al., 2018;Miller et al., 2021). However, none of those reviewed studies embraced a multicriteria approach for resilience that involves vulnerability, resistance, robustness, and recoverability. ...
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... This simplification should be evaluated with a detailed economic model. Moreover, it has been indicated in many studies that indoor areas can be cooled via the implementation of these building measures, thereby reducing the total energy use and daily costs in the warmest months to further save costs in the short term 25,26 . Therefore, we believe that the benefits of the application of green roofs exceed the associated costs in the long run. ...
... Two of the top-floor rooms were set with a green roof and a dark roof respectively. The settings of the green roof are shown in Table 2, and the albedo of the dark roof was set to 0.2 [32]. Before simulation analysis, this building model was validated using the real measured data. ...
... In this paper, the highest maximal temperature heatwaves are selected during three different periods, including 2001-2020 (historical scenario), 2041-2060 (mid-future scenario), and 2081-2100 (future scenario). The selection of the periods is based on the recommendations of the dynamic simulation guideline provided by the International Energy Agency (IEA) EBC Annex 80 -''Resilient cooling of buildings" project [46,85] and a previous study in the scientific literature [47]. All the weather data in this paper are obtained from [68]. ...
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