Richard J. Roby's research while affiliated with Combustion Science Engineering, Inc and other places

... The addition of 1% sodium fluoride may inhibit this phenomenon. This latter point appears to be confirmed by McAllister et al. [90], who showed that the post mortem blood cyanide concentrations of subjects who had died in a fire increased by 35% between the 25 th and the 30 th day, compared with subjects who had died in the same conditions and in whom sodium fluoride had been added to the blood specimens. The specimens were stored at 4°C for the entire duration of the experiments. ...

... Literature studies focused on boilers mention potentialities for CO and NO x reduction [9] [16] [28]. Regarding CO production, it is reasonable to expect a decrease with the H 2 percentage increase -at least until a certain threshold level -because of several aspects: faster chemistry, reduction of flame quenching distance, extension of flammability range, increase in OH radicals (promoting the oxidation of CO to CO 2 [30]) and, naturally, decrease of total carbon in the reactants. A cornerstone about CO production with hydrogen enrichment is the fact that current gas fired devices, nominally working with methane, are already required to safely work with limit gases containing H 2 (see Table 2): this is an indication that a safe operation in terms of CO emission can be achieved with H 2 content up to 23%, even in today's boilers. ...

... NG can be mixed with other more reactive fuels to improve its combustibility. In fact, given that even the world is far from an economy of hydrogen, in which thermal systems only work with said fuel in its entirety [10], international studies on the rate of combustion of hydrogen mixtures have generally been carried out with natural gas or methane, the main component of natural gas [16,17]. ...

... Indeed, optical measurements, given adequate equipment and deconvolution algorithms may provide spatially resolved results [73,52,54]. In this context, Kojima et al. [54], Roby et al. [82], Morrell et al. [72] found that C 2 *, OH* and CH* are the most suitable chemiluminescent species to correlate with the equivalence ratio as their ratios exhibit a nearly linear trend with " in the ranges 0.6 † " † 1.2 and 0.9 † " † 1.5. Note that, while these ranges also covers rich flames, they are still outside of the range of interest for the experiments covered in this work, namely, 0.25 † ⁄ † 0.5. ...

... There is a great opportunity for GMT to transform the biogas to electricity and heat source for the evaporation unit to reduce the amount of liquid in digestate produced by the plant. Progressive method is introduced by Holton et al. [62]. Their paper introduces technology to vaporize liquid ethanol and blend with natural gas to create combustion mixture that could replace natural gas in combustion devices. ...

... 9 With the development of computational technique, high spatial/temporal accuracy numerical accuracy simulation has provided researchers with powerful tools in flames dynamic analysis close to LBO. In the study of flame dynamics near LBO, LES-CMC (Large Eddy Simulation-Conditional Moment Closure) model was employed by Tyliszczak et al. 10 LES-PDF (Probability Density Function) model by Black and Smith 11 and Gokulakrishnan et al. 12 LES-EBU (Eddy Break-Up) model by Kim et al. 13 LES-EDC (Eddy Dissipation Concept) model by Gokulakrishnan et al. 14 LES-LEM (Linear Eddy Mixing) model by Menon et al. 15 and LES-LTEM (Lagrangian Transport Element Method) model 16 by Erickson et al. When the combustion was close to LBO, similar flame behavior was detected in these simulation works. ...

... The presence of NO x (NO and NO 2 ) in the oxidizer stream occurs in various practical devices where combustor design includes exhaust (or flue) gas recirculation (e.g., internal combustion engines and furnaces), vitiated air (e.g., gas turbine exit streams, and high-speed propulsion test rigs), and internal recirculation zones (e.g., gas turbines). Previous works by the authors [3][4][5] showed that NO x plays a significant role in promoting ignition of jet fuels and its surrogate components. Experimental and direct numerical simulation studies of Lee et al. [6] have demonstrated the importance of NO on the reignition process of a vortex-perturbed counter flow flame. ...

... Numerical methods, especially Large Eddy Simulations (LES), have made it possible to model combustion transients' phenomena with high temporal and spatial resolution. During the past decade, LES has developed in a variety of directions: a linear eddy model (LEM) (14)(15)(16)(17) , an Eddy Break-up Model (EBM) (18) , an eddy dissipation 240 February 2017 The Aeronautical Journal concept (EDC) (19) , and probability density functions (PDF) (20) . Menon, based on LES-LEM (16,17,21) , attained the flame distortion and variation in flame spread velocity but did not succeed in capturing eddies that mostly effect the local extinction. ...

... The internal recirculation can be achieved through an internal air distribution system coupled with unique curvature of the combustor's liner, [9][10][11][12] or using high speed jets at the entrance to the combustor, [13][14][15][16]. The effect of air vitiation on the combustion characteristics was described in several studies; see for example, [17][18][19] and it was consistently shown that vitiation (lower oxygen content) increases ignition delay. ...

... The Taxibot is in operation at Schiphol [518], Delhi and Bangalore airports [519], and serves Lufthansa [517]. Currently, it is powered whether by electric or diesel engines [518], but the vision is to power them with 100% batteries or hydrogen in the future [21,520]. ...