Robert M. Arkin’s research while affiliated with The Ohio State University and other places


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Publications (83)


Models of the regulation of personal security.
The Regulation of Personal Security
  • Article
  • Full-text available

July 2023

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195 Reads

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2 Citations

Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology

Patrick J. Carroll

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Aaron L. Wichman

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Robert Agler

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Robert Arkin

Although most motivational psychologists recognize that security is important for healthy development and functioning (e.g., attachment theory), we add to prior work by proposing that the ongoing regulation of security under potential threat involves three unique features. Specifically, security regulation involves an initial preconscious system of threat processing (neuroception) and an internally (vs. externally) generated stop signal of goal completion (yedasentience) as well as the sequential activation of avoidance and approach systems (anxiety-to-approach). Throughout, we consider how the integration of these insights across social and biological sciences accounts for both adaptive and maladaptive patterns of security regulation (e.g., obsessive-compulsive disorder, reactive attachment disorder, contingent self-esteem).

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Distinguishing the subjective and the objective aspects of self-concept clarity

April 2016

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866 Reads

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21 Citations

Social and Personality Psychology Compass

Since its introduction, self-concept clarity has been viewed as a construct related to the structure and organization of a person's self-concept. We argue, however, that self-concept clarity may best be understood as a combination of subjective, metacognitive beliefs about the self-concept and objective structure and organization. We consider the unique influences of both objective and subjective clarity and offer some suggestions and novel hypotheses for investigating this proposed distinction.


Perceived agency mediates the link between the narcissistic subtypes and self-esteem

February 2016

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222 Reads

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38 Citations

Personality and Individual Differences

Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism share some core features (e.g., entitlement, self-absorption) but differ in other important ways (e.g., self-esteem). To reconcile these differing characteristics, we predicted that differences in perceived agency mediate the association between narcissistic subtypes and differences in self-esteem. One hundred college students completed self-report measures of grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism, explicit global self-esteem, and perceived agency. As predicted, grandiose narcissism was positively associated with agency and self-esteem, whereas vulnerable narcissism was negatively associated with agency and self-esteem. Perceived agency also mediated the associations between each narcissistic subtype and self-esteem. Furthermore, a partial correlation showed that when controlling for agency, the previously null correlation between measures of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism became significantly positive. These findings indicate that agency serves as a primary differentiator between the narcissistic subtypes.


FIGURE 1. Shame as a function of vulnerable narcissism (HSNS), reported essay quality, and feedback type. *p < .05  
FIGURE 2. Anger as a function of vulnerable narcissism (HSNS), reported essay quality, and feedback type. *p < .05.  
FIGURE 3. Shame as a consequence of feedback type and concern for what the judges think about the participant as a function of perception of essay quality and vulnerable narcissism (HSNS).  
Shame, Rage, and Unsuccessful Motivated Reasoning in Vulnerable Narcissism

December 2015

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3,560 Reads

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57 Citations

Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology

The purpose of this research is to better illuminate a vulnerable narcissist's daily emotional life, targeting the experiences of shame, anger, and emotion regulation. Participants completed self-report questionnaires before writing an essay on their adjustment to college. After being randomly assigned to receive either satisfactory or unsatisfactory feedback, participants rated the quality of their own essay performance, reported their current emotions, and completed extra process measures to assess what they were thinking during the study. Feedback which dis-confirmed vulnerable narcissists' self-reported performance ratings led to greater emotionality. Furthermore, vulnerable narcissists' intention to regulate their emotions, specifically their attempts to disqualify the importance of interpersonal feedback, ultimately led to greater shame. Conceptual and practical implications of these findings are discussed.


(In)Competence Is Everywhere: Self-Doubt and the Accessibility of Competence

February 2015

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67 Reads

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4 Citations

Self and Identity

Tiffany K. Hardy

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Olesya Govorun

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Kimberly A. Schneller

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[...]

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Robert M. Arkin

This research investigated the hypothesis that intellectual competence is chronically accessible to individuals who question their own intellectual competence, despite their own uncertainty on this dimension, and that they rely on intellectual competence in forming impressions of and thinking about others. In two studies, we show that doubtful individuals are more likely to use traits related to intellectual competence to describe others and these traits more strongly affect their overall impressions of others. These findings support recent approaches to accessibility by showing that a self-relevant trait may be chronically accessible to an individual even in the face of uncertainty regarding one's standing on the trait. The findings also contribute to the understanding of the phenomenology of self-doubt.


FIGURE 1 
FIGURE 2 
FIGURE 4 
Who Am I? How Asking the Question Changes the Answer

October 2014

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527 Reads

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14 Citations

Self and Identity

The present research examines how self-concept clarity moderates the impact of feedback about one's self-knowledge. A preliminary study shows that individuals with higher clarity expect the process of defining who they are to be easier than those with lower clarity. Two experiments then test the effect of self-concept clarity on the experience of self-elaboration under conditions of either doubt or confidence. The results suggest that people with higher self-concept clarity show greater differences in self-evaluations based on whether their experience of describing the self is nested within ease and confidence or difficulty and doubt. We suggest that this effect may be a result of the different expectations high- and low-clarity individuals have for the task of describing the self.


TABLE 1 Means and Correlations of Data from Study 1, Part 1: Unfamiliar Character 
TABLE 3 Means and Correlations of Data from Study 2: Unfamiliar Character 
Self-Expansion through Fictional Characters

January 2014

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4,426 Reads

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70 Citations

Self and Identity

The prevalence of entertainment media in everyday life might offer unexpected social opportunities. The present paper examined whether cognitive overlap with the character and self-expansion occur as a result of exposure to fictional characters. Results of two studies indicated that transportation into a narrative leads to greater cognitive overlap with the character and perceived self-expansion. Providing a distinction between these two concepts, we found that cognitive overlap with the character increases to the extent the character represents one's actual self-guide; perceived self-expansion increases to the extent the character represents one's ideal self-guide. Together, these findings illustrate the nature of parasocial relationships and impact of entertainment media on the self.




On claiming the good and denying the bad: Self-presentation styles and self-esteem

January 2013

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1,359 Reads

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12 Citations

Individual Differences Research

Two studies investigated the relationship between self-esteem and two forms of active, favorable self-presentation: attributive (claiming desirable characteristics) and repudiative (denying negative characteristics). In a pilot study, participants (N= 122) lower in self-esteem were equally likely to deny possessing negative personality characteristics to a new acquaintance as those higher in self-esteem, but were less likely to claim possessing desirable characteristics. In the main study (N= 52), participants lower in self-esteem were equally likely to compensate for a negative public image by denying they possessed negative characteristics unrelated to that image as those higher in self-esteem (i.e., compensatory self-protection). However, only those very high in self-esteem compensated for the negative public image by claiming unrelated desirable characteristics.


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Citations (75)


... LikewiseResearch on the 'martyrdom effect' finds that people report greater willingness to donate to a charitable cause when the contribution process is expected to be effortful rather than easy (Olivola & Shafir, 2013). Thus, the expression of effort, despite being an inconsistent indicator of ability or productivity (Markovits, 2019;Shepperd et al., 1994), mayseems to be utilized as a reliableheuristic signal for judgment of character as well as cooperation intentions. Celniker et al. (2023) discuss effort moralization as a 'deeply rational' heuristic one's intention to cooperate. ...

Reference:

Are people who exert more effort in a task seen as more moral?
Dysphoria as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Perceived Effort and Perceived Ability

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

... Such reduced confidence results from the lack of a well-defined selfconcepts, which leads to self-uncertainty (Wilson and Rapee, 2006). Third, people with high social interaction anxiety are more likely to exhibit self-uncertainty than their counterparts with low social interaction anxiety (Shepperd and Arkin, 1990). Since a smartphone can help avoid face-to-face interaction, people with high social interaction anxiety can enhance their confidence through their phone use (Lee et al., 2014). ...

Shyness and self-presentation
  • Citing Chapter
  • July 1990

... Formative assessment is usually accompanied by immediate explanatory feedback. Arkin and Schumann (1984) and Rocklin and Thompson (1985) found that immediate explanatory feedback is associated with less anxiety. Furthermore, by explaining why an answer is correct or incorrect, students will improve their understanding of the course material, which reduces their anxiety and helps them to achieve a higher score in a subsequent attempt (Sullivan 2017). ...

Effect of corrective testing: An extension.
  • Citing Article
  • January 1984

Journal of Educational Psychology

... Given that users of SNSs have almost full control over the information they present, easily creating, modifying, and editing messages about the self, they may engage in self-presentation more actively and be more strategic in managing their self-image than in face-to-face interactions (Kramer and Winter, 2008). Therefore,self-presentation behaviors with the purpose of creating and maintaining a stable and favorable impression of the self (Arkin, 1986) have been employed by individuals to attempt to control others' perceptions, and they have been pervasive in social interaction (Leary, 1995;Leary and Kowalski, 1990) in computer mediated communications (CMC). ...

Self-Presentation Strategies and Sequelae
  • Citing Chapter
  • January 1988

... Experiencing an awkward social interaction, not performing as well as hoped at work, and having someone question our judgment or opinions are all potential self-concept threats. People high in SCC are able to put such events in perspective and aren't much affected by them because they have a firm core set of beliefs about the self to rely on, but those low in SCC are more vulnerable to these threats because they are less able to dismiss self-relevant feedback that might challenge their already-uncertain sense of self (Guerrettaz & Arkin, 2016;Guerrettaz et al., 2014). ...

Distinguishing the subjective and the objective aspects of self-concept clarity
  • Citing Article
  • April 2016

Social and Personality Psychology Compass

... Sosyal ilişkilere farklı açılardan gereksinim duysalar da hem kırılgan hem de büyüklenmeci narsisizm sosyal ilişki arayışı ile ilişkilidir. Diğerlerine önem vermeseler bile (Vonk ve ark., 2013), büyüklenmeci narsistler bir izleyici kitlesine gereksinim duyarlar (Arkin ve Lakin, 2001) ve davranışlarını diğerlerinin ilgisini ve hayranlığını uyandırma umuduyla değiştirirler (Byrne ve Worthy, 2013;Chatterjee ve Hambrick, 2007;Collins ve Stukas, 2008;Wallace ve Baumeister, 2002). Narsistik büyüklenmeciliğin de kırılganlığın da özünü fark edilmeye yönelik beklenti ve üstünlük duygularının oluşturduğuna yönelik temel yaklaşım (Krizan ve Herlache, 2018) bu bulguyu anlaşılır kılmaktadır. ...

The Taj Mahal of selves
  • Citing Article
  • January 2001

Psychological Inquiry

... Такий всеохоплюючий погляд ймовірно тому викликає в дискусії проблеми самопрезентації певні суперечливі погляди. Авторами все ж окреслено визначення самопрезентації в контексті вивчення соціального і персонального контролю [1]. ...

Self-Presentation and Self-Evaluation: Processes of Self-Control and Social Control
  • Citing Chapter
  • January 1986

... Experiencing an awkward social interaction, not performing as well as hoped at work, and having someone question our judgment or opinions are all potential self-concept threats. People high in SCC are able to put such events in perspective and aren't much affected by them because they have a firm core set of beliefs about the self to rely on, but those low in SCC are more vulnerable to these threats because they are less able to dismiss self-relevant feedback that might challenge their already-uncertain sense of self (Guerrettaz & Arkin, 2016;Guerrettaz et al., 2014). ...

Self-Concept Clarity: Buffering the Impact of Self-Evaluative Information

Individual Differences Research