Puja Malik’s research while affiliated with University of British Columbia and other places

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Publications (2)


Selective social learning task and confidence task stimuli. Panel A depicts a sample trial in the selective social learning task. Children saw three examples of two informants’ drawings beside a target object. The right contestant is the ‘closer’ contestant in this example. Children then made Winner, Ask, and Endorse judgments about this pair of contestants. Panel B depicts sample stimuli from the confidence task in Experiment 1. Only the area trials were used in Experiments 2–4. Panel C depicts the confidence paradigm used in Experiments 1, 2, and 4. Children first selected which of two questions they wanted to answer, then answered only that question. Panel D depicts the confidence paradigm used in Experiment 3. Children first answered each question, then selected which answer they felt most confident about
Correlations between confidence and social judgments controlling for age. Data plotted are standardized residuals
Are children’s judgments of another’s accuracy linked to their metacognitive confidence judgments?
  • Article
  • Full-text available

August 2021

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127 Reads

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6 Citations

Metacognition and Learning

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Puja Malik

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Darko Odic

The world can be a confusing place, which leads to a significant challenge: how do we figure out what is true? To accomplish this, children possess two relevant skills: reasoning about the likelihood of their own accuracy (metacognitive confidence) and reasoning about the likelihood of others' accuracy (mindreading). Guided by Signal Detection Theory and Simulation Theory, we examine whether these two self- and other-oriented skills are one in the same, relying on a single cognitive process. Specifically, Signal Detection Theory proposes that confidence in a decision is purely derived from the imprecision of that decision, predicting a tight correlation between decision accuracy and confidence. Simulation Theory further proposes that children attribute their own cognitive experience to others when reasoning socially. Together, these theories predict that children's self and other reasoning should be highly correlated and dependent on decision accuracy. In four studies (N = 374), children aged 4-7 completed a confidence reasoning task and selective social learning task each designed to eliminate confounding language and response biases, enabling us to isolate the unique correlation between self and other reasoning. However, in three of the four studies, we did not find that individual differences on the two tasks correlated, nor that decision accuracy explained performance. These findings suggest self and other reasoning are either independent in childhood, or the result of a single process that operates differently for self and others. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11409-021-09263-x.

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Are Children’s Judgments of Another’s Accuracy Linked to Their Metacognitive Confidence Judgments?

January 2021

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8 Reads

The world can be a confusing place, which leads to a significant challenge: how do we figure out what is true? To accomplish this, children possess two relevant skills: reasoning about the likelihood of their own accuracy (metacognitive confidence) and reasoning about the likelihood of others’ accuracy (mindreading). Guided by Signal Detection Theory and Simulation Theory, we examine whether these two self- and other-oriented skills are one in the same, relying on a single cognitive process. Specifically, Signal Detection Theory proposes that confidence in a decision is purely derived from the imprecision of that decision, predicting a tight correlation between decision accuracy and confidence. Simulation Theory further proposes that children attribute their own cognitive experience to others when reasoning socially. Together, these theories predict that children’s self and other reasoning should be highly correlated and dependent on decision accuracy. In four studies (N = 374), children aged 4-7 completed a confidence reasoning task and selective social learning task each designed to eliminate confounding language and response biases, enabling us to isolate the unique correlation between self and other reasoning. However, in three of the four studies, we did not find that individual differences on the two tasks correlated, nor that decision accuracy explained performance. These findings suggest self and other reasoning are either independent in childhood, or the result of a single process that operates differently for self and others.

Citations (1)


... Simulation theory investigates whether self-oriented and otheroriented talents are identical, depending on a singular cognitive process. Signal detection theory posits that confidence in a judgement is solely based on the imprecision of that decision, forecasting a strong link between decision accuracy and confidence [31]. Centrality and density both are low in the third quadrant, indicating the developmental immaturity and the absence of a robust primary theme. ...

Reference:

A Scientometric Review on Visualization Analysis of Global Research Trends in Metacognition and Self-Concept
Are children’s judgments of another’s accuracy linked to their metacognitive confidence judgments?

Metacognition and Learning