Richard T. A. Wood's research while affiliated with Université du Québec à Montréal and other places
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Publications (43)
Background: In the current rapid evidence assessment, we summarize the existing research on lower-risk cannabis consumption as understood by those who consume cannabis. Methods: We identified 7111 unique articles published between 1900 and 2021 using search terms related to a) cannabis consumption, b) beliefs and behaviors, and c) positive outcomes...
Although problematic cannabis use is a public health concern, little is known about lower-risk cannabis use beliefs and behaviors. A major stumbling block for research in this domain has been the lack of a methodologically sound, multidimensional measure of lower-risk cannabis beliefs and behaviors. This paper reports the development of the Cannabi...
In the current rapid evidence assessment, we summarize the existing research on lower-risk cannabis consumption as understood by those who consume cannabis. We identified 7111 unique articles published between 1900 and 2021 using search terms related to a) cannabis consumption, b) beliefs and behaviors, and c) positive outcomes. Twelve articles met...
The geospatial impact of casinos on gambling problems is poorly understood, despite its importance to policy decisions. In this study, we propose a conceptual model to describe how access relates to gambling problems and we test whether access convenience increases risk. We collect a large sample of Canadian gamblers (n = 6,234) and geolocate each...
Persons maintaining a financially focused self-concept view financial success as a core aspect of their respective self-concepts. Herein, we examined whether the measurement properties of the financially focused self-concept scale (FFS) are invariant over time. A sample of predominantly older community members who gamble (N = 147) completed the 4-i...
People with a financially focused self-concept overvalue the importance of financial success for self-definition and self-worth. Herein, we examined whether the measurement properties of the financially focused self-concept scale (FFS) are invariant over time and across different demographic groups of people who gamble. We also assessed the tempora...
The Positive Play Scale (PPS) is a self-report measure that assesses responsible gambling beliefs and behaviors amongst players. The PPS was shown to be a reliable and valid measure that consisted of four subscales: Personal Responsibility, Gambling Literacy, Honesty and Control, and Pre-commitment. However, the PPS development research had limitat...
We examined associations between financially focused self-concept and known etiological and maintenance factors of problematic gambling in a sample of community-based gamblers (N = 412). Although most participants (95.6%) did not report gambling problems, those high in financial focus were more likely to be impulsive, dissatisfied with their financ...
The modern gambling industry has, by-in-large, assumed a duty of care to minimize the risks associated with gambling, which has manifested in responsible gambling (RG) programming (e.g., educating players about the odds of success). The current study fills a void in gambling operators, regulators and researchers ability to measure RG beliefs and be...
The current study assessed the utility of a responsible gambling (RG) tool that provides players with behavioural feedback about their gambling. Data was obtained from 779 people (n = 694 male; n = 85 female) who gambled online with Svenska Spel (the Swedish gambling operator) and who opted to receive behavioural feedback via an RG tool (Playscan)....
This article addresses the issue of industry-funded research and specifically responds to the critique that such research necessarily involves a conflict of interests. It also offers four areas that need attention in order to improve transparency in gambling-related research.
This study is one of the first to explore in detail the behaviors, attitudes and motivations of players that show no signs of at-risk or problem gambling behavior (so-called 'positive players'). Via an online survey, 1484 positive players were compared with 209 problem players identified using the Lie/Bet screen. The study identified two distinct g...
A substantial proportion of adolescents and young adults gamble and rates of problem gambling amongst youth are significantly higher than found in adult populations. Despite this, few youth seek treatment suggesting that traditional services are failing to help this vulnerable population. Youth are progressively active online and use the Internet f...
To date, little empirical research has focused on social responsibility in gambling. This study examined players' attitudes and behavior toward using the social responsibility tool PlayScan designed by the Swedish gaming company Svenska Spel. Via PlayScan, players have the option to utilize various social responsibility control tools (e.g., persona...
In Scandinavia, use of oral moist snuff tobacco (Swedish ‘snus’) has increased in popularity over the last two decades. However, there is a general lack of qualitative research investigating causal factors and motivations for snuff use in different populations. The objective is to examine how snuff-dipping is acquired, developed and maintained in a...
The study examined two United Kingdom online forums designed to support people with gambling problems and people affected by problem gambling (e.g., partners, relatives, and friends). The methods utilised were content analysis of 60 forum posts, online semi- structured interviews (n = 19), and an online survey (n = 121). The study found that the fo...
Online poker is one of the fastest growing forms of online gambling yet there has been relatively little research to date.
This study comprised 422 online poker players (362 males and 60 females) and investigated some of the predicting factors of
online poker success and problem gambling using an online questionnaire. Results showed that length of...
Three face-to-face focus groups that included 24 online poker players were conducted in Stockholm to investigate their motivations for playing online poker and issues relating to their trust of poker Web sites. Casual players played because they liked the convenience, the ease of learning, the low stake size, the relief from boredom, and the social...
This paper argues that the recent concerns about video game “addiction” have been based less on scientific facts and more
upon media hysteria. By examining the literature, it will be demonstrated that the current criteria used for identifying this
concept are both inappropriate and misleading. Furthermore, by presenting four case studies as example...
This paper examines the major factors in the psychology of lottery gambling (including instant scratchcard lotteries and video lottery terminals) and argues that success is due to a number of simple and inter‐related factors. Part of the popularity of lotteries is that they offer a low cost chance of winning a very large jackpot prize, i.e. without...
The paper reports one of the first ever studies to evaluate the effectiveness of an online help and guidance service for problem gamblers. The evaluation utilised a mixed methods design in order to examine both primary and secondary data relating to the client experience. In addition, the researchers posed as problem gamblers in order to obtain fir...
To date there has been very little empirical research into Internet gambling and none relating to the recent rise in popularity of online poker. Given that recent reports have claimed that students may be a vulnerable group, the aim of the current study was to establish basic information regarding Internet poker playing behavior among the student p...
The paper outlines the advantages and disadvantages of using the Internet to collect data from gamblers, predominantly online
gamblers. Drawing from experience of a number of studies carried out online by the authors and by reviewing the available
literature, the authors discuss the main issues concerning data collected using computers and the Inte...
There has been a small but growing body, of largely quantitative research, that has examined problem gambling in the context of poor coping skills. These studies suggest that gambling may be used as an alternative method of coping that some will use to distract themselves from having to deal with problems in their lives.
To examine the role that ga...
At present, little is known about why subjective time loss occurs whilst playing video games other than that it may relate
to features of escape, immersion and arousal—all of which have been implicated in the development of addictive behaviours.
This study examined subjective time loss of 40 undergraduate students (26 males and 14 females with a me...
Playing videogames is now a major leisure pursuit, yet research in the area is comparatively sparse. Previous correlational evidence suggests that subjective time loss occurs during playing videogames. This study examined experiences of time loss among a relatively large group of gamers (n = 280). Quantitative and qualitative data were collected th...
The ability to play National Lottery games via non face-to-face methods is relatively new. Instant Win games on the Internet were launched in February 2003, Lotto and Daily Play online in December 2003, and play-by-text has been available since October 2004. To date, there has been no direct empirical research examining adolescent Internet gambling...
In this article, we wish to offer some thoughts on the taken-for-granted connotations of the term 'addiction', and on the limits of the disease model which these assump-tions support, and by way of comparison with parallel developments in the field of 'schizophrenia' research, to suggest some avenues for conceptual development.
Technological innovation has always played a role in the development of gambling behaviour, primarily through providing new market opportunities. Early prevalence studies of Internet gambling in the UK, Canada and the US have shown that Internet gambling is not a cause for concern at present However, this seems likely to change as more people start...
It has been noted that adolescents may be more susceptible to pathological gambling. Not only is it usually illegal, but it appears to be related to high levels of problem gambling and other delinquent activities such as illicit drug taking and alcohol abuse. This paper examines risk factors not only in adolescent gambling but also in videogame pla...
The paper outlines the advantages and disadvantages of using the Internet to collect data concerning both online and offline gamers. Drawing from experience of a number of studies carried out online by the authors and by reviewing the available literature, the authors discuss the main issues concerning data collected from video game players. The pa...
Video games and gambling often contain very similar elements with both providing intermittent rewards and elements of randomness. Furthermore, at a psychological and behavioral level, slot machine gambling, video lottery terminal (VLT) gambling and video game playing share many of the same features. Despite the similarities between video game playi...
This paper examines the link between attitudes and behaviour in relation to adolescent participation on the National Lottery and scratchcards by applying the theory of planned behaviour. A questionnaire constructed by the authors was administered to a sample of 1195 adolescents between the ages of 11 and 15 years (550 male, 641 female, 4 unspecifie...
There is little doubt that video game playing is a psychological and social phenomenon. This paper outlines the main structural characteristics of video game playing (i.e., those characteristics that either induce gaming in the first place or are inducements to continue gaming irrespective of the individual's psychological, physiological, or socio-...
The study examined adolescents' accounts of the UK National Lottery and scratchcards. Q-sorts were used to examine the views of 62 participants aged between 11 and 15 years of age. Findings identified four distinct accounts in relation to the National Lottery (Moral Opposition, Luck Seeking, Rationalist, & Uncertainty), and four distinct accounts i...
It has been noted that adolescents may be more susceptible to pathological gambling. Not only is it usually illegal, but it appears to be related to high levels of problem gambling and other delinquent activities such as illicit drug taking and alcohol abuse. This paper examines risk factors not only in adolescent gambling but also in videogame pla...
The U.K. National Lottery and instant scratchcards are now well established yet there is still little empirical research on the players. This study was an exploratory investigation of the psychosocial effects of these forms of gambling among adolescents (n=1195; aged 11- to 15-years-old). Using a questionnaire, it was shown that large numbers of ad...
Citations
... W. Abbott, 2005;Orford, 2005aOrford, , 2005bRoom, 2005;Rönnberg, 2005;Shaffer, 2005). The relationship is positive in that the exposure of an individual to gambling opportunities increases the incidence and prevalence of problem gambling and related harm (Kristiansen & Lund, 2022;McCarthy et al., 2022;Orford, 2005b;Philander et al., 2022;Philander, 2019;Wardle et al., 2014). Aside from general availability, the crucial aspect to be considered is the proximity to gambling. ...
... Future research should further examine the psychometric properties of the FFS in terms of measurement invariance. A recent study found that the 4-item FFS is temporally invariant over a one-month period among predominantly older people who gamble (Tabri, Philander, Wood, & Wohl, 2021). It would also behoove researchers to examine whether the Financially Focused Self-concept construct (measured by the FFS) carries the same meaning among people with and without gambling problems using measurement invariance testing. ...
... This study was determined to be exempt from review by the first author's Institutional Review Board. We conducted a secondary analysis of a sample of active gamblers from Canada (Tabri et al., 2020). Casinos were not legal in Canada until 1985 (Korn, 2000b), but expanded to 110 by the time of data collection. ...
... Although perfectionism has been variably defined and measured (for a review, see Dunkley, Blankstein, Masheb, & Grilo, 2006), we, like others (Howell, Anderson, Egan, & McEvoy, 2020;Smith & Saklofske, 2017;Tabri, Wohl, Wood, & Philander, 2018), have argued and found that perfectionism is best understood as a single factor that reflects a striving for flawlessness coupled with critical selfevaluation and concern for how others evaluate the self. Critically, people with such perfectionism are more vulnerable to various forms of psychopathology and disordered behaviors, including eating, anxiety, mood, and personality disorders as well as suicidal ideation (Egan, Wade, & Shafran, 2011;Flett, Hewitt, & Heisel, 2014;Limburg, Watson, Hagger, & Egan, 2017). ...
... The behavior subscale of the Positive Play Scale (Wood et al., 2017) adapted for Chinese gamblers (Tong et al., 2020) was used to assess individuals' responsible gambling behavior over the past year. Respondents answered seven items (e.g., "I was honest with my family and/or friends about the amount of time I spent on gambling," α = 0.85) on a 5-point Likert scale (from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). ...
... Lottery and scratchcard gambling were previously available to those aged 16 or over, although recent legislation has brought these products in line with other gambling products and require individuals to be age 18 or older to participate. Even with age restrictions, research suggests that technological advancements of gambling have made it much easier for adolescents to engage in gambling activities (Griffiths & Wood, 2007). Furthermore, research has demonstrated a lack of concern surrounding the harms of adolescent gambling, suggesting that it is often not perceived as a behavior that may be associated with problems (Hood & Parke, 2015). ...
... Another way to use categorization is to require mandatory measures for gambling over a certain level, based on affordability checks and/or problem self-assessment. This study showed different effects for the three subgroups, in line with Wood and Wohl (2015) that identified an effect of Playscan for at-risk players, but not for nonproblem and problem gamblers. In this study, the participant problem severity was unknown, but most players would probably score at a high-risk level since they are from the top 0.5% of NT customers that have lost the most money and the Playscan algorithm calculates the risk score based on gambling intensity (Wood & Wohl, 2015). ...
... The accessibility and the availability of online gambling (thanks to smartphone apps) are such that Franck has increased the frequency and the amount of his bets. In addition, convenience, meaning being in a familiar and comfortable environment (at home), reduced his sense of risk and allowed him to engage in more risky behaviors than he had when betting at points of sale (Bonnaire, 2012;Griffiths et al., 2006). ...
... Furthermore, it is important to consider potential conflicts of interest between public health objectives on the one hand and profit objectives on the other hand. This conflict is already an important consideration in the gambling research field (Cassidy, 2014;Cowlishaw & Thomas, 2018;Livingstone & Adams, 2016;Wohl & Wood, 2015;Young & Markham, 2015). ...
... Emphasising responsible gambling (RG) has offered ways to navigate this paradox. RG entails ways of proceeding ethically when addressing consumers, comprising information on games, age limits, consumer behaviour, risks of problem gambling, self-exclusion and information on how the company practises social responsibility in, for example, staff education, protection of minors from gambling and limiting advertising (e.g., Blaszczynski et al., 2011;Hing et al., 2018;Wood and Griffiths, 2014). Links to counselling services and helplines are also typical RG messages (e.g., Parke et al., 2014). ...