Robert J. Robertson's research while affiliated with University of Pittsburgh and other places
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Publications (306)
A mode-specific swimming protocol to assess maximal aerobic uptake (VO2maxsw) is vital to accurately evaluate swimming performance. A need exists for reliable and valid swimming protocols that assess VO2maxsw in a flume environment. The purpose was to assess: (a) reliability and (b) “performance” validity of a VO2maxsw flume protocol using the 457-...
Purpose
To compare session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE) and affective responses (sAR) with segmented session responses, which involve separate ratings for the first and second halves of exercise, for self-paced treadmill exercise.
Methods
Thirty recreationally active participants (15 men, 15 women; 20.3 ± 1.6 year) attended 2 treadmill exe...
Purpose: To compare psychophysiological responses and walking speeds between spontaneous, self-selected and prescribed conditions in elderly active women. Methods: Seventeen older active women participated in this investigation (66.9±5.0 yrs). The study consisted of six experimental sessions of 20-min walking: 1. spontaneous (S) where subjects perf...
Nagle, EF, Nagai, T, Beethe, AZ, Lovalekar, MT, Zera, JN, Connaboy, C, Abt, JP, Beals, K, Nindl, BC, Robertson, RJ, and Lephart, SM. Reliability and validity of a pool-based maximal oxygen uptake test to examine high-intensity short-duration freestyle swimming performance. J Strength Cond Res 33(5): 1208-1215, 2019-A modality-specific swimming prot...
Self-selected intensity exercise has resulted in greater affective responses (AR) compared to prescribed exercise of similar intensity and many individuals self-select intensity at a moderate level identified by metabolic analysis. As such, self-selected intensity may be an effective alternative for exercise prescription designed to promote adheren...
Background:
People with spina bifida (SB) face personal and environmental barriers to exercise that contribute to physical inactivity, obesity, risk of cardiovascular disease and poor aerobic fitness. The WHEEL rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale was validated in people with SB to monitor exercise intensity. However, the psycho-physiological...
The present investigation examined the Adult OMNI Walk-Run Scale for use by an independent observer to rate an individual’s perception of exertion during intermittent treadmill walking and running. Forty (22.4 ± 2.9 yrs) recreationally active males (n = 18) and females (n = 22) completed three 5-min intermittent bouts of treadmill exercise. The exe...
A standardized fitness assessment is critical for the development of an individualized exercise prescription. Although the benefits of aquatic exercise have been well established, there remains the need for a standardized nonswimming protocol to accurately assess cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in shallow water. The present investigation was design...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate exercise performance time as well as related physiological and perceptual responses of recreational endurance runners after they had ingested a commercially available energy drink (Red Bull®) containing caffeine, glucose, and taurine. Recreational endurance runners (n = 18, 13 men, 5 women, 20.39 ± 3.27 yea...
Perceived exertion can be defined as the subjective intensity of effort, strain, discomfort and/or fatigue that is felt during exercise. The exertional experience involves detecting and interpreting sensations arising from the body during any type of PA. The underlying processes that are subjectively monitored during PA, referred to as exertional m...
Borg has developed and validated two empirical models that explain: (a) psychophysiological interdependence during exercise (i.e., Effort Continua Model) and (b) provide the psychophysical justification for inter-individual comparisons of effort ratings. Borg’s Effort Continua Model describes the functional interdependence of perceptual and physiol...
Both concurrent and construct validity are important psychometric properties for perceived exertion scales applied in the clinical and performance settings. A graded exercise test that employs a perceptual estimation protocol is the standard for determination of perceived exertion scale validity for both aerobic and resistance exercise. Both undiff...
The achievement of optimal performance during exercise is not a new area of interest among athletes, trainers, and coaches. Many tend to employ external performance enhancing devices or substances, such as improved clothing and footwear, nutritional beverages and high caloric (i.e., energy) shakes. However, those that solely rely on such external m...
The common method of rating perceived exertion is for individuals to estimate momentary RPE, also referred to as in-task or on-stimulus RPE. This method is used when individuals are asked to estimate RPE during any type of acute exercise or PA performance, including warm-up and recovery periods. Momentary RPE has many uses as noted in previous chap...
Pain has been defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. This definition implies that the pain experience is subjective, has an affective component, and may not require actual tissue damage....
The estimation–production paradigm can be used to test an individual’s ability to self-regulate exercise intensity at multiple target RPE’s, a skill that is necessary to perform RPE-based aerobic interval exercise. Prior to implementing an interval exercise prescription, an evaluation of intensity discrimination is warranted. This evaluation determ...
The estimation–production paradigm is a set of exercise test procedures designed to assess the validity of using RPE to prescribe and self-regulate exercise intensity. The paradigm is intended to evaluate an individual’s ability to accurately self-regulate exercise intensity according to a specified target RPE or target RPE range. The target RPE is...
The traditional method of prescribing the intensity of exercise is based on the scientific evidence that has shaped national PA guidelines regarding the overload training stimulus necessary to elicit health-fitness benefits. In this prescriptive paradigm, the health-fitness professional uses a GXT to determine target HR(s) or RPE(s) corresponding t...
An ergogenic aid is defined as a substance, technique or device that directly improves exercise performance or indirectly removes constraints to exercise performance. Caffeine is one such substance and is a proven ergogenic aid for performance during endurance, load-incremented, short-term high-intensity and resistance exercise modalities. The prim...
The ventilatory threshold (VT) is an important physiological marker of the exercise intensity at which an individual can sustain performance for a prolonged period, and therefore is an important determinant of aerobic exercise performance capacity. Determination of the exercise training intensity equivalent to the VT is an important measure for bot...
Thus far, this laboratory manual has presented the conceptual models, background information, previous literature, and current methodologies for the measurement of perceived exertion responses to exercise. The application of perceptual responses to exercise assessment, prescription and program monitoring has been discussed. The study and developmen...
Whether exercising at a fitness facility, a local park or greenway, or at home, many people listen to music during their workout. This has become much more common as media devices have become smaller and more portable. Gone are the days of the “boom box” radio in the gym; replaced by high quality sound systems often found in modern fitness faciliti...
An affective response (AR) can be defined as the general psychological state of an individual, including but not limited to emotions and mood, within a given situation. In its most basic context, AR is used to describe an individual’s subjective experience (i.e., intrapersonal or experiential core) of all valenced responses; i.e., those that involv...
International Journal of Exercise Science 8(3): 265-276, 2015. While there is strong evidence measuring the association between leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and socioeconomic status (SES) there are limited data on the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and SES. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine diff...
Cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength are important components of health-related physical fitness. The criterion measures for cardiorespiratory fitness and dynamic muscular strength are maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and one-repetition maximum (1RM), respectively. VO2max testing requires expensive laboratory equipment and expert personnel...
Carbohydrate is arguably the most important dietary component that has the potential to improve endurance exercise performance. A diet high in carbohydrate that is consumed prior to endurance exercise increases glycogen storage in skeletal muscle and the liver, subsequently producing an ergogenic effect. In addition, carbohydrate ingestion during p...
This unique laboratory manual describes an empirical framework for tailoring
individualized exercise programs to client attitudes and perceptions. It presents
laboratory experiments that analyze perceptual and psychosocial variables that influence
participation in physical activities, describes methods for assessing these factors in clients,
offers...
This aims of this study were twofold; 1) to development a new scale of perceived velocity in the bench press exercise and 2) to examine the scales concurrent validity. Twenty one physically active males with mean ±SD age, height and weights of: 27.5 ± 4.7 years, 1.77 ± 0.07 m, and 79.8 ± 10.3 kg respectively, took part in the study. The criterion v...
Background:
New parents have to adjust to less sleep, less free time, and more responsibility as a result of having a child. The purpose of this study was to examine how having a child impacts the physical activity (PA) beliefs and behaviors of new parents over a 2- to 3-year time period.
Methods:
Participants included 49 men and women (31% men,...
-Ratings of perceived exertion in 66 firefighters before, during, and immediately after performing 20 min. of fire suppression training were self-reported by the participants using the OMNI Walk-Run Scale and also recorded by a trained observer. The observer used the same definition of perceived exertion, instructions, and high and low anchoring pr...
The primary aim of this study was to develop statistical models to predict peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) using OMNI Ratings of Perceived Exertion measured during submaximal cycle ergometry. Male (M = 20.9 yr., SE = 0.4) and female (M = 21.6 yr., SE = 0.5) participants (N = 81) completed a load-incremented maximal cycle ergometer exercise test....
Self-efficacy and enjoyment were examined among 34 middle school children (M age = 12.5 yr.) performing the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER). Exercise self-efficacy (running) and physical activity enjoyment were measured after viewing a video illustrating the PACER, and subsequently following a PACER test. Significantly grea...
Introduction:
Aquatic exercise (AE) is a popular form of physical activity, yet few studies have assessed the individual's energy expenditure (EE) associated with a continuous bout of AE. Studies using indirect calorimetry to measure EE have reported limitations associated with test methodology and the ability to control individual's exercise inte...
The present study examined the validity of the Seven Day Recall Questionnaire among recreationally active men and women.
Initially, participants completed a level walk (2.5 mph [4.0 kph]), hill walk (3.5 mph [5.6 kph], 5% grade), and run (5.0 mph [8.0 kph], 2.5% grade). Seven days later, participants were given the Seven Day Recall Questionnaire an...
The purpose of this investigation was to determine if subjects can self-regulate exercise intensity during intermittent exercise by using ratings of perceived exertion. Thirty-one subjects completed an estimation trial maximal treadmill graded exercise test (GXT). Using the oxygen uptake and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) from the GXT, target...
Concurrent and construct validation of the OMNI Scale of Thermal Sensations was examined in a sample of 16 adult men and 5 adult women. Concurrent validity was established by regressing OMNI ratings of thermal sensation against core and skin temperatures obtained during treadmill walking while wearing firefighter thermal-protective clothing in temp...
Prescribing exercise at intensities that improve fitness is difficult in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) due to ventilatory limitations and fluctuating health status. Our aim was to determine if children with CF could regulate the intensity of cycle ergometer and treadmill exercise using target ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) derived from th...
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of bicycle ergometer exercise at varying metabolic intensities upon the heart rate, electromyographic (EMG), and mood state responses to a timed mental arithmetic stressor. Twelve males participated in four experimental conditions: three exercise trials consisting of workloads of 40%, 55%, and 70%...
Session perceived exertion (S-RPE) and session affective responses (S-AR) are post-exercise estimates of the global responses experienced during exercise. To compare S-RPE and S-AR to acute RPE (A-RPE) and acute AR (A-AR) during self-selected (SS) and imposed (IMP) exercise of the same workload. Thirty-two males (22.3 ± 2.2 years) performed two, 20...
Purpose: To determine
whether a global physical activity question (GPAq) administered in young
adulthood can be used to accurately rank former physical activity levels (PA)
relative to peers of the same age and sex during adolescence. Methods: Data
were obtained from the Physical Activity in Young Adults Study, a 10- year follow-up study of 12 - 16...
The purpose of this investigation was to describe the just noticeable difference (JND) in perceived exertion during cycle exercise. Males (n = 20) and females (n = 26) (21.4 ± 3.1 year) performed load-incremented cycle exercise to peak intensity. At the end of each minute, subjects rated their overall-body perceived exertion using the OMNI (0-10) r...
This study examined reliability and concurrent validity of the newly developed OMNI-vibration exercise scale (OMNI-VIBRO) to measure Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) during vibration exercise in twenty recreationally active students (12 males and 8 females). The criterion variables were muscle activity of the Vastus Medialis (VM), Vastus Lateral...
This investigation analyzed the effect of rest interval length on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during a resistance exercise session. Nineteen males performed 2 experimental sessions: resistance exercise with 30-second rest intervals (E30) and 90-second rest intervals (E90). In both sessions, 5 exercises (bench press, knee extension, seate...
Pedometers are most accurate at measuring steps, less accurate at estimating distance, and even less accurate at estimating kilocalorie expenditure. The purpose of this investigation was to create a Physical Activity Index (PAI) using pedometer step counts and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) to enhance the ability to estimate kilocalorie expendi...
The children's OMNI Scale of Perceived Exertion (RPE) has not been validated for children of Asian origin. The purpose was to validate the RPE for Singapore children, 12-15 years. 81 children of male and female of Chinese, Malay, and Indian ethnicities participated in the study. A cross-sectional, perceptual estimation paradigm using a multistage c...
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of intensity on rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during a multiple-set resistance exercise session. Fourteen men with previous experience in resistance training (22.9 ± 3.8 years) performed 2 experimental sessions in random order: resistance exercise at 50% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) (E50%) and...
To develop and validate a modified OMNI rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale for use during bench stepping exercise (OMNI-BS). Thirty women (age: 19.8 ± 1.8 years) undertook 2 experimental trials, separated by 7 days. Concurrent validity was established by examining the relation between physiological criterion variables, oxygen consumption (VO2...
Introduction: A high prevalence of modifiable risk factors exists among adolescents that may lead to increased levels of morbidity and mortality in adulthood. This study sought to determine whe-ther higher levels of physical activity (PA) and/or having a healthy body weight in adolescence in-fluences future health risk behaviors (HRB) in young adul...
The aim of this study was to compare acute affective responses at exercise intensities based on the ventilatory threshold between normal weight, overweight, and obese women. 66 sedentary women (22 in each Body Mass Index group) performed a maximal graded treadmill test to measure their maximal oxygen uptake and ventilatory thresholds. Affective val...
Older adults may be susceptible to injury during high-intensity resistance exercise. It has been suggested that it may be more protective to predict one-repetition maximum (1-RM) than to measure it because of the high intensity associated with 1-RM testing, but it may be necessary to measure 1-RM for functional, diagnostic, or clinical purposes. Th...
Fire suppression and rescue is a physiologically demanding occupation due to extreme external heat as well as the physical and thermal burden of the protective garments. These conditions challenge body temperature homeostasis and results in heat stress. Accurate field assessment of core temperature is complex and unreliable. The present investigati...
Non-exercise Predictors of Maximal Treadmill Time
Currently 23.5 million working-age adults 20 years or older have had a diagnosis of both coronary artery disease (CAD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with estimates that an additional 9% of the total US population will have a diagnosis of this chronic disease combination by the year 2025. Current annual health care costs for this working-age...
Psychosocial, Body Image, and Environmental Differences between Those Who Attain and Do Not Attain VO2max
The Borg and OMNI scales of perceived exertion have been widely validated for the identification of exercise intensity. The objective of this study was to test the agreement between the categories of the Borg (6-20) and OMNI-Cycle scales for the prescription of cycle ergometer exercise and to propose a new conversion table. Twenty-six male indoor c...
This investigation identified an OMNI Scale rating of perceived exertion associated with the ventilatory breakpoint in Division I football players. This easily applied prescriptive reference may be used to self-regulate training intensity. The OMNI Scale format may facilitate estimation of exertional perceptions. 34 participants completed a maximal...
This investigation identified a perceptually-based "warning zone" that can be used to anticipate termination of treadmill tests administered to individuals taking beta-blockers. The use of ratings of perceived exertion to anticipate test termination may be valuable given the attenuation of heart rate associated with the use of this class of medicat...
This investigation examined the validity of newly developed Adult OMNI Elliptical Ergometer Ratings of Perceived Exertion Scales. 60 men and women performed a graded exercise test on an elliptical ergometer. Oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), and ratings of perceived exertion were recorded at each stage from the Borg 15 Category scale and t...
The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of aerobic exercise intensity on components of the differentiated perceived exertion model in young women performing weight bearing and non-weight bearing aerobic exercise. Subjects were 18-25 yr old women who were recreationally active (n = 19; VO2max = 33.40 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) and trained (N = 22;...
Physical activity (PA) tends to decrease from adolescence to young adulthood, and factors that have been proposed to contribute to this decrease are life transitions. The focus of this study is to examine life transitions, such as marriage and parenthood, and the impact they may have on the physical activity levels of young adults.
This 2-year pros...
The situational context in which exercise is performed can change perception of exertion (RPE), enjoyment and exercise adherence. This study evaluated the impact of two auditory conditions, music (M) and dialog (D), on RPE and enjoyment during exercise. Twenty subjects (10 males, 10 females; age = 23.4 ± 2.4) performed 20 minutes of treadmill runni...
