Robert M. Arkin's research while affiliated with The Ohio State University and other places
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Publications (81)
Since its introduction, self-concept clarity has been viewed as a construct related to the structure and organization of a person's self-concept. We argue, however, that self-concept clarity may best be understood as a combination of subjective, metacognitive beliefs about the self-concept and objective structure and organization. We consider the u...
Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism share some core features (e.g., entitlement, self-absorption) but differ in other important ways (e.g., self-esteem). To reconcile these differing characteristics, we predicted that differences in perceived agency mediate the association between narcissistic subtypes and differences in self-esteem. One hundred co...
The purpose of this research is to better illuminate a vulnerable narcissist's daily emotional life, targeting the experiences of shame, anger, and emotion regulation. Participants completed self-report questionnaires before writing an essay on their adjustment to college. After being randomly assigned to receive either satisfactory or unsatisfacto...
This research investigated the hypothesis that intellectual competence is chronically accessible to individuals who question their own intellectual competence, despite their own uncertainty on this dimension, and that they rely on intellectual competence in forming impressions of and thinking about others. In two studies, we show that doubtful indi...
The present research examines how self-concept clarity moderates the impact of feedback about one's self-knowledge. A preliminary study shows that individuals with higher clarity expect the process of defining who they are to be easier than those with lower clarity. Two experiments then test the effect of self-concept clarity on the experience of s...
The prevalence of entertainment media in everyday life might offer unexpected social opportunities. The present paper examined whether cognitive overlap with the character and self-expansion occur as a result of exposure to fictional characters. Results of two studies indicated that transportation into a narrative leads to greater cognitive overlap...
Two studies investigated the relationship between self-esteem and two forms of active, favorable self-presentation: attributive (claiming desirable characteristics) and repudiative (denying negative characteristics). In a pilot study, participants (N= 122) lower in self-esteem were equally likely to deny possessing negative personality characterist...
The need for understanding serves as a theme throughout social and personality psychology. It is reflected in people’s striving toward a shared, social construction of reality (e.g., conformity, uniformity) that runs through so much of the history of theory and research in the field. Stemming from this core motivation, the literature is peppered wi...
Three studies tested whether self-doubt stems more from the absence of a strong desired self or the presence of a strong undesired self. Across studies, participants completed individual difference measures and then imagined a desired, neutral, or undesired possible self and completed strength measures for the imagined possible self. As predicted,...
People often look to others for guidance when selecting narrative entertainment. Previous work has demonstrated that this social guidance forms the basis of people’s expectations and subsequently affects people’s experience. The current work extends previous research by exploring the influence of peer evaluations of a story, on enjoyment of and psy...
Typically, people rate enhancement needs as more important than security needs to their well-being. Two studies tested whether
event valence and prior trauma moderate relative need importance. Traumatized (hurricane survivors) and non-traumatized (control)
participants recalled the most “distressing” (security-relevant) or “satisfying” (enhancement...
Two studies explored how and when people abandon commitment to threatened possible selves. First, we predicted that self-doubt, anxiety, and expectancy changes will mediate the effect of threats on possible selves. Specifcally, the rising anxiety evoked by threats transforms initial doubt into the ultimate fall of expectancies supporting commitment...
Lack of effort is a common index of self-handicapping. Yet, withholding effort is subject to a number of other interpretations. In two studies, we tested whether men would engage in effortful self-handicapping (practice more) and how this compares to effort withdrawal. When men believed that practice could be harmful to future performance, those hi...
Research across various disciplines has demonstrated that social exclusion has devastating psychological, emotional, and behavioral consequences. Excluded individuals are therefore motivated to affiliate with others, even though they may not have the resources, cognitive or otherwise, to do so. The current research explored whether nonconscious mim...
Regulatory focus theory [Higgins, E. T. (1998). Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 30, pp. 1–46). New York: Academic Press.] argues that concerns with growth and nurturance (i.e., a promotion focus) and concerns with safety and security (i.e....
Based upon his review of the self-serving attribution bias literature, Zuckerman (1979) concluded that research employing an interpersonal influence setting was less likely than other research paradigms to produce significant differences in self-attribution for success and failure. A survey of the research reviewed by Zuckerman as well as a more cu...
Cook and Leviton (1980) recently discussed the merits and disadvantages of quantitative literature reviewing. They apparently view the method with favor, but they also noted that several shortcomings may result from the method itself. It is argued that these particular deficiencies are unrelated to the method, and instead are attributable to poor r...
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that observers' causal attributions about an actor's performance at a task would be affected by their social perspective in observing the situation. Observer subjects were either assigned to serve in a role comparable to that of observer-subjects in most actor-observer experiments or were assigned...
Four studies explored whether perceived implicit theories (Dweck, Chiu, & Hong, 1995) of others have the potential to engender self-doubt and influence one's self-attributions. Study 1 showed that people are aware of the attributional implications of evaluators' implicit theories. Study 2 showed that people can use social cues to detect evaluators'...
Research on American students has indicated that a subjective overachiever strives to attain outstanding performance but is also chronically plagued by self-doubt. The present investigation compared Chinese college students in Hong Kong and Singapore to their Caucasian American counterparts in an attempt to examine the similarities and differences...
Self-report distributions of self-evaluations are proposed to convey information beyond unidimensional (e.g., Likert-type) measures. Two studies tested the hypothesis that the shape of a distribution-type measure of self-evaluation of intellectual ability, as well as the central tendency and variability, is a meaningful indicator of individual diff...
Three studies tested the hypothesis that people may turn to materialism when they face uncertainties in modern life. Study 1 showed that anomie and self-doubt are significant predictors of materialistic orientations; other plausible antecedents have less predictive value. In Study 2, participants experiencing chronic self-doubt showed a higher leve...
The impact on self-esteem of activating self-doubt was investi- gated in three studies. Individuals with enduring high self- doubt were expected to be more threatened by an experimental induction of self-doubt (modeled on the ease of retrieval para- digm) than individuals low in enduring self-doubt, and their self-esteem was predicted to decline. T...
We discuss the construct of doubt about one’s competence and suggest that doubt can have myriad consequences (e.g., self-handicapping, defensive pessimism). We focus on the effect of self-doubt when it is combined with a concern with performance and assert that this combination leads to the phenomenon of subjective overachievement. In two studies,...
A. E. Kelly's (2000) thesis that psychotherapy clients benefit from withholding negative information is considered in light of current social-psychological theory and research. Positive illusions about oneself are associated with indexes of mental health; this is consistent with treating therapy as positive identity development. Self-presentation c...
We discuss the construct of doubt about one's competence and suggest that doubt can have myriad consequences (e.g., self-handicapping, defensive pessimism). We focus on the effect of self-doubt when it is combined with a concern with performance and assert that this combination leads to the phenomenon of subjective overachievement. In two studies,...
In this chapter, R. M. Arkin and K. C. Oleson review how the evidence suggests that we should formulate the self-handicapping process and sketch further theoretical developments in the area and some future directions for research. Topics discussed include: motivational basis for self-handicapping (the conceptual definition of doubt, public vs priva...
Although prior research has documented a pervasive egocentric bias in the self-perceptions, self-ascriptions, and behaviors of most people, shy individuals seem not to share this bias. This study examined whether the apparent absence of an egocentric bias among shy individuals is reflected in their excuse making following poor performance. It also...
Although Heiderian logic (F. Heider, 1958) proposes an inverse relationship between ability and effort, research has uncovered dramatic individual differences in the judged relationship between the two. Some view ability and effort as positively related; others view them as negatively related. Study 1 explored dysphoria as a moderator of this relat...
A strategy related to self-handicapping in which individuals supply a comparison other with a performance advantage rather than handicap their own performance was investigated in two experiments. In Exp 1, greater other-enhancement was found among men than among women. In addition, men engaged in the most other-enhancement when expecting that their...
In this 1990 volume leading international researchers draw upon a variety of perspectives on the study of shyness and embarrassment, shame, blushing and self-consciousness. The contributors conceive of shyness and embarrassment as widely shared everyday experiences in which the desired routine flow of social interaction is inhibited by self-conscio...
The regulation of affiliation patterns in everyday life has important implications for subjective well-being. For instance, Cheek & Buss (1981) distinguished approach (sociability) motivation from avoidance tendencies (shyness) and found that individuals high in both traits experienced the most stilted and uncomfortable interaction in comparison to...
A study was conducted to explore the role of individual differences in self-presentational concerns on a public form of self-handicapping. Male and female introductory psychology students, high and low in public self-consciousness, chose either facilitating or interfering music prior to taking a test described either as a valid predictor of academi...
In an effort to uncover some of the determinants of self-handicapping, male and female introductory psychology students chose to listen to either facilitating or interfering music prior to taking a test described either as a valid or an invalid predictor of academic success. In addition, half of the subjects were led to believe that a preexisting d...
The influence of affect on causal attributions for success and failure was examined in this experiment. A positive, neurtral, or negative mood was induced in subjects who then learned they had either succeeded or failed an aptitude test taken previously. Relative to neutral mood control conditions, subjects in both positive and negative mood condit...
Public self versus private self is a crucial issue in self-presentation, and one cannot be considered without at the same time considering the other. Equally important, behavior that seems to be self deceptive or self-handicapping in private, may in effect be a form of interpretive control designed to sustain feelings of self-efficacy. What may be...
Samuel Clemens’s observation about the human condition is both insightful and amusing. Embarrassment is an all too familiar human emotion, and one that reveals a great deal about the nature of social relations. This chapter is not about embarrassment. Yet the fact that it exists, and can run so deep, does set the stage for the present analysis of t...
In 2 studies with 180 undergraduates, self-appraised effective problem solving was associated with a unique pattern of causal attributions. In the 1st study, self-appraised effective relative to ineffective problem solvers tended to view the etiology of personal problems as largely within their own control and as due to their own failure to exert e...
In 2 studies with 180 undergraduates, self-appraised effective problem solving was associated with a unique pattern of causal attributions. In the 1st study, self-appraised effective relative to ineffective problem solvers tended to view the etiology of personal problems as largely within their own control and as due to their own failure to exert e...
Research on self-presentation and impression management has grown immensely in scope and sophistication during the past two decades. Standing on the shoulders of such astute observers of social behavior as Erving Goffman (e.g., 1959) and Edward E. Jones (e.g., 1964), social psychologists have begun sampling the panorama of fascinating and theoretic...
No topical area of social psychology has struggled with the issue of public versus private selves more than has the theoretical and empirical work in the area of self-presentation. The several other chapters in this book that deal expressly with self-presentation, or allude to the management of one’s public persona, attest to this. Indeed, it seems...
The present study examined self-presentational claims of handicaps to future performance. Specifically, it was hypothesized that subjects would claim a handicap when others were unaware of a prior failing performance. Subjects initially completed a "social accuracy" test and received false feedback that they had failed. When led to believe that the...
Conducted a straightforward parametric extension of the immediate feedback and partial credit components of S. L. Pressey's (see record
1950-06064-001) corrective testing procedure. 130 high- and low-test-anxious undergraduates served as Ss. Ss in the feedback conditions were given the opportunity to answer a given item once, twice, 3 times, or 4...
Compared testing with immediate feedback and partial credit to a traditional multiple-choice exam format in 2 experiments. In Exp I, Ss were 286 students in 3 large introductory courses. Feedback to Ss about their performance dramatically increased the impact of doing well or doing poorly on the test: Among Ss doing well, those who were aware of th...
In the present study, an attributional analysis of cognitions associated with the test-anxiety response is reported Late in the semester, 433 undergraduates in introductory level courses (who had scored high, moderate, or low on a test-anxiety inventory) completed a questionnaire that required (l) a self-assessment of success or failure in the cour...
Several years ago a debate appeared in this journal concerning the utility of the “bogus pipeline” attitude measurement technique. Cherry, Byrne, and Mitchell (Journal of Research in Personality, 1976, 10, 69–75) found that the bogus pipeline technique was vulnerable to demand characteristics, especially among persons high in social desirability. H...
Reactions to interpersonal evaluation were investigated among subjects chronically low and high in social anxiety, or shyness. Both groups of subjects expressed more positive affect after receiving favorable than after receiving unfavorable evaluations, supporting a self-esteem prediction. However, support for a self-consistency viewpoint was also...
The impact of performance outcome, task difficulty, and level of test anxiety on attributional accounts for performance and achievement-related affect was explored. Subjects high and low in test anxiety (Sarason, 1972) worked on tasks of varying difficulty, evaluated their own performance, and then responded to two types of attribution items, inven...
Explored the impression-management underpinnings of the self-handicapping strategy of S. Berglas and E. E. Jones (see record 1979-05889-001). 64 male undergraduates were given success feedback after completing soluble or insoluble analogies. While anticipating a 2nd test, Ss were allowed to choose between drugs that would enhance or encumber their...
College students high and low in test anxiety attributed their performance on each of four examinations in a course to ability, test difficulty, preparation, and luck. Individuals high and low in test anxiety typically evidence systematic predispositions to account for their achievement-related behavior in different terms. The present research subs...
Two experiments were conducted to examine the extent to which unit relation tendencies, and thus interpersonal attraction, are affected by social features of the surrounding interaction context. In the first experiment the relative strength of the perceptual bond between pairs of individuals within a triad was systematically varied through their re...
Examined the independent effects of perceived control over and perceived predictability of an aversive event on 100 undergraduates' performance on a memory task and depressive affect. All Ss completed the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List and the Desirability of Control Scale. Ss who received noise blasts that were both uncontrollable and unpred...
Factor analyses of the Self-Monitoring Scale (M. Snyder, 1974) were conducted with 2 samples of undergraduates obtained during consecutive years (690 Ss in 1977, 817 Ss in 1978). Four factors replicated across years for both males and females: Theatrical-Acting Ability, Sociability/Social Anxiety, Other-Directedness, and Speaking Ability. The corre...
Two experiments were conducted to provide evidence concerning the contribution of self-presentation concerns to the self-serving bias in causal attribution (individuals' tendency to assume more personal responsibility for a success than for a failure outcome) and its occasional, but systematic, reversal. In Experiment 1 high- but not low-social-anx...
An experiment was conducted to test the idea that androgynous individuals would not devalue high-prestige occupations sustaining an increase in the proportion of women practitioners. Male and female college students identified as androgynous or nonandrogynous were led to believe that three high- or three low-status occupations would show an increas...
Results of a questionnaire study with 207 college students show that Ss attributed their own performance and the performance of the average student to ability, test difficulty, preparation, and luck. Consistent with the self-serving bias hypothesis, successful Ss perceived internal factors as more important causes and unsuccessful Ss perceived exte...
The present study was designed to test whether or not the use of representativeness and causality heuristics in decision-making results from insufficient or nonvigilant information processing rather than from an inherent deficiency in human information-processing ability. It was hypothesized that subjects who were distracted while making prediction...
An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of both informational and motivational factors on observers' attributions. Observers evaluated the behavior of a "student therapist" who attempted to follow a prescribed procedure for reducing minor phobia in a presumed client. Observers were informed of the Probable Outcome of the therapy (p...
Undergraduate students were asked to perform several interracial behaviors. Half of the subjects were committed to their decisions prior to volunteering; the other half were not. Committed subjects volunteered for fewer behaviors and evaluated the behaviors less positively than did uncommitted subjects. Multiple regression analyses revealed that co...
Research has shown that individuals' causal attributions are affected by the degree of public scrutiny of their behavior (Bradley, 1978). An experiment was conducted to test a self-presentational explanation of this finding. High and low self-monitors were or were not closely scrutinized (videotaped) during their performance of a task at which they...
Research has shown that observers tend to attribute causality for an actor's behavior to dispositional characteristics of the actor rather than to external factors. Several authors have suggested that this phenomenon occurs because observers tend to focus attention on the actor. The present experiment was designed to determine whether dynamic quali...
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that actors' causal attributions for success and failure would be affected by the degree of perceived choice they had in taking an action. Actors either were assigned, or selected one of four therapeutic outlines which were expected to have either a positive or a negative effect, and which actually...
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that actors' and observers' causal attributions are a function of their focus of attention. In the presence of observer-subjects, actor-subjects made a choice among several art works in a supposed decision-making study. The experiment was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with the factors (1) source of...
suggest[s] that concerns over engendering disapproval produce some distinctive styles of coping
maneuvers intended to manage disapproval once it has occurred
behavioral strategies . . . intended to alter the course of evaluation (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Citations
... Such reduced confidence results from the lack of a well-defined selfconcepts, which leads to self-uncertainty (Wilson and Rapee, 2006). Third, people with high social interaction anxiety are more likely to exhibit self-uncertainty than their counterparts with low social interaction anxiety (Shepperd and Arkin, 1990). Since a smartphone can help avoid face-to-face interaction, people with high social interaction anxiety can enhance their confidence through their phone use (Lee et al., 2014). ...
... Formative assessment is usually accompanied by immediate explanatory feedback. Arkin and Schumann (1984) and Rocklin and Thompson (1985) found that immediate explanatory feedback is associated with less anxiety. Furthermore, by explaining why an answer is correct or incorrect, students will improve their understanding of the course material, which reduces their anxiety and helps them to achieve a higher score in a subsequent attempt (Sullivan 2017). ...
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... Test anxiety. Many studies examine the influence of feedback on test anxiety (see, for example, Arkin and Walts [1983]). ...
... Among those factors, he identified self-concept as the main factor that influences identity construction. Arkin (1986) said although identity is constructed for various reasons, its key purpose is to build and sustain a stable and positive impression of the self. Wood and Smith (2001) stated that there are three levels of on-line identity construction: anonymity, pseudonymity and real-life identity. ...
... Moreover, scores in a self-report SCC scale predicted well-being symptoms better than other measures of selfconcept structure (Campbell et al., 2003;DeMarree & Bobrowski, 2017;Jankowski et al., 2021) and independently to self-esteem (DeMarree & Bobrowski, 2017). Thus, SCC understood as a subjective perspective on self-concept structure (Guerrettaz & Arkin, 2016) and measured with the self-report method seems a solid basis for adaptation to social environment. ...
... Sosyal ilişkilere farklı açılardan gereksinim duysalar da hem kırılgan hem de büyüklenmeci narsisizm sosyal ilişki arayışı ile ilişkilidir. Diğerlerine önem vermeseler bile (Vonk ve ark., 2013), büyüklenmeci narsistler bir izleyici kitlesine gereksinim duyarlar (Arkin ve Lakin, 2001) ve davranışlarını diğerlerinin ilgisini ve hayranlığını uyandırma umuduyla değiştirirler (Byrne ve Worthy, 2013;Chatterjee ve Hambrick, 2007;Collins ve Stukas, 2008;Wallace ve Baumeister, 2002). Narsistik büyüklenmeciliğin de kırılganlığın da özünü fark edilmeye yönelik beklenti ve üstünlük duygularının oluşturduğuna yönelik temel yaklaşım (Krizan ve Herlache, 2018) bu bulguyu anlaşılır kılmaktadır. ...
... Schlenker believes that impression management is the process of intentionally or unintentionally manipulating personal image in interaction [36]. Arkin proposed that impression management refers to the process in which individuals affect their image in the minds of others through some behaviors in social interactions [37]. Leary proposed that impression management includes two key factors: impression motivation and impression construction [38]. ...
... Individuals with low SCC are more likely to seek potentially self-informing social comparisons (Butzer & Kuiper, 2006) and advice during the decision-making process (Duan et al., 2021). On the other side, high SCC may buffer against selfevaluative feedback (Guerrettaz et al., 2014) and reduce ego defense mechanisms and behaviors in situations of interpersonal conflict (De Dreu & van Knippenberg, 2005). All these findings reveal the important role that the SCC plays in the regulation of cognition, emotion, and behavior in ego-involving situations. ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/315060885360640-1452127777009_Q64/Linchiat-Chang.jpg)
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/786489386471431-1564525090363_Q64/William-Von-Hippel.jpg)
... While in the short term withdrawing effort spares the individual from conclusions of inability and diminished self-worth, in the longer term the effects of self-worth protection are evident in perpetual resort to avoidance strategies in situations that involve threat to self-worth, compounding suspicions of personal incompetence to such a degree that, eventually, conclusions of low ability are inescapable. External accounts for poor performance are no longer believable to others, far less to the perpetrator (e.g., Arkin & Baumgardner cited in Baumgardner & Arkin, 1987;Grant, 1996;Higgins & Berglas, 1990;Springstein & Chafe, 1987). At this point, the individual is on an attributional slippery slide. ...
... Уколико не могу да се повуку физички, често делује да су психолошки повучени, у смислу да мало доприносе разговору или одржавају оскудан контакт очима са особом која их процењује (Leary, 1983;Bruch, Gorsky, Collins, & Berger, 1989;Schlenker & Leary, 1982). То се чини као њихова одбрамбена стратегија, која за циљ има да се избегне остављање лошег утиска и покуша да се остави добар утисак (Greenberg, Pyszczynski, & Stme, 1985;Arkin, Lake, & Baumgardner, 1986;Schlenker & Leary, 1982) (DePaulo et al., 1990. Три су компоненте социјалне анксиозности: (а) негативно вредновање себе, (б) осећај напетости и нелагоде у односу на друге људе, (ц) склоност ка повлачењу у присуству других (Schwarzer, 1986). ...
