Robert B. Hays’s research while affiliated with University of Utah and other places

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Publications (4)


A Person-Environment Analysis of Job Stress. A Contingency Model Explanation
  • Article

October 1985

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49 Reads

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40 Citations

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Martin M. Chemers

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Robert B. Hays

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Frederick Rhodewalt

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Jay Wysocki

The contingency model of leadership was applied in a field study of job stress. Fifty-one university administrators completed a series of questionnaires that assessed their leadership style, degree of situational control within their work setting, perceived job stress, physical health, and psychological well-being. Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) showed that administrators whose leadership style and level of situational control were "in match" reported significantly less job stress, fewer health problems, and fewer days missed from work than administrators who were "out of match." The results are discussed as supporting the person-environment fit model of job stress.


A Person-Environment Analysis of Job Stress: A Contingency Model Explanation
  • Article
  • Publisher preview available

September 1985

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13 Reads

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25 Citations

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

The contingency model of leadership was applied in a field study of job stress. Fifty-one university administrators completed a series of questionnaires that assessed their leadership style, degree of situational control within their work setting, perceived job stress, physical health, and psychological well-being. Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAS) showed that administrators whose leadership style and level of situational control were “in match” reported significantly less job stress, fewer health problems, and fewer days missed from work than administrators who were “out of match.” The results are discussed as supporting the person-environment fit model of job stress.

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Type A Behavior, Perceived Stress, and Illness: A Person-Situation Analysis

March 1984

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20 Reads

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27 Citations

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Fifty-one university administrators (categorized as Type A or Type B by the Jenkins Activity Survey) completed a series of questionnaires that assessed their degree of perceived job stress, extent of recent life changes, physical health, and psychological well-being. Multivariate analyses of variance showed that work stress and life change interacted with the Type A behavior pattern in predicting symptomatology. Type A administrators under high stress reported more psychological impairment and cardiovascular-related health problems than high stress Type Bs or low stress As and Bs. The results attest to the importance of situational factors when studying Type As and lend support to a diathesis-stress model of Type A and heart disease.


The Development and Maintenance of Friendship

March 1984

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534 Reads

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164 Citations

A behavioural examination of friendship development is presented. First, the construction of the Friend Observation Checklist (FOC), a self-report behaviour checklist for assessing friendship behavioural exchange, is described. Second, a twelve-week longitudinal study of friendship development is reported. Seventy male and female college students, who were just beginning their first term of school, used the FOC to track the behaviours occurring in newly developing friendships. A three-month follow-up was also conducted. Dyads which successfully developed into close friendships showed different behavioural and attitudinal trends from dyads which did not become close friends. Both the dyads' breadth of interaction and the intimacy level of their interaction were positively correlated with ratings of friendship intensity. As the friendships progressed, the intimacy level of dyadic interaction accounted for an increasing percentage of the variance in friendship ratings, beyond that accounted for by sheer quantity of interaction. Dyadic behaviour patterns at the end of the fall school term were good predictors of friendship status three months later. The results were interpreted as supporting Altman E Taylor's social penetration theory, and confirming the value of a behavioural focus in studying friendship.

Citations (4)


... A number of contingency model studies showing that in-match leaders felt more confident and in control (Chemers, Ayman, Sorod, & Akimoto, 1991;Chemers, Hays, Rhodewalt, & Wysocki, 1985) led me and my associates to conduct a series of studies designed to assess the role of leadership confidence or efficacy in performance. Chemers, Watson, and May (in press) reported concurrent, predictive, and discriminant validity for a measure of leadership efficacy in a longitudinal study of Reserve Officer Training Corps cadets. ...

Reference:

Leadership Research and Theory: A Functional Integration
A Person-Environment Analysis of Job Stress: A Contingency Model Explanation

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

... Furthermore, as noted previously, Type-A behavior has been shown to be influenced by situational factors [HJ76] [WW93] [RF84], so it may be useful for clinical offices to look further into the socioeconomic backgrounds of individuals, along with their parental relations and overall lifestyle. This could reveal more about factors that may influence their behavioral characteristics and health problems relating to anxiety, stress, and depression due to pressure or lack of mental support. ...

Type A Behavior, Perceived Stress, and Illness: A Person-Situation Analysis
  • Citing Article
  • March 1984

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

... Most previous studies focused on forming friendships, which is determined by various social interactions and encounters (Asendorpf et al., 2017). Previous research also stated the quantity of encounters as being more important in the early formation stage of a friendship, whereas, with time, the quality of the meetings is crucial, such as the level of shared emotional intimacy (Hays, 1984). ...

The Development and Maintenance of Friendship

... Saks and Ashforth (1997) found that individuals who perceived better fit with their job experienced less misfit, which reduced job strain (Edwards & Van Harrison, 1993). Similarly, individuals perceive less misfit (a critical component of strain (Beehr et al., 2000)) if they are matched with supervisors in terms of their style of supervision and the situation (Chemers et al., 1985). ...

A Person-Environment Analysis of Job Stress. A Contingency Model Explanation
  • Citing Article
  • October 1985

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology