Román Nuviala Nuviala’s research while affiliated with Universidad de Cádiz and other places

The sports industry contributes significantly to environmental degradation through its economic practices. As a result, there has been interest in reducing the impact through various initiatives in sectors such as sporting events, facility management, etc. However, these initiatives have not been studied in the sport sector, eluding the beneficial effects it could have on market positioning and user retention. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effect of green practices implemented by sports clubs on their users’ perceptions and loyalty. The GPSport and EPOD2 questionnaires were used on a total of 1732 users of 27 Spanish sports clubs, of whom 70% were men. In data processing, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis were used for psychometric properties; Cronbach’s alpha, AVE, and CR were used for correlations between factors, and CMIN, DF, and CFI were used to test the invariance of the factor structure across user groups. Perceptions of the service were predominantly positive. The construct with the highest value was satisfaction (4.36 ± 0.73), followed by loyalty (4.19 ± 0.79), with green practices scoring the lowest (3.01 ± 0.94). Perceived quality was a significant and direct antecedent of satisfaction, while satisfaction was a significant and direct antecedent of loyalty, with the former relationship being the strongest. Green practices were directly and significantly related to perceived quality, predominantly indirectly related to satisfaction, and mostly directly related to loyalty. For female users, the relevance of green practices as an antecedent of perceived quality and satisfaction was significantly higher. The results obtained suggest that green practices are an added value that improves users’ perceptions, especially among females, justifying the use of marketing strategies based on the adoption of green practices.

En los últimos años los eventos deportivos llevados a cabo en la naturaleza han aumentado, provocando un gran impacto en los lugares donde se realizan. Las organizaciones deportivas tienen el reto de ofrecer eventos deportivos de calidad que satisfagan las necesidades de los participantes y que sean amigables con el ambiente. Objetivo: explorar la relación entre las prácticas verdes, la calidad (general y del resultado), la satisfacción y la intención de volver a participar en eventos deportivos realizados en el medio natural en Costa Rica. Método: 781 participantes (66.3% hombres y 33.7% mujeres) con una edad promedio de 40.9 ± 11.9 años. El instrumento utilizado fue un cuestionario conformado por 24 ítems provenientes de distintas escalas. Para el análisis de los datos, se aplicaron técnicas estadísticas, incluyendo el cálculo de estadísticas descriptivas, el índice Alpha de Cronbach, la varianza promedio extraída, la fiabilidad compuesta y modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. Resultados: se destaca las prácticas verdes como antecedente de la calidad general y que la calidad general antecede la satisfacción, mientras que la calidad del resultado antecede la satisfacción y las intenciones de volver a participar, además, se encontró que la satisfacción también es un antecedente de las intenciones de volver a participar en el evento. Conclusiones: la implementación de prácticas verdes es un elemento indispensable a considerar en la gestión de eventos deportivos, ya que no solo ayudan a minimizar el impacto medio ambiental, sino que también pueden mejorar la calidad del evento y la intención de volver a participar de los participantes. Palabras clave: prácticas verdes, satisfacción, evento deportivo, intenciones futuras. Abstract. In recent years, the offer of sports services carried out in nature has increased, causing a great impact on the places where they are held. Sports organizations have the challenge of offering quality sports events that meet the needs of participants and are environmentally friendly. Objective: to explore the relationship between green practices, quality (overall and of the outcome), satisfaction, and the intention to participate again in sports events held in natural environments in Costa Rica. Method: 781 participants (66.3% men and 33.7% women) with an average age of 40.9 ± 11.9 years. The instrument used was a questionnaire consisting of 24 items from different scales. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha, AVE, FC, and structural model analysis were calculated for data analysis. Results: Green practices are highlighted as an antecedent to general quality, and general quality precedes satisfaction, while outcome quality influences satisfaction and intentions to participate again. Furthermore, satisfaction precedes intentions to participate again in the event. Conclusions: The implementation of green practices is an indispensable element to consider in the management of sports events since they not only help minimize the environmental impact but also can improve the quality of the event and the participant's experience. Key words: green practices, satisfaction, sport event, future intentions

Environmental sustainability has often been associated with increased organizational profitability, efficiency, and competitiveness. A related example is green practices which have become a central component of many companies’ marketing strategies and day-to-day management. The current study aims to develop and validate a scale for use in sport organizations and activities. An item bank derived from past literature was prepared, which was then assessed by a group of experts and pilot-tested. Two waves of data collection were then collected (N = 1165 and N = 567). An exploratory factor analysis was performed with the data from wave 1, and a one-dimensional solution was presented. Then, a confirmatory factor analysis followed by a multigroup analysis was performed with the data from wave 2. The results confirmed the six-item one-dimensional scale with high levels of reliability and validity and optimal fit indices. The scale is important to green practices adopted by sport organizations regarding the customer–organization relationship.

This article is a contribution to the explanation of the hegemonic sports discourse as an external reality of politics and the State. To do so, the philosophical, ethical and historical principles are expounded, which propose the existence of internal goods in the practice of sport, enunciating sporting objectives as a political translation. Firstly, an explanation of the basic principles of Broad Internalism is given, whose task is the essential definition of sport, which is found in its exposition of moral and physical excellence in terms of Aristotelian virtuosity. Furthermore, it chooses to relate the principles of modern sportsmanship to Thomas Arnold, Aristotelian Christianity in order to establish the basis of sporting moral internal goods. Finally, the political and legal fit of sport and its connection to the approaches described above is presented.

Las organizaciones deportivas pueden tener una relación más cercana con sus seguidores y aprender de ellos a través de sus interacciones sociales en comunidades virtuales. El objetivo fue constatar la validez, fiabilidad y estructura factorial de la escala de motivos de uso de páginas web de equipos de fútbol. Tras los análisis factoriales confirmatorios se obtuvo un cuestionario reducido compuesto por siete dimensiones, con 21 ítems, con una gran proporción de varianza explicada y fiabilidad alta. Estos resultados constataron que se trataba de un instrumento fiable y válido, acreditándolo como útil para la gestión y la investigación, con una fácil puesta en práctica, pudiendo ser utilizado de forma periódica por los responsables de las organizaciones deportivas, permitiendo la comparación entre éstas. Los resultados han permitido presentar una herramienta capaz de conocer los motivos por los que las personas aficionadas al fútbol utilizaban las páginas web de los equipos. Abstract. Sports organizations may have a closer relationship with their fans and learn from them through their social interactions in virtual communities. The aim was to test the validity, reliability and factor structure of the scale of reasons for using football team websites. The confirmatory factor analyses resulted in a reduced questionnaire composed of seven dimensions, with 21 items, a high proportion of explained variance and high reliability. These results showed that it was a reliable and valid instrument, accrediting it as useful for management and research, easy to implement, and can be used periodically by those in charge of sports organizations, allowing for comparison between them. The results have made it possible to present a tool capable of finding out the reasons why football fans use the teams' websites.

Resumen: Los centros deportivos necesitan adaptar sus servicios a los intereses de los usuarios. Para ello es imprescindible segmentar el mercado atendiendo a las tradicionales variables sociodemográficas y otras como las motivaciones y las actitudes. El objetivo de la investigación fue conocer los motivos de los usuarios para acudir a los centros deportivos estableciendo perfiles diferenciadores en función de sus diferentes niveles de formación académica. Los usuarios señalaron el Disfrute (3.93 ± .60) y el Fitness/Salud (3.84 ± .71) como los motivos más relevantes. Los usuarios sin formación se sentían motivados por el Fitness y Disfrute, mientras que los usuarios con formación profesional por Fitness y Apariencia. La vinculación de los motivos de práctica de actividad física del usuario con su nivel de formación mostró diferencias significativas en todos los factores. Estos resultados posibilitan ofertar servicios más eficientemente ya que permite un mejor ajuste a las demandas de los usuarios aumentando su fidelidad.

Los gestores deportivos buscan conocer las percepciones e implantar programas que garanticen la satisfacción y continuidad de los clientes, debido al incremento de práctica de actividad física y de la competitividad de los servicios deportivos. Objetivo: constatar la existencia de diferencias en el modelo que relaciona calidad, satisfacción y valor percibido en función del género y la edad de los usuarios de actividades deportivas organizadas. Método: 1.654 personas (44.9 % mujeres), con una edad media de 32.52 ± 14.70 años participaron en el estudio. El instrumento utilizado fue el cuestionario EPOD2 y como pruebas estadísticas se realizaron análisis exploratorios, correlaciones, alfa de Cronbach, AVE, FC, invariancias factoriales y coeficientes de regresión. Resultados: La valoración de la actividad fue positiva, siendo la satisfacción la percepción más puntuada, seguida por valor y calidad. Las mujeres valoraron mejor el servicio, encontrándose diferencias significativas por género en la valoración de calidad, y diferencias significativas en función de la edad y sexo en la evaluación de valor. La calidad tiene relación directa y significativa con el valor, siendo ambos conceptos un antecedente de la satisfacción. Conclusiones: el usuario de actividades deportivas organizadas tiene una percepción muy positiva del servicio. Las mujeres valoran en mejor medida la calidad y el valor. A menor edad, menor estimación del valor. Los resultados del estudio justifican el establecimiento de estrategias de gestión para la mejora de la calidad y valor percibido con el fin de satisfacer y fidelizar al cliente. Abstract. Sports managers try to understand customer perceptions and to implement programmes that guarantee clients satisfaction and continuity, because of the increase in the practice of physical activity and the competitiveness of sports services. Objective: to determine the existence of differences in the model that relates quality, satisfaction and perceived value according to the gender and age of the users of organized sports activities. Method: 1.654 people (44.9% women), with a mean age of 32.52 ± 14.70 years participated in the study. The instrument used was the EPOD2 questionnaire and exploratory tests, correlations, Cronbach's alpha, AVE, composite reliability, factorial invariances and regression coefficients were used as statistical tests. Results: the activity assessment was positive, with satisfaction as the highest rated perception, followed by value and quality. Women rated the service better, finding significant differences by gender in the assessment of quality, and significant differences according to age and sex in the assessment of value. Quality has a direct and significant relationship with value, both concepts being an antecedent of satisfaction. Conclusions: the user of organized sports activities has a very positive perception of the service. Women rate quality and value more highly. The younger the age, the lower the value assessment. The results of the study justify the establishment of management strategies for the improvement of quality and perceived value in order to satisfy customers and build customer loyalty.