Robert E. Baldwin's research while affiliated with University of Wisconsin–Madison and other places

... A vast platform of researches carrying out on the issues of tariff impositions and its possible influences on the trade positions of countries has been observed, and a few of them based on their relevance with the USA-China comparative matters are documented here. Baldwin (1984) supported their argument and shows how the trade policies in the developing countries have provided a structural balance to the world trade, especially how they had helped in the growth of the developed world. This is very important in this discussion since we are discussing two countries that had been a trade supporter of each other and have helped in mutual growth. ...

... The impact of globalisation is dynamic and has had an overall positive impact in the long term, as shown through the trade and investment liberalisation channels. However, it has also created costs, which have impacted uncompetitive sectors through job losses (Baldwin, Mutti, and Richardson, 1980;Stiglitz, 2007;Dutt, Mitra, and Ranjan, 2009;Ranjan, 2012). Globalisation generates trade creation with other countries at the immediate cost of non-competitive local producers, while the benefit of globalisation through the investment creation comes afterwards. ...

... Sin embargo, nadie puede asegurar que con la entrada en vigor del Tratado se pueda revertir, o al menos no deteriorar, su posición en el mercado estadounidense., 1986). El wits/smart es capaz de medir los efectos inmediatos o de primer impacto originados por cambios simulados de la política comercial (Gine, 1978; fmi, 1984; Sapir y Baldwin, 1983; Stern, 1976). En este sentido, el smart es una herramienta analítica construida dentro del wits y como modelo de simulación tiene el propósito de ofrecer un panorama de los efectos de creación de comercio que se obtendrían a partir de la reducción de aranceles en los productos negociados, ya sea por el aumento del mercado a partir de un mejor precio o por la ventaja que adquieren los nuevos socios sobre los otros competidores. ...

... The technique we use here is similar to the traditional price equation. SeeBaldwin and Spence Hilton (1984),Leamer (1994),Baldwin and Cain (2000) andKrueger (1997) for details.17 Here γ , π S , β, RDE S , α, and RDE D are variables corresponding to P, Q, w, L , r and K in the price regression. ...

... In the form of product standards, NTMs can create some variable costs (such as laboratory sourcing costs) and fixed costs (such as upgrading costs of equipment/machinery and production processes to obtain certificates) (Verhoogen, 2008;Bustos, 2011). Meanwhile, in the form of non-automatic licensing, quota, government procurement, and local content, NTMs have the potential to increase the price by reducing imported quantity and competition (Fugazza, 2013;Baldwin, 1991 andDeardorff andStern, 1997). The present paper attempts to measure the impact of NTMs on imported intermediate input on both the productivity and profitability of Indonesian manufacturing firms. ...

... In a move to cut back on foreign imports he raised tariffs while welcoming the investment of multinationals. Many foreign companies and local businesses applauded these policies: the government guaranteed that it would neither nationalize companies a: some future date no: compete with the MNEs through state-run firms (Baldwin 1988, 109). More than 50 percent of the MNEs in Thailand were established between 1963 and 1972 (Hewison 1987,56). ...

... Furthermore, international trade is a channel of macroeconomic spillovers and net exports present a good synthetic measure that captures the change in exports as well as the change in imports. Baldwin (1986) pointed to the weak understanding of how the determinants of trade patterns change over time. Baldwin's assertion is still true and is becoming more and more important in the global as well as regionally integrated environments. ...

... Whether driven by technological change, by economic integration, or by other considerations, employment in manufacturing as a share of the labor force in the United States and nearly every other rich countryhas declined continually since the early 1970s, falling from 26% in 1970 to less than 10% by 2016. In the 1970s and 1980s, the international economic context was the rise of manufactured exports from low-wage developing countries such as South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Mexico (Baldwin 1986). Competitive pressures on traditional low-wage manufacturing in the industrial countries had a particularly negative impact on job opportunities for less skilled workers. ...

... It is arresting to learn from macroeconomic research (Frankel (1986), Frankel and Rockett (1986)) that when models differ across participants, policy coordination fails to improve macroeconomic performance almost as often as it succeeds. Similarly arresting is Baldwin's and Clarke's (1985) finding that non-cooperative solutions to conflict over alternative Tokyo-Round tariff-cutting formuli seemed superior for all protagonists to the compromise formula that actually emerged from coordinated negotiation.12 12 The issue of common understanding of payoffs and behavior is discussed further in Cooper (1986) and Hoitham (1986). ...

... After more than two decades of unsuccessful attempts to negotiate lower tariffs with its trading 1 Statement of Ambassador Charlene Barshefsky before the Senate Finance Committee, January 29, 1997. 2 Based on data of Finger (1979). 3 Baldwin and Richardson (1984) point out that the US negotiators "offered greater tariff concessions than they received even on the usual measures of reciprocity." Bhagwati (1988) provides further support for this interpretation: "[A]lthough GATT was a contractarian agreement, the United States looked the other way when it came time to requiring GATT members to fulfill symmetric obligations." ...