R Voutilainen's research while affiliated with Kuopio University Hospital and other places

... In addition, these techniques also require specialized technicians, complex sample pretreatment, and highly time-consuming, which limits the expansion of their application scope. As alternatives to the above methods, immunoassays including radioimmunoassay (RIA) [19], enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [20], chemiluminescence [21], and electrochemiluminescence analysis [22] are developed for analyzing testosterone. Although these methods exhibit unique advantages of safety, low cost, and environment-friendly [18]. ...

... However, clinical symptoms may still occur as a result of an increased tumor mass and overall high levels of steroid precursors, which affect target tissues either directly or after peripheral transformation to more biologically active derivatives, which is observed in case of androgen. Importantly, the presence of increased amounts of steroid precursors in the blood, along with clinical symptoms, may be mistakenly interpreted as a biochemical sign of CAH (Werder et al. 1994). It has been shown in vitro that tumor tissue can be characterized by low activity of many enzymes with a simultaneous, selective increase in the activity of one or several enzymes with high affinity to unusual substrates. ...

... The placental I.1 aromatase promoter is localized 93 kb upstream of the coding region exon II-X of the CYP19 gene and its activation produces CYP19 transcript with exon I.1 spliced onto a common splice junction directly upstream from exon II [10]. The regulation of placental estrogens synthesis by aromatase in the trophoblast is known to be increased by factors including calcitriol [11], hGCMa, a mammalian homolog of the protein encoded by the Drosophila glial cells missing (gcm) gene [12], normoxic reduction of inhibitory factor Mash-2 [13], and the AP-2 family of transcription factors (through the second messenger cAMP) [12], as well as activators of the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway [14,15]. The precise role of the PKC signaling pathway in the regulation of CYP19 gene expression remains to be clarified. ...

... Due to the unavailability of a different assay for detecting intact U-LH-ir in this study, the non-intact LH-ir could not be determined as the arithmetic difference between total and intact LH-ir as performed in our previous studies (11,12). Therefore, inference to the non-intact U-LH-ir levels was made by calculating the proportion of total U-LH-ir to intact S-LH-ir ( Figure 2) because of the high correlation between U-LH-ir and S-LH-ir at similar absolute concentrations as shown in our earlier studies (14)(15)(16). The assays were performed according to the instructions of the manufacturer. ...

... Due to the unavailability of a different assay for detecting intact U-LH-ir in this study, the non-intact LH-ir could not be determined as the arithmetic difference between total and intact LH-ir as performed in our previous studies (11,12). Therefore, inference to the non-intact U-LH-ir levels was made by calculating the proportion of total U-LH-ir to intact S-LH-ir ( Figure 2) because of the high correlation between U-LH-ir and S-LH-ir at similar absolute concentrations as shown in our earlier studies (14)(15)(16). The assays were performed according to the instructions of the manufacturer. ...

... If GATA4 and WT1 are considered two of the main regulators for the initial formation of the AGP, their expression in mice is switched off in the AP, just after its separation from the GP occurs [13,128]. This suggests that these genes prevent the differentiation of AGP cells into the adrenal steroidogenic cell lineage. ...

... GATA1-3 are primarily involved in haematological development, whereas GATA4 and GATA6 have been implicated in human CYP17A1 expression. GATA6 is highly expressed in the adrenal cortex and the stimulatory actions of GATA6 on CYP17A1 transcription are independent of DNA binding but occur through the interaction of GATA6 with specificity protein 1 (Sp1) (Kiiveri et al. 2004;Sewer and Jagarlapudi 2009). ...

... Inhibins counteract the biological effects of activin by antagonizing activin type II receptor and formation of an inactive complex with the TGFβ type III receptor β-glycan. Adrenocortical cells are able to express both α and β subunits (54)(55)(56). In particular, the α-inhibin is expressed in the zona reticularis under the positive control of ACTH, whereas β-subunits are mainly present in the outer cortex. ...

... Table 2 illustrates an overview of all open-source datasets of DR [30]. [19] 88,702 (433×289) to (5,185×3,456) DDR [20] 13,673 Varies ODIR [31] 10,000 -APTOS 2019 [25] 3,660 Varies RFMiD [24] 3,200 (2,144×1,424) Messidor [23] 1,200 (1,440×960) to (2,304×1,536) 24-bit Messidor-2 [23] 1,784 (1,440×960) to (2,304×1,536) 24-bit IDRiD [32] 516 (4,288×2,848) DIARETDB0 [21] 130 (1,500×1,152) 24-bit DRIVE [29] 40 (565×584) 24-bit DIARETDB1 [33] 89 (1,500×152) 24-bit ...

... Blood and urine samples were collected from type2 diabetic patients in the morning between 08:00 and 10:00 O'clock to minimize the effect of diurnal variation (10) , after a period of fasting 8-10 hours by vein puncture using 5 ml disposable syringes and it was divided into two parts: one part about 2 ml was put in EDTA containing tube; the blood was mixed gently for 3 minutes and then used for hematological tests and especially for HbA1c assay. The second part included 3 ml of blood was put in the centrifuge tube (glass tube) and allowed to clot for 15 min then it was centrifuged for serum separation at approximately 3000 rpm for 15 minutes (11) , the separated sera were used for biochemical tests such as determination of fasting blood glucose. ...