Richard C. Levin's research while affiliated with Yale University and other places
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Publications (12)
The set of technological opportunities in a given industry is one of the fundamental determinants of technical advance in that line of business. We examine the concept of technological opportunity and discuss three categories of sources of those opportunities: advances in scientific understanding and technique, technological advances originating in...
This chapter discusses the perceptible movement of empirical scholars from a narrow concern with the role of firm size and market concentration toward a broader consideration of the fundamental determinants of technical change in industry. Although tastes, technological opportunity, and appropriability conditions themselves are subject to change ov...
In this paper, we describe the results of an inquiry into the nature of appropriability conditions in over one hundred manufacturing industries, and we discuss how this information has been and might be used to cast light on important issues in the economics of innovation and public policy. Our data, derived from a survey of high-level R&D executiv...
This article analyzes R&D policies when the returns to cost-reducing and demand-creating R&D are imperfectly appropriable and market structure is endogenous. We generalize previous characterizations of appropriability to permit the possibility that own and rival R&D are imperfect substitutes. We also describe how equilibrium expenditures on process...
Using data from the Federal Trade Commission 's Line of Business Program and survey measures of technological opportunity and appropriability conditions, this paper finds that overall firm size has a very small, statistically-insignificant effect on business unit R&D intensity when either fixed industry effects or measured industry characteristics...
To have the incentive to undertake research and development, a firm must be able to appropriate returns sufficient to make the investment worthwhile. The benefits consumers derive from an innovation, however, are increased if competitors can imitate and improve on the innovation to ensure its availability on favorable terms. Patent law seeks to res...
We study a two-person zero-sum game where players simultaneously choose sequences of actions, and the overall payoff is the average of a one-shot payoff over the joint sequence. We consider the maxmin value of the game played in pure strategies by boundedly rational players and model bounded rationality by introducing complexity limitations. First...
Citations
... Knowledge is understood as a private good. Its exploitation and attainment aims at creating a competitive advantage (Dasgupta & David, 1994, Levin et al., 1987, Stephan & Levin, 1996. The focus is on application-oriented knowledge to solve problems for practical purposes (Bartunek & Rynes, 2014, Stokes, 1997. ...
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... On the other hand, public disclosure does not always ensure ultimate diffusion of an invention on competitive terms" (LEVIN et al., 1987, p. 783-784). Levin et al. (1987) describe the outcomes of an inquiry into appropriability conditions in more than one hundred manufacturing industries, by emphasizing differences between process and product innovations. Similarly to others contributions by NW, the focus was on the asymmetries. ...
... Second, patent protection plays an outsized, almost unique role in the pharmaceutical industry. A dated but in ‡uential survey by Levin et al. (1987) of 650 corporate R&D managers found that patents were perceived to be a highly e¤ective 9 Modeling patent protection as a binary decision variable is without loss of generality. The key insights yielded by our analysis carry over when patent protection is continuous, e.g. when countries can choose the degree of imitation ( i ) facing …rms. ...
... Following Levin et al. (1984Levin et al. ( , 1987, appropriability (Appro) is defined as the extent to which the innovative outcomes can be appropriated by the innovators themselves, while technological opportunity denotes the availability of useful information for innovation. The variable for appropriability is calculated based on the survey's scores regarding the effectiveness of nine methods of appropriation (e.g., patents to prevent duplication or to secure royalties, secrecy, lead time). ...
... The DOIL survey employs a representative sample of the population of firms in the U.S. manufacturing sector, with 5175 respondents at the business unit level. Unlike several other innovation surveys (e.g., Cohen et al., 2000;Levin et al., 1987), the DOIL survey is not restricted to R&D performers. It includes innovators, imitators, and firms that do not innovate by asking whether the firms had introduced a new product that is new to the market or new to the firm and requests further information about their key innovations (Arora et al., 2016b). ...
... The adjusted R 2 values of all the dependent variables were 0.549 (55%), 0.545 (55%), 0.495 (50%) and 0.591 (60%), all of which exceeded 25%. The values in the current model thus suggest a substantial prediction level in empirical research (Cohen & Levin, 1989). ...
... The advantage of the above approach is that it is based on the creative foresight of the expert in the area of expertise, which makes it possible to obtain insightful visions. The disadvantage is that the technological innovation opportunities identified are susceptible to the constraints of the domain expert's knowledge and experience [25]. ...
... Chen et al. (2021) analyze remanufacturing process innovation, pricing decision and cost-sharing mechanism under different power structures, cost-reducing R&D investment in a closedloop supply chain. Levin and Reiss (1988) simulate the tradeoff that firms make when choosing between incomplete adapted cost-reduction and demand-stimulated R&D investment. Ghosh and Shah (2012) explored how multiple supply chain structures affect members' decision-making in the pursuit of demand-stimulating R&D investment and supply chain performance. ...
... For listed companies, Innovation intensity impact on listed company value has a significant threshold effect, which is mainly reflected in that the innovation speed is in a different range; the degree and direction of the impact are different; and when innovation speed changes from slow to fast, the relationship between innovation intensity and company value is in the process of changing from negative to positive and gradually increasing (Zhu, 2018). The above studies are aimed at specific company types, whereas other studies find that for the same industry, no statistically significant relationship exists between enterprise size and department Innovation intensity; moreover, business unit and enterprise size explain innovation intensity variance less than 1% (Cohen et al., 1987). Some scholars have also analyzed general enterprises and found that initial Innovation intensity increase has a significant relationship with the sales growth in the following 2 years. ...
... Universities are considered as "creators, interpreters of ideas and innovation, source of human capital, and key components of social infrastructure and social capital " [47] . Universities also play critical role in creating and transforming industries through industry transplantation, diversification of old industry into related new, and upgrading of mature industries [48] . Universities in the modern world are actively changing their policy towards commercialization of their research outputs in the form of licensing, patents, and spinoffs. ...
