December 2024
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53 Reads
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17 Citations
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December 2024
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53 Reads
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17 Citations
October 2024
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102 Reads
Aesthetic experience is an altered state of consciousness characterized by a detached absorption in an aesthetic object; it is a pleasant—sometimes ecstatic—liberation from the self and its agenda. I briefly review perceptual-cognitive and affective approaches used by psychologists to understand the phenomenon and suggest the need for a volitional perspective. To illustrate the nature and scope of aesthetic experience, I discuss nine varieties, elicited by different qualities in objects and evoking distinctive responses in perceivers. Over centuries, aesthetic devices have been developed that induce the aesthetic state by manipulating such psychological mechanisms as attention, appraisal, and empathy. I propose explanations for how several important devices operate, and why they are particularly effective in individuals high in the personality trait of Openness to Experience.
April 2024
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242 Reads
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6 Citations
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Despite numerous meta-analyses, the true extent to which life satisfaction reflects personality traits has remained unclear due to overreliance on a single method to assess both and insufficient attention to construct overlaps. Using data from three samples tested in different languages (Estonian, N = 20,886; Russian, N = 768; English, N = 600), we combined self- and informant-reports to estimate personality domains’ and nuances’ true correlations (rtrue) with general life satisfaction (LS) and satisfactions with eight life domains (DSs), while controlling for single-method and occasion-specific biases and random error, and avoiding direct construct overlaps. The associations replicated well across samples. The Big Five domains and nuances allowed predicting LS with accuracies up to rtrue ≈ .80–.90 in independent (sub)samples. Emotional stability, extraversion, and conscientiousness correlated rtrue ≈ .30–.50 with LS, while its correlations with openness and agreeableness were small. At the nuances level, low LS was most strongly associated with feeling misunderstood, unexcited, indecisive, envious, bored, used, unable, and unrewarded (rtrue ≈ .40–.70). Supporting LS’s construct validity, DSs had similar personality correlates among themselves and with LS, and an aggregated DS correlated rtrue ≈ .90 with LS. LS’s approximately 10-year stability was rtrue = .70 and its longitudinal associations with personality traits mirrored cross-sectional ones. We conclude that without common measurement limitations, most people’s life satisfaction is highly consistent with their personality traits, even across many years. So, satisfaction is usually shaped by these same relatively stable factors that shape personality traits more broadly.
March 2023
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385 Reads
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7 Citations
Culture-and-personality studies were central to social science in the early 20th century and have recently been revived (as personality-and-culture studies) by trait and cross-cultural psychologists. In this article we comment on conceptual issues, including the nature of traits and the nature of the personality-and-culture relationship, and we describe methodological challenges in understanding associations between features of culture and aspects of personality. We give an overview of research hypothesizing the shaping of personality traits by culture, reviewing studies of indigenous traits, acculturation and sojourner effects, birth cohorts, social role changes, and ideological interventions. We also consider the possibility that aggregate traits affect culture, through psychological means and gene flow. In all these cases we highlight alternative explanations and the need for designs and analyses that strengthen the interpretation of observations. We offer a set of testable hypotheses based on the premises that personality is adequately described by Five-Factor Theory, and that observed differences in aggregate personality traits across cultures are veridical. It is clear that culture has dramatic effects on the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors from which we infer traits, but it is not yet clear whether, how, and in what degree culture shapes traits themselves.
January 2023
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11,839 Reads
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6 Citations
Despite numerous meta-analyses, the true extent to which life satisfaction reflects personality traits has remained unclear due to over-reliance on a single method to assess both and insufficient attention to construct overlaps. Using data from three samples tested in different languages (Estonian, N = 20,886; Russian, N = 768; English, N = 600), we combined self- and informant-reports to estimate personality domains’ and nuances’ true correlations (rtrue) with general life satisfaction (LS) and satisfactions with eight life domains (DSs), while controlling for single-method and occasion-specific biases and random error, and avoiding direct construct overlaps. The associations replicated well across samples. The Big Five domains and nuances allowed predicting LS with accuracies up to rtrue ≈ .80 to .90 in independent (sub)samples. Emotional stability, extraversion, and conscientiousness correlated rtrue ≈ .30 to .50 with LS, while its correlations with openness and agreeableness were small. At the nuances level, low LS was most strongly associated with feeling misunderstood, unexcited, indecisive, envious, bored, used, unable, and unrewarded (rtrue ≈ .40 to .70). Supporting LS’s construct validity, DSs had similar personality correlates among themselves and with LS, and an aggregated DS correlated rtrue ≈ .90 with LS. LS’s approximately 10-year stability was rtrue = .70 and its longitudinal associations with personality traits mirrored cross-sectional ones. We conclude that without measurement limitations, most people’s life satisfaction is highly consistent with their personality traits, even across many years. So, satisfaction is usually shaped by these same relatively stable factors that shape personality traits more broadly.
October 2022
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59 Reads
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2 Citations
Psychological Reports
I summarize an early effort to provide a conceptual basis for psychology. Natural science studies material objects, and its methods and assumptions may not be appropriate for the study of persons. Persons exist within the natural attitude and are characterized by such properties as temporality, responsibility, normality, and identity. Contemporary theories of mind focus on people’s understanding of how minds make decisions and shape behavior, but say little about the nature of the entity that possesses a mind; ethnopsychologies are concerned with cultural variations in beliefs about accidental rather than essential aspects of human psychology. The lay philosophical view of the person sketched here is intended to be broader and deeper. It is particularly relevant to trait psychology, appears to have been implicit in much trait research, and is generally consistent with empirical findings on personality traits.
February 2022
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141 Reads
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3 Citations
Personality and Individual Differences
We discuss the life and work of Jan Strelau from the perspectives of the Regulative Theory of Temperament and Five-Factor Theory. Both posit that traits are early-appearing and relatively stable over time, have a substantial biological basis, can be found in human and non-human species, and must be inferred from the behaviors that express them; they differ in the scope of temperament, the role of the environment in shaping traits, and the adaptive function of traits. The instruments associated with the two theories converge empirically: The temperament traits of Briskness and Endurance are related to Conscientiousness, Perseveration and Emotional reactivity to Neuroticism, Activity to Extraversion, and Sensory sensitivity to Openness. Five informant ratings of Strelau concurred in showing that he was low in Neuroticism and high in Extraversion, Openness, and Conscientiousness. A biographical sketch shows that despite potentially traumatic events in childhood and adolescence, Strelau lived a full and productive life. His life course is consistent with the view of both theories that adult personality traits are chiefly a reflection of biological influences.
November 2021
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220 Reads
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3 Citations
Some accounts of the evolution of music suggest that it emerged from emotionally expressive vocalizations and serves as a necessary counterweight to the cognitive elaboration of language. Thus, emotional expression appears to be intrinsic to the creation and perception of music, and music ought to serve as a model for affect itself. Because music exists as patterns of changes in sound over time, affect should also be seen in patterns of changing feelings. Psychologists have given relatively little attention to these patterns. Results from statistical approaches to the analysis of affect dynamics have so far been modest. Two of the most significant treatments of temporal patterns in affect—sentics and vitality affects have remained outside mainstream emotion research. Analysis of musical structure suggests three phenomena relevant to the temporal form of emotion: affect contours, volitional affects, and affect transitions. I discuss some implications for research on affect and for exploring the evolutionary origins of music and emotions.
January 2021
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130 Reads
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24 Citations
Five-Factor Theory (FFT) is an account of the functioning of the personality system, with three broad classes of dynamic processes: assimilative, accommodative, and developmental. Developmental processes, on which the present chapter focuses, are the mechanisms by which traits grow or change. We review some of the evidence leading to FFT, a general theory of personality that breaks decisively with tradition in positing that the psychological environment has little or no influence on traits. Social Investment (SI) provides an alternative view, in which personality trait development is attributed in part to the requirements of society. We offer new data from 23 cultures (N = 7,449) to test the SI-based hypothesis that cultures whose members enter adult roles earlier will show accelerated personality maturation; no support was found. Other studies challenge FFT, but we argue that a scientific theory is not invalidated by a few counterexamples. Instead, the theory should be judged by the effectiveness with which it summarizes most current knowledge and the guidance that it offers to researchers seeking new knowledge.
September 2020
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254 Reads
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12 Citations
... Personality traits: The personality dimensions defined by the five-factor model (Costa et al., 1999) were taken into consideration: extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, openness to experience and cooperativeness. The BF Inventory (Big Five Inventory) (John & Srivastava, 1999) or its Serbian version comprising 44 items (Opsenica-Kostić, 2012) was used for the research. ...
December 2024
... Individual-level data analysis in the EstBB PS21 was carried out under ethical approval 1.1-12/626 (13.04.2020) from the Estonian Committee on Bioethics and Human Research (Estonian Ministry of Social Affairs), using data according to release application 3-10/GI/11571 from the EstBB. As this study was part of a broader data collection effort (Vaht et al., 2024), parts of the data set have been previously analyzed in Mõttus et al. (2024) and Arumäe et al. (2024). ...
Reference:
Personality Profiles of 263 Occupations
April 2024
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
... One of the reasons researchers are interested in studying constructs over time is to assess how constructs of interest change and evolve (Chan, 1998). That is, researchers are often interested in whether scores representing a construct remain stable over time (McCrae, Terracciano, & Khoury, 2007). ...
November 2006
... The five-factor model of personality (McCrae, 2020;McCrae & Costa, 1999) identifies the five traits of extraversion, agreeableness, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. Whereas some traits have often been linked to conflict experience, for example, the strong relationship between neuroticism and work-family conflict experience as reported in Allen et al.'s (2012) meta-analysis, we are more interested in the potential Figure 1. ...
September 2020
... Cultural values are defined as "the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from others" (Hofstede, 1984, p. 51). Although these domains are most commonly studied separately (Parks-Leduc et al., 2015), they intersect and influence one another (Allik et al., 2023;Allik & Realo, 2019;Fischer & Boer, 2015;Parks-Leduc et al., 2015;Roccas et al., 2002), especially among individuals who share a common social environment (Lu et al., 2023). This observation has led to a resurgence in interest in how personality and culture are related (Allik et al., 2023;Czerniawska & Szydlo, 2021;Mehta et al., 2023). ...
March 2023
... These issues can only be addressed by "triangulating" multiple assessment methods of the same constructs that don't share biases and errors (Mõttus et al., 2024). For personality traits, the most readily available, face-valid and scalable assessment method to complement self-reports is ratings by knowledgeable informants such as partners, friends or relatives. ...
January 2023
... Furthermore, even philosophical views of personality traits conclude that pieces of personality cannot be changed, only the change of the whole identity would affect the expression of personality traits. These identity changes would only take place under special circumstances and are not the normative pattern [61,62]. ...
October 2022
Psychological Reports
... 201), emphasizing the ever-changing nature of music, and that it is changes (e.g., in pitch or rhythm) within a piece of music that leads to changes in affect in a listener. More recently, the inability of theories of emotion to capture the ever-changing and complex flow of emotions that humans experience has been commented upon by Mc-Crae [60], raising the intriguing idea of the potential for music to illustrate or capture those changes. In recent research investigating the soundscape using a questionnaire followed-up by interviews, participants referred to the difficulty of expressing their experience of an ever-changing soundscape using a questionnaire completed at a single point in time [61]. ...
November 2021
... FFT acknowledges that basic personality traits can be altered by the environment, provided that it operates through modifications of their biological bases (McCrae et al., 2022). For culture, the best opportunity to change personality is by changing the brain. ...
February 2022
Personality and Individual Differences
... In order to assess personality traits based on the Big Five Inventory (BFI; Costa & McCrae, 2011), the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI, or BFI-10) developed by Gosling (2) 0.22*** 0.12* 0.11 0.42*** 0.21*** 0.20*** 0.19*** - items that measure both the presence of positive and prosocial emotions directed towards the offender and a reduction in negative emotions associated with the wrongdoer. Participants indicate their agreement with each statement on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (extremely uncharacteristic) to 5 (extremely characteristic). ...
January 2013