R. Gordon Rinderknecht’s research while affiliated with RAND Corporation and other places

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Publications (15)


The Daily Lives of Crowdsourced U.S. Respondents: A Time Use Comparison of MTurk, Prolific, and ATUS
  • Article

January 2025

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4 Reads

Sociological Methodology

R. Gordon Rinderknecht

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Long Doan

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Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) and Prolific are popular online platforms for connecting academic researchers with respondents. A broad literature has sought to assess the extent to which these respondents are representative of the U.S. population in terms of their demographic background, yet no work has assessed the representativeness of their daily lives. The authors provide this analysis by collecting time diaries from 136 MTurk and 156 Prolific respondents, which they compare with diary responses from 468 contemporaneous responses to the American Time Use Survey (ATUS). Responses from MTurk and Prolific respondents include several notable differences relative to ATUS responses, including doing less housework and care work, spending less time traveling, spending more time at home, and spending more time alone. In general, MTurk respondents worked more than ATUS respondents, and Prolific respondents spent more time in leisure. These differences persist even after adjusting for demographic differences. The present findings highlight time use as a potential major source of differences across samples that go beyond demographic differences. Thus, scholars interested in these samples should consider how time use may moderate processes of interest.


Gendering the Pandemic: Women's and Men's Time Use during COVID-19
  • Preprint
  • File available

July 2023

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75 Reads

COVID-19 social distancing requirements, school and child care closures, workplaces shifting to remote work, and unprecedented job loss have changed the rhythm of daily life in disparate ways for women and men. The emerging literature on gendered impacts of COVID-19 indicates widening gaps in married parents’ housework and child care time (Carlson, Petts and Pepin 2020, Dunatchik et al. 2020, Lyttleton, Zang and Musick 2020). Knowledge about COVID-19 impacts on gendered time use is limited because of the focus on partnered parents’ paid work, housework, and care work. The pandemic has altered daily life for all women and men and studying all groups and all daily activities is necessary to understand if and how the pandemic is affecting daily behaviors, social interaction, and well-being. Using data from Wave 2 of the Assessing the Social Consequences of COVID-19 (ASCC) study, we find that specialization in the division of labor is greatest among partnered women and men without children, not partnered parents. We also find that women regardless of parental and marital status report more housework and care work than men, but the gap is slight (e.g. only 7m comparing employed married parents). Employed married mothers have less leisure than other groups, with child care and self care accounting for the difference. Last, our results suggest the need to examine intersecting patterns of time inequality by gender, social class, and education.

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Duration of each work episode for LGBTQ and non-LGBTQ workers by work location.
Blurred border or safe harbor? Emotional well-being among sexual and gender minority adults working from home during COVID-19

March 2023

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193 Reads

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4 Citations

Social Science & Medicine

During the COVID-19 pandemic, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) adults have experienced pronounced declines in well-being. However, less is known about how changes to daily routines and settings, such as the shift to remote work within many occupations, may be playing a role in well-being outcomes. Drawing on a unique time diary data source (N = 3515 respondents and 7650 episodes) collected between April 2020-July 2021 through online crowdsourcing platforms, we conducted random effects analyses to examine how working from home has been associated with experienced well-being among LGBTQ and cisgender heterosexual workers in the United States during the pandemic. Findings indicate LGBTQ adults felt significantly less stressed and tired while doing paid work at home than while working at a workplace. In addition, working at a workplace, rather than working from home, appeared to be more detrimental to LGBTQ adults' well-being compared to their non-LGBTQ counterparts. Adjusting for work characteristics explained some of the difference, whereas adjusting for family characteristics had little impact on the results. It is possible that for LGBTQ employees, working from home mitigates some of the minority stressors experienced during paid work.


MyTimeUse: An Online Implementation of the Day-Reconstruction Method

July 2022

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27 Reads

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3 Citations

Journal of Time Use Research

Time diaries can record precise measures of daily activities but few such diaries have been developed for use via the internet, which limits our knowledge of how social, economic, and demographic factors affect daily life and our ability to investigate trends over time. We have developed, refined, and deployed an original online time diary, mytimeuse.com, to study daily life in a longitudinal sample of graduate students and a longitudinal sample of U.S. residents recruited online. This article overviews the features we implemented to increase data quality and response rates. The diary is based on the day-reconstruction method, which has participants report on each primary activity in a selected day, then records further contextual information about the activity, such as social engagement, multitasking, and emotions. We recruited online participants to complete three time diaries and report their evaluations of our platform. Feedback indicates most participants found the diary to be intuitive and easy to use, and most who made an account with the diary platform fully participated in our study.


Mothering and Stress during COVID-19: Exploring the Moderating Effects of Employment

June 2022

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56 Reads

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4 Citations

Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World

Using primary data from the Assessing the Social Consequences of COVID-19 study, the authors examined how the pandemic affected the stress levels of women with and without coresiding minor children (mothers vs. nonmothers), paying special attention to the moderating role of employment status. The ordinary least squares regression results show that following the pandemic outbreak, among full-time working women, mothers reported smaller stress increases than nonmothers. In contrast, among part-time and nonemployed women, mothers and nonmothers experienced similar stress increases. Also, full-time working mothers reported smaller stress increases than women with most other mothering and employment statuses. Changes in women’s employment status, following pandemic onset, had limited impacts on the patterns of stress change. This study contributes to research on parenting and health by showing that during times of crisis, full-time employment may be protective of mothers’ mental health but may not buffer the mental health deterioration of women not raising children.


Digital and Computational Demography

April 2022

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185 Reads

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10 Citations

Digital and computational demography explores demography in relation to the digital revolution – the rapid technological improvements in digitized information storage, computational power and the spread of the internet and mobile technologies since the turn of the new millennium. We cover three ways in which the digital revolution touches upon demography. First, we discuss how digital technologies, through their impacts on daily lives and in shifting how individuals access information, communicate and access services, have implications for demographic outcomes linked to health and mortality, fertility and family, and migration. Second, we discuss how the digital revolution has created a wide range of new data sources such as digital trace and geospatial data that can be repurposed for demographic research, and enabled respondent recruitment across the world via the internet and social media. Third, we discuss how improvements in computational power have facilitated the use of computational methods such as microsimulation and agent-based modelling as well as machine learning techniques for demographic applications. We conclude by discussing future opportunities and challenges for digital demography.


Predicted probability of experiencing any family violence by gender and sexual identity
Predicted probability of experiencing physical violence by gender and sexual identity
Predicted probability of experiencing verbal abuse by gender and sexual identity
Predicted probability of experiencing restricted access by gender and sexual identity
Predicted probability of experiencing an increase in family violence by gender and sexual identity
Not All Homes Are Safe: Family Violence Following the Onset of the Covid-19 Pandemic

February 2022

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134 Reads

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42 Citations

Journal of Family Violence

Evidence from victim service providers suggests the COVID-19 pandemic led to an increase in family violence. However, empirical evidence has been limited. This study uses novel survey data to investigate the occurrence of family violence during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Data come from the second wave of the Assessing the Social Consequences of COVID-19 study, an online non-probability sample collected in April and May 2020. Family violence is measured using four variables: any violence, physical violence, verbal abuse, and restricted access. The authors use logistic regression and KHB decomposition to examine the prevalence of family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that sexual minorities, in particular bisexual people, experienced higher rates of family violence than heterosexual respondents. Women were the only group to report an increase in the frequency of family violence. Household income loss is associated with the incidence of verbal violence. Our findings demonstrate the importance of expanding victim services to address the additional barriers victims face within the pandemic context and beyond, including broad contexts of social isolation and financial precarity experienced by individuals at risk of family violence.


Changes in Mental Health and Wellbeing Are Associated With Living Arrangements With Parents During COVID-19 Among Sexual Minority Young Persons in the U.S.

September 2021

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226 Reads

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36 Citations

Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity

Sexual minority young persons may be at risk for compounding mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic due to their existing vulnerabilities for psychological inequities. Indeed, recent research has documented that sexual minority young persons are experiencing compounding psychiatric effects associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, researchers and practitioners hypothesized that sexual minority youth and young adults may experience unique hardships related to their sexual and gender identities and familial conflict as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and living arrangement changes with their parents and families. This study aims to investigate whether there are changes in sexual minority (and non-sexual minority) young adults’ (SMYAs) mental health and wellbeing among those living with and living without their parents before and after the start of COVID-19. Among a cross-sectional sample of SMYAs (n=294; Mage=22 years; age range=18-26) and non-SMYAs (n=874; Mage=22 years; age range=18-26) defined by whether they were living with or living without their parents before and after the start of COVID-19, we retrospectively analyzed changes in psychological distress and wellbeing. SMYAs who returned to their parents’ homes during post-onset of COVID-19 reported greater mental distress and lower wellbeing, followed by those who were living with their parents both before and after the start of COVID-19. Patterns were not consistent among non-SMYAs, and lower magnitudes of change were seen. There is a significant public health need for mental health services and family education resources for supporting SMYAs in the context of COVID-19 and beyond.


Loneliness Loves Company, Some More than Others: Social Ties, Form of Engagement, and Their Relation to Loneliness

September 2021

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92 Reads

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7 Citations

Social Problems

Although tie strength is a significant theoretical concept in the field, recent work suggests that other dimensions of social ties may be important to consider. We build on this body of work to propose that situational forms of engagement with various interaction partners play a vital role in shaping feelings of loneliness. We anticipate that when engaging in direct forms of engagement (active engagement), the association between different types of social ties and loneliness will be minimal. In contrast, while engaging in less direct forms of engagement (passive engagement), the type of social tie may matter more in reducing loneliness. We test these expectations using original time-diary data capturing daily interactions and momentary feelings of loneliness. Results show that active engagement associates with reduced feelings of loneliness relative to passive engagement. We find that the benefit of active engagement over passive engagement is greatest among acquaintances and family members. We interpret this as indicating that active engagement is beneficial for establishing a sense of connection among some social ties that already exists for other social ties. These findings indicate that how we engage with others and the kinds of people we engage with jointly shape the benefits of social interaction.


Citations (11)


... Digitalized scholarly databases with bibliometric information are a new source for studying scientists as a population, even though they first need to be repurposed to focus on individual scientists rather than individual publications. This allows for the exploration of questions about science and scientists at an unprecedented level of detail (Kashyap et al., 2023;Liu et al., 2023;Wang & Barabási, 2021). Individuals can be studied according to age, seniority, gender, discipline, and institutional type-and most importantly, for the present study, scientists can be tracked over time. ...

Reference:

Quantifying Attrition in Science: A Cohort-Based, Longitudinal Study of Scientists in 38 OECD Countries (Published in "Higher Education", August 2024)
Digital and computational demography
  • Citing Chapter
  • March 2023

... First, individuals who were unemployed may have had a lower exposure to COVID-19, serving as a protective factor. Additionally, Amerikaner and colleagues found that LGBTQ adults working from home reported lower stress and tiredness compared to those working in their workplace [51]. Related to this, working in the workplace had a more negative effect on LGBTQ adults than non-LGBTQ adults working in the workplace, suggesting that not being in a workplace setting perhaps reduced "minority stress" [51]. ...

Blurred border or safe harbor? Emotional well-being among sexual and gender minority adults working from home during COVID-19

Social Science & Medicine

... Participants were contacted using MTurk and Prolific Academic, crowdsourcing platforms used to recruit participants for surveys, which have been found to produce high-quality data (Peer et al. 2017). Time use data during the pandemic were collected in the second (April-May 2020), third (October-November 2020), and fourth (April-July 2021) waves of the ASCC study using an online implementation of the Day Reconstruction Method, shown to produce valid, reliable activity measures across a 24-hour day (Kahneman et al. 2004;Rinderknecht et al. 2022). ...

MyTimeUse: An Online Implementation of the Day-Reconstruction Method
  • Citing Article
  • July 2022

Journal of Time Use Research

... Public Health 2023, 20, 3354 2 of 13 perinatal depressive symptoms during pregnancy, childbirth, and return to the workplace among employed women. Working mothers are especially vulnerable to workplace stressors because of sleep deprivation, the demands of caring for an infant, and overlooking psychological and emotional problems because of competing demands from home and work [13][14][15]. Perinatal depression, defined as depression in pregnancy, around childbirth, or within the first year postpartum, is a critical problem in households around the world and is often comorbid with other medical or mental health illnesses affecting all members of the family; it also often escapes detection and treatment [16,17]. If left untreated, maternal depression can disrupt the maternal-child bond; lead to suicide and/or infanticide; and increase workplace absenteeism, poor work performance, and disability costs for employers [18,19]. ...

Mothering and Stress during COVID-19: Exploring the Moderating Effects of Employment

Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World

... Digitalized scholarly databases with bibliometric information are a new source for studying scientists as a population, although they first need to be repurposed to focus on individual scientists rather than individual publications. This allows for the exploration of questions about science and scientists at an unprecedented level of detail (Kashyap et al., 2022;Liu et al., 2023;Wang & Barabási, 2021). Individuals can be studied according to age, seniority, gender, discipline, and institutional type-and most importantly for the present study, scientists can be tracked over time. ...

Digital and Computational Demography
  • Citing Preprint
  • April 2022

... Research has shown that sexual minority participants reported higher rates of violence than heterosexual people, associated with higher-than-average experiences of loss of income and living with parents and/or siblings during the pandemic (Drotning et al., 2023). Additionally, a global sample of more than 9000 sexual minority men found that almost 20% experienced more severe of frequent IPV after the onset of COVID-19 (Hong et al., 2023). ...

Not All Homes Are Safe: Family Violence Following the Onset of the Covid-19 Pandemic

Journal of Family Violence

... It has been suggested that it is the quality and closeness of relationships rather than their quantity which matters for well-being (Perlman & Peplau, 1981;Russell et al., 2012). While some studies have found that contact with close others is more strongly associated with (lower) loneliness (van Roekel et al., 2015;Sandstrom & Dunn, 2014, Study 1), others found that even contacts with 'weak ties'acquaintances or even strangersmay alleviate loneliness (Epley & Schroeder, 2014;Rinderknecht et al., 2021;Sandstrom & Dunn, 2014, Study 2). The highestquality studies suggest that positively valenced contact may buffer against loneliness, whereas negatively valenced contact may even increase them (Tam & Chan, 2019;van Roekel et al., 2014van Roekel et al., , 2015. ...

Loneliness Loves Company, Some More than Others: Social Ties, Form of Engagement, and Their Relation to Loneliness
  • Citing Article
  • September 2021

Social Problems

... Public health specialists with special training on behavioral changes are in a better position to provide such education, support, and services. Besides adding more skilled public health professionals, peer counseling is another promising strategy that could potentially help LGBTQ+ students with their mental health crises [43]. Peer counseling provides a platform and allows trained LGBTQ+ students with shared identities and experiences to help their peers with mental health concerns. ...

Changes in Mental Health and Wellbeing Are Associated With Living Arrangements With Parents During COVID-19 Among Sexual Minority Young Persons in the U.S.

Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity

... The COVID-19 pandemic increased risks of IPV and violence from a family member (Baffsky et al., 2022;Pfitzner et al., 2022;Warren et al., 2021). This was more pronounced for many LGBTQ people who already experienced high rates of violence entering the pandemic (Scheer & Baams, 2021) and additional challenges that may have put them at further risk, such as health and mental health systems that already did not meet their needs (Fish et al., 2021), higher rates of alcohol and other drug issues than their heterosexual counterparts (Fish & Exten, 2020), having to isolate with unsupportive family members (Quathamer & Joy, n.d.) and the effects of anxiety associated with such isolation (Gato et al., 2021). The findings of the present study illustrate high rates of violence from an intimate partner during the pandemic (n = 475; 16.9%), with more than half (52.8%; n = 247) indicating that this violence was either new or occurring more frequently. ...

Sexual Minority Disparities in Health and Well-Being as a Consequence of the COVID-19 Pandemic Differ by Sexual Identity
  • Citing Article
  • April 2021

LGBT Health

... MTurk represents a new technological advancement that is already being adopted by psychological and behavioral researchers (Paolacci & Chandler, 2014). A lot of social science fields have been continuously using MTurk for research mainly including behavioral science (Chandler & Kapelner, 2013;Horton et al., 2011), psychology (Buhrmester et al., 2011;Gomez et al., 2022;Rinderknecht, 2019), and political science (Berinsky et al., 2012;Healy & Lenz, 2014). The vast majority of the studies supported the use of MTurk for a variety of academic purposes. ...

Effects of Participant Displeasure on the Social-Psychological Study of Power on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk