Phoebe C. Ellsworth's research while affiliated with University of Michigan and other places
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Publications (88)
Following theories of emotional embodiment, the facial feedback hypothesis suggests that individuals’ subjective experiences of emotion are influenced by their facial expressions. However, evidence for this hypothesis has been mixed. We thus formed a global adversarial collaboration and carried out a preregistered, multicentre study designed to spe...
This collection of first-person accounts from legendary social psychologists tells the stories behind the science and offers unique insight into the development of the field from the 1950s to the present. One pillar, the grandson of a slave, was inspired by Kenneth Clark. Yet when he entered his PhD program in the 1960s, he was told that race was n...
This volume traces the life journeys of a cohort of influential and transformative women in psychology, now in or nearing retirement, who have changed the discipline and the broader world of academia in significant ways. The 26 reflective essays record how these scholars thrived in an academic landscape that was often, at best, unwelcoming, and, at...
Two studies were conducted to analyze how individuals feel and express their happiness in shared versus non-shared events. We hypothesized that the Japanese (interdependence-fostering culture), unlike Americans (independence-fostering culture), would show higher levels of happiness in shared situations than in non-shared situations. Study 1: partic...
Research over the past decades has demonstrated the explanatory power of emotions, feelings, motivations, moods, and other affective processes when trying to understand and predict how we think and behave. In this consensus article, we ask: has the increasingly recognized impact of affective phenomena ushered in a new era, the era of affectivism?
Critics have suggested that psychological research is characterized by a pervasive liberal bias, and this problem may be particularly acute in research on issues related to public policy. In this article, I consider the sources of bias in basic and applied research in the evaluation, conduct, and communication of research. Techniques are suggested...
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that an individual’s subjective experience of emotion is influenced by their facial expressions. Researchers, however, currently face conflicting narratives about whether this hypothesis is valid. A large replication effort consistently failed to replicate a seminal demonstration of the facial feedback hypoth...
In this chapter, we introduce a lay theory approach to study how work passion is attained, as a complement to the scientific theory–driven approach. We provide insight into the lay person’s everyday experience of passion for work, and their beliefs about how passion is achieved, to enhance understanding about what gives rise to passionate workers.
Some thoughts on the nature of networks, the prevalence of emotional experiences, and the importance of new questions.
Researchers are concerned about whether manipulations have the intended effects. Many journals and reviewers view manipulation checks favorably, and they are widely reported in prestigious journals. However, the prototypical manipulation check is a verbal (rather than behavioral) measure that always appears at the same point in the procedure (rathe...
Researchers are concerned about whether manipulations have the intended effects. Many journals and reviewers view manipulation checks favorably, and they are widely reported in prestigious journals. However, the prototypical manipulation check is a verbal (rather than behavioral) measure that always appears at the same point in the procedure (rathe...
Envy is a negative state arising when we encounter others with more desirable circumstances than our own. Its converse is pity, a negative state elicited by downward comparisons towards worse-off others. Both classes of emotions first require us to infer what a person's life as a whole must be like. However, the “focusing illusion” suggests these i...
Empathy, feeling what others feel, is regarded as a special phenomenon that is separate fromother emotional experiences. Emotion theories say little about feeling emotions for others and empathy theories say little about how feeling emotions for others relates to normal firsthand emotional experience. Current empathy theories focus on how we feel e...
Personal growth is usually considered an outcome of intrapersonal processes—personal resources residing within the person. Comparatively, little research has examined the interpersonal processes underlying personal growth. We investigated how one interpersonal factor—people’s relationships with others—influences personal growth. Study 1 showed that...
‘Mixed emotions’ is often used synonymously with the notion of complex emotional experiences. Emotional complexity can also mean differentiation of emotions, both within and across situations. We review empirical evidence concerning the relationship between various forms of emotional complexity, integrating them in a general conceptual framework. M...
“Mixed emotions” is often used synonymously with the notion of complex emotional experiences. Emotional complexity can also mean differentiation of emotions, both within and across situations. We review empirical evidence concerning the relationship between various forms of emotional complexity, integrating them in a general conceptual framework. M...
There is much debate about the notion of emotional complexity (EC). The debate concerns both the definition and the meaning of ostensible cultural differences in the construct. Some scholars have defined EC as the experience of positive and negative emotions together rather than as opposites, a phenomenon that seems more common in East Asia than No...
This article provides a brief introduction to psychological emotion theories, particularly appraisal theory. According to appraisal theory emotions are combinations of a person’s appraisal of the novelty, valence, certainty, goal conduciveness, causal agency, controllability, and morality of a situation. These dimensions correspond to elements of t...
"Passion for work" has become a widespread phrase in popular discourse. Two contradictory lay perspectives have emerged on how passion for work is attained, which we distill into the fit and develop implicit theories. Fit theorists believe that passion for work is achieved through finding the right fit with a line of work; develop theorists believe...
Empathy, feeling what others feel, is regarded as a special phenomenon that is separate from other emotional experiences. Emotion theories say little about feeling emotions for others and empathy theories say little about how feeling emotions for others relates to normal firsthand emotional experience. Current empathy theories focus on how we feel...
Although it is commonly assumed that older people are more cautious and risk averse than their younger counterparts, the research on age differences in risk taking is mixed. While some research has found that older adults are less risk seeking, other research has found the opposite or no differences. One explanation is that age differences vary acr...
This article describes James's distaste for taxonomic classification of emotion and argues that he would not have been pleased by current scholarship which still focuses on the definition and classification of discrete emotions, distracting scholars from more fundamental underlying processes. I argue that as in James's time, current taxonomies are...
William James was not a basic emotion theorist in that he did not propose a list of basic emotions or concern himself with the question of which emotions were really basic. He may have believed that some emotions evolved earlier and spread more widely than others; whether this makes him a basic emotion theorist is a matter of taste.
The comments by Brosch and Sander, de Sousa, Frijda, Kuppens, and Parkinson admirably complement the four main articles, adding layers of complexity, but perhaps at the expense of theoretical parsimony and stringency. Their suggestions are inspiring and heuristic, but we must not forget that science is about testing concrete predictions.
I describe my current thinking on two old questions-the causal role of appraisals and the relationship of appraisal theories to basic emotions theories and constructivist theories, and three (sort of) new questions-the completeness of appraisals, the role of language, and the development of automaticity in emotional responses.
Some individuals have very specific and differentiated emotional experiences, such as anger, shame, excitement, and happiness, whereas others have more general affective experiences of pleasure or discomfort that are not as highly differentiated. Considering that individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) have cognitive deficits for negative...
Negative events – such as romantic disappointment, social rejection or academic failure – influence how we feel and what we think. Either component can influence evaluations of our past life, but in opposite ways: when sad feelings serve as a source of information, they give rise to negative evaluations; when current events serve as a standard of c...
What people feel shapes their perceptions of others. In the studies reported here, we examined the assimilative influence of visceral states on social judgment. Replicating prior research, we found that participants who were outside during winter overestimated the extent to which other people were bothered by cold (Study 1), and participants who at...
In previous research, the authors showed that Japanese and Americans would rather be asked to perform a favor than to have their friend solve the problem by asking someone else or getting it done professionally. In the current research, the authors further explore the similarities and differences in Japanese and American reactions to requests for f...
This research provides experimental evidence for cultural influence on one of the most basic elements of emotional processing: attention to positive versus negative stimuli. To this end, we focused on Russian culture, which is characterized by brooding and melancholy. In Study 1, Russians spent significantly more time looking at negative than posit...
Appraisal theories of emotion propose that the emotions people experience correspond to their appraisals of their situation. In other words, individual differences in emotional experiences reflect differing interpretations of the situation. We hypothesized that in similar situations, people in individualist and collectivist cultures experience diff...
Putrid food, fetid smells, disfiguring diseases, and a variety of bodily products are disgusting. Incest, bestiality, and many moral transgressions are also disgusting. Does disgust refer to a single emotion, or more than one? Theorists disagree. Many researchers have treated disgust more or less as a homogeneous emotion with a set of prototypical...
Many of the qualities that people seek in a long-term partner are not directly observable. As a consequence, information gathered through social learning may be important in partner assessment. Here, we tested the hypothesis that finding out potential partners were rejected by their last partner would negatively affect participants' desire to pursu...
Although robust sex differences are abundant in men and women’s mating psychology, there is a considerable degree of overlap
between the two as well. In an effort to understand where and when this overlap exists, the current study provides an exploration
of within-sex variation in women’s mate preferences. We hypothesized that women’s intelligence,...
Previous cross-cultural comparisons of correlations between positive and negative emotions found that East Asians are more likely than Americans to feel dialectical emotions. However, not much is known about the co-occurrence of positive and negative emotions in a given situation. When asked to describe situations in which they felt mixed emotions,...
American support for the death penalty has steadily increased since 1966, when opponents outnumbered supporters, and now in the mid-1990s is at a near record high. Research over the last 20 years has tended to confirm the hypothesis that most people's death penalty attitudes (pro or con) are based on emotion rather than information or rational argu...
Past research generally suggests that East Asians tolerate opposing feelings or dialectical emotions more than North Americans. We tested the idea that North Americans would have fewer opposing emotions than East Asians in positive, but not in negative or mixed situations. Forty-seven European American, 40 Chinese, and 121 Japanese students reporte...
Previous research on appraisal theories of emotion has shown that emotions and appraisals are related but has not specified the nature of the relationships. This research examined the functional forms of appraisal-emotion relationships and demonstrated that for all seven appraisals studied, appraisals relate to emotions in an S-shaped (ogival) fash...
In two frequently cited articles, Sommers and Ellsworth (2000, 2001) concluded that the influence of a defendant's race on White mock jurors is more pronounced in interracial trials in which race remains a silent background issue than in trials involving racially charged incidents. Referring to this variable more generally as "race salience," we pr...
Emotions research is now routinely grounded in evolution, but explicit evolutionary analyses of emotions remain rare. This article considers the implications of natural selection for several classic questions about emotions and emotional disorders. Emotions are special modes of operation shaped by natural selection. They adjust multiple response pa...
IntroductionPublic Acceptance of Capital Punishment: “Evolving Standards of Decency”Excessiveness of Capital Punishment: The Question of DeterrenceArbitrariness and Discrimination: Capital Punishment in PracticeConclusion: Retribution, Innocence, and Public Opinion
Two studies tested the hypothesis that in judging people's emotions from their facial expressions, Japanese, more than Westerners, incorporate information from the social context. In Study 1, participants viewed cartoons depicting a happy, sad, angry, or neutral person surrounded by other people expressing the same emotion as the central person or...
For more than half a century, emotion researchers have attempted to establish the dimensional space that most economically accounts for similarities and differences in emotional experience. Today, many researchers focus exclusively on two-dimensional models involving valence and arousal. Adopting a theoretically based approach, we show for three la...
According to appraisal theorists, anger involves a negative event, usually blocking a goal, caused by another person. Critics argue that other-agency is unnecessary, since people can be angry at themselves, and thus that appraisal theory is wrong about anger. In two studies, we compared anger, self-anger, shame, and guilt, and found that self-anger...
Confirmation bias is the tendency to bolster a hypothesis by seeking consistent evidence while disregarding inconsistent evidence. In criminal investigations, preference for hypothesis-consistent information could contribute to false convictions by leading investigators to disregard evidence that challenges their theory of a case. Two studies exami...
The social and psychological consequences of being a female law student may include greater stress and worse health than that experienced by male students. First-year law students at a major state university were surveyed about their physical and psychological health prior to, in the middle of, and at the end of the school year. They were also aske...
The experience of an emotion considered to be culturally unique (i.e., Japanese Amae) was tested in the United States, where there is no word to describe the concept. North American and Japanese participants read scenarios in which a friend made an inappropriate request (Amae), made no request, or made the request to another friend. Both American a...
P. Rozin and A. B. Cohen's (2003) method of sending students out to observe each other in familiar circumstances undoubtedly exaggerated the apparent prevalence of confusion, concentration, and worry. The expressions they observed probably ranged from regulatory feedback and communicative signals to expressions of the "intellectual emotions" descri...
Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology, edited by H.T. Reis and C.M. Judd. London: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 558 pp. Cloth, $69.95; paper, $34.95.
Between 1996 and 2001 American support for the death penalty showed a marked decline from the extraordinarily high levels that had persisted over the previous fifteen years. We argue that the falling crime rates of the 1990s were an important enabling condition for this change, but are not sufficient to explain it. Drawing on theory and research in...
Racial prejudice in the courtroom is examined through a historical sketch of racism in the legal system, a review of psychological research on White juror bias, and a study investigating White mock jurors' judgments of a fictional trial summary. The central hypothesis is that salient racial issues at trial activate the normative racial attitudes he...
Discusses the thesis of universal contingencies (TUC), the basic cross-cultural thesis of appraisal theories, which states that if people from different cultures appraise a situation in the same way, they will experience the same emotion. The link between appraisal patterns and emotion is universal. The authors discuss 3 hypothesis stemming from th...
Law students report a variety of negative emotional states and indicate that they experience humiliation, a lack of control, and isolation during their legal training. However, it is unclear whether their distress increases after entry into law school, and how their levels of distress compare to other populations. We collected self-report data on a...
The present studies compare the judgments of White and Black mock jurors in interracial trials. In Study 1, the defendant's race did not influence White college students' decisions but Black stu- dents demonstrated ingroup/outgroup bias in their guilt ratings and attributions for the defendant's behavior. The aversive nature of modern racism sugges...
Laypersons, the media, and many legal scholars tend to attribute problems in the jury system to the dispositions of individual jurors and to recommend reforms in jury selection procedures and relaxation of the unanimity rule. Social scientists view problems as a consequence of the structure of the jurors' task and recommend reforms in trial procedu...
Three vignette studies examined stereotypes of the emotions associated with high- and low-status group members. In Study 1a, participants believed that in negative situations, high-status people feel more angry than sad or guilty and that low-status people feel more sad and guilty than angry. Study 1b showed that in response to positive outcomes, h...
Three vignette studies examined stereotypes of the emotions associated with high- and low-status group members. In Study 1a, Ss (mean age 24 yrs) believed that in negative situations, high-status people feel more angry than sad or guilty and that low-status people feel more sad and guilty than angry. Study 1b showed that in response to positive out...
Comments on the article by R. Hastie et al (see record 1998-04034-003 ) and N. Vidmar's (see record 1999-15875-006 ) critique of the Hastie et al study that examined civil juries' decisions concerning defendants' liability for punitive damages in court cases and whether jurors' demographic characteristics predict their verdicts. The current author...
The authors argue that individuals regulate perceptions of their relationships in a self-protective way, finding virtue in their partners only when they feel confident that their partners also see virtues in them. In 4 experiments, the authors posed an acute threat to low and high self-esteem individuals' feelings of self-worth (e.g., guilt about a...
A common procedure for assessing the fairness of a lineup is to give a verbal description of the perpetrator to people who did not witness the incident and ask them to select the likely perpetrator from the lineup. If people who never saw the perpetrator nonetheless make the "right choice" significantly more often than chance, the implication is th...
A common procedure for assessing the fairness of a lineup is to give a verbal description of the perpetrator to people who did not witness the incident and ask them to select the likely perpetrator from the lineup. If people who never saw the perpetrator nonetheless make the "right choice" significantly more often than chance, the implication is th...
During his lifetime William James's complex ideas about emotion were oversimplified to the point of caricature, and for the next half century scientific research on emotion was driven by the oversimplified version--by the idea that emotions are merely the sensation of bodily changes. In fact, the interpretation of the stimulus was an essential feat...
Comments on a recent attack on the use of psychological experts in eyewitness testimony by R. Elliott (see record 1994-03914-001). Elliott's attack was based on a survey of 63 eyewitness experts conducted by S. M. Kassin et al (see record 1989-39825-001). It is argued that Elliott's attack has 2 principal shortcomings: (1) it misrepresents the eyew...
Echoing McCloskey and Egeth (1983), and motivated by Kassin, Ellsworth, and Smith's (1989) survey of 63 eyewitness experts, Elliott (1993) recently attacked the use of psychological experts on eyewitness testimony. There are two principal shortcomings of this critique articulated in this paper.
In keeping with cognitive appraisal models of emotion, it was hypothesized that sadness and anger would exert different influences on causal judgments. Two experiments provided initial support for this hypothesis. Sad Ss perceived situationally caused events as more likely (Experiment 1) and situational forces more responsible for an ambiguous even...
The showup, or presentation of a single suspect to an eyewitness, is widely believed to be a more biased and suggestive identification procedure than the lineup even though there has been no empirical work on this issue. Results suggest, however, that witnesses at a lineup are less likely to say "not there" than are witnesses at a showup. This tend...
A survey of 224 Michigan citizens called for jury duty over a 2-month period was conducted to assess the jurors' comprehension of the law they had been given in the judges' instructions. Citizens who served as jurors were compared with a base line of those who were called for duty but not selected to serve, and with those who served on different ki...
The evidence that death-qualified jurors are more likely than excluded jurors to convict is consistent, robust, and directly relevant to the issues of representativeness and conviction proneness that were before the Supreme Court in Lockhart v. McCree . There are exactly the circumstances in which an amicus brief from the APA is most appropriate. I...
Sixty-three experts on eyewitness testimony were surveyed about their courtroom experiences and opinions on various issues. There was a strong consensus indicated by an agreement rate of at least 80% that the data on the following topics are reliable enough to present in court: the wording of questions, lineup instructions, misleading postevent inf...
Previous researchers using between-subjects comparisons have found eyewitness confidence and accuracy to be only negligibly correlated. In this study, we examined the predictive power of confidence in within-subject terms. Ninety-six subjects answered, and made confidence ratings for, a series of questions about a crime they witnessed. The average...
Previous researchers using between-subjects comparisons have found eyewitness confidence and accuracy to be only negligibly correlated. In this study, we examined the predictive power of confidence in within-subject terms. Ninety-six subjects answered, and made confidence ratings for, a series of questions about a crime they witnessed. The average...
In two studies we examined the effect of questioner expertise on the error rates of subjects who were asked misleading versus unbiased questions. A total of 105 introductory psychology students watched a videotaped clip of a bank robbery and were then questioned about the crime. The questioner was represented to subjects as either highly knowledgea...
In two studies we examined the effect of questioner expertise on the error rates of subjects who were asked misleading versus unbiased questions. A total of 105 introductory psychology students watched a videotaped clip of a bank robbery and were then questioned about the crime. The questioner was represented to subjects as either highly knowledgea...
Citations
... 3. The facial feedback hypothesis holds that maintaining a facial expression promotes a corresponding feeling (e.g., smiling promotes happiness). However, systematic replication attempts yield inconclusive results (see Coles et al., 2020). 4. For instance, in their assessment of which kind of facial stimuli are employed in a corpus of psychological and neuroscientific journals from 2000 to 2020, Dawel et al. (2021) report that most articles (>70%) employ either Ekman's own dataset (roughly 30%) or three datasets of posed static pictures which employ assumption and theoretical categories that largely mirror it (including the database from which the stimuli displayed in Figure 1 have been taken). ...
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... In contexts where agency is understood as more conjoint, situation dependent, or interdependent (e.g., Japanese culture), emotions are understood to be more interdependent. When engagement with other individuals is salient, emotions are more likely to be experienced or expressed strongly (De Almeida et al., 2022), and there is a greater tendency to infer the emotions of other individuals . In contrast, in contexts where an individual's agency is viewed as more disjoint from other people and from context (e.g., North American culture), emotions tend to be understood as less interdependent. ...
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... New research directions would do well to place more attention on integrating metamemory into classical ethological and cognitive approaches. It may also be noted that a turn to metamemory resembles the beginnings of a rise of affectivism in neuropsychological research, both focusing on the functional and explanatory importance of minimally cognitive emotional-affective feelings in accounts of mental life (Dukes, Abrams, Adolphs et al., 2021). ...
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... In addition, the researcher was an ally and did not identify as LGBTQIA, limiting their understanding of lived experiences. Conversely, allying or advocating for a cause may also create a cognitive or social bias influencing the results evaluation, conduct, and communication (Ellsworth, 2021). ...
... Evidence suggests that passion and mindset are intertwined (Sigmundsson et al., 2020). Mindset beliefs appear to affect passion towards a specific activity (Chen & Ellsworth, 2019). Billieux et al. (2019) proposed that highly engaged gamers are driven by harmonious passion, while obsessive passion is closely associated with disordered gaming. ...
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... More generally, the current findings underscore the importance of manipulation checks (Fiedler et al., 2021): without independent evidence for the researchers' interpretation of the experimental manipulations, it would be premature to presume that the experimental manipulations had construct validity (see Shou & Song, 2020). Yet, one procedural limitation of the current research ironically pertains to the inclusion of the manipulation checks: because the same subjective certainty (Studies 1, 3, and 4) and subjective likelihood (Study 2) manipulation-check items were always displayed after each dilemma vignette and moral-judgment question, the manipulation check could have inadvertently interfered with participants' responses to either the moral-judgment questions or the manipulation-check items themselves (Hauser et al., 2018). For example, because they were probed about how certain they were of the dilemma outcomes after making their decisions, participants' self-reported perceptions of certainty could have either been suppressed or bolstered in a bid to rationalise their responses post-hoc, much akin to a choice-supportive bias. ...
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... Kahneman (2011) captured such findings with his WYSIATI principle: What You See Is All There Is. People tend to underappreciate how experiences can change from their mental models, from underappreciating the emergence of emotions and drive states (Campbell, O'Brien, Van Boven, Schwarz, and Ubel, 2014;Kardas and O'Brien, 2018;O'Brien and Ellsworth, 2012a;Van Boven, Loewenstein, Welch, and Dunning, 2012) to underappreciating the emergence of mundane but engrossing life events (O'Brien, Kristal, Ellsworth, and Schwarz, 2018;O'Brien and Roney, 2017;Wilson and Gilbert, 2005). That is, after experiencing an activity just once, people tend to come away with an inflated sense that they have already 'seen the whole thing, ' without fully appreciating how that same experience will be somewhat different (either in small or big ways) the next time they experience it. ...
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... Unlike most other primates, humans also have the tendency to develop relationships beyond pair bonds and kin [78]. Recent research has also shown that being well connected leads to greater personal autonomy [79], increases in motivation [80], improvements in cognitive functioning [81], and better decision making [82]. And good social skills among group members allows groups to perform better [83,84]. ...
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... It shows how the relation between valence and arousal might be influenced by the additional variable being the ambiguity (conceptualized as the uncertainty of the perceived valence; Brainerd, 2018); namely, the relation weakened within the higher states of uncertainty. This research is an example of how important it is to study ambivalence -as it is an unique emotional state with its own specificity (Berrios et al., 2015;Vaccaro et al., 2020), and though it is more rare than feeling an equivocal, unidimensional affect (Grossmann & Ellsworth, 2017), it still remains a fascinating affective phenomenon with its own consequences (Brainerd et al., 2021;Fong, 2006;Pacilli et al., 2012;Rees et al., 2013;Rothman et al., 2017). Nevertheless, just as the emotional experience and its consequences might be described in a more detailed way with the use of dimensions other than valence (as the characteristics on different dimensions -and correlations between them -bring distinctive consequences; e.g., van Hooff et al., 2008;Imbir, 2016b, differentiating the mixed emotions states by the kind of ambiguity might be similarly useful. ...
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... Some studies have found evidence for position effects in the simultaneous lineup (see Gonzalez, Davis, & Ellsworth, 1995;Sporer, 1993), but more attention needs to be devoted to the effects of ordering in the sequential lineup. Lindsay and Wells (1985;see also Sporer, 1993) reported no effect of where the suspect was placed in the sequential lineup. ...
