Philip Leifeld's research while affiliated with University of Essex and other places
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Publications (58)
Political actors participate in policy debates as an advocacy strategy to influence political opponents and public opinion. They often engage in cross-sectoral advocacy by participating in multiple adjacent debates. To investigate what factors influence cross-sectoral advocacy in policy debates, we examined advocacy coalitions in two health policy...
Since the Treaty of Lisbon, national parliamentary chambers in the European Union can issue reasoned opinions on legislative proposals by the European Commission. These individual reasoned opinions lead to a review if at least one third of all chambers raise such concerns. Hence, coordination among parliaments is key. Using advances in inferential...
Die Netzwerkanalyse ist eine Sammlung von Methoden zur Analyse von Interaktionen oder Beziehungen zwischen Akteuren. In der Politikwissenschaft finden diese Methoden breite Anwendung, da Politik häufig in Gruppenkontexten mit potenzieller gegenseitiger Relevanz der Akteure abläuft, während konventionelle Nicht-Netzwerk-Methoden die Unabhängigkeit (...
In this contribution, I will examine from a cybernetics perspective how the installation of a world government would deal with global problems and crises. At the present time, this is a merely hypothetical endeavour as the prospect of a unitary world state is akin to science fiction. Yet, both scholars and practitioners have argued that the future...
en Prominent current policy problems such as climate change, migration, or the financial crisis embrace a multitude of issues that are tackled within single‐ or multiple‐policy subsystems. However, interdependencies among actors that arise due to their multi‐issue engagement are often discounted when studying policy processes, including learning dy...
Discourse network analysis (DNA) is a combination of network analysis and qualitative content analysis. DNA has been applied to various policy processes and debates to show how policy actors are related at the discursive level, complementing coordination relations among them that are often analysed in the application of the policy networks approach...
Background and Aim
Public health policy development is subject to a range of stakeholders presenting their arguments to influence opinion on the best options for policy action. This paper compares stakeholders’ positions in the discourse networks of two pricing policy debates in the UK: Minimum Unit Pricing for alcohol (MUP) and the Soft Drinks Ind...
Politische Komplexität, Governance von Innovationen und Policy-Netzwerke stehen im Mittelpunkt des akademischen Wirkens von Professor Dr. Volker Schneider. Aus Anlass seiner Emeritierung im Sommer 2020 versammelt diese Festschrift 20 Essays mit kreativen Forschungsdesigns und innovativen Forschungsideen, die unterschiedliche Aspekte von Governance,...
Background
New methodological innovations are needed to better understand the role of complex stakeholder networks in gaining support for contested health policies. The news media provides a valuable setting for stakeholders to present arguments for and against such policies. We used two examples of UK policies, minimum unit pricing (MUP) for alcoh...
Background
On 6th April 2018, the UK Government introduced the Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL) as a policy designed to reduce population level sugar consumption and related illnesses. Given that the successful introduction of upstream food and nutrition policies is a highly political enterprise involving multiple interested parties, understanding...
Background
Public health policy development is subject to a large number of stakeholders seeking to influence government thinking on policy options. One approach is via the news media. We compare the competing discourse coalitions evident in the UK public debate across two pricing policies, Minimum Unit Pricing (MUP) for alcohol and the Soft Drinks...
Background
The media are a key influence on public and policymakers’ perceptions of the need for, and acceptability of, new policies to improve population health. In the case of Minimum Unit Pricing (MUP) for alcohol and the Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL), previous analysis suggests that an actor’s position in the network is linked to their ideol...
Background
On 6th April 2018, the UK Government introduced the Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL) as a policy designed to reduce population level sugar consumption and related illnesses. Given that the successful introduction of upstream food and nutrition policies is a highly political enterprise involving multiple interested parties, understanding...
This paper builds on recent research on polycentric governance and the Ecology of Games to understand climate politics in the USA. Complementing previous work from 2005 to 2009, we map out the ideological networks of political actors engaged in the climate policy network using data from the US Congress as an arena of symbolic interaction. Our analy...
Background: On 6th April 2018, the UK Government introduced the Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL) as a mechanism designed to address increasing prevalence of obesity and associated ill health by reducing sugar consumption. Given that the successful introduction of upstream food and nutrition policies is a highly political enterprise involving multip...
Data S1 List of publications included in the sample.
Data S2 List of actor types, colour codes, actors (organisations) and acronyms.
Data S3 List of concepts.
Data S4 Discourse Networks by Publication.
Political actors form coalitions around their joint policy beliefs in order to influence the policy process on contentious issues such as climate change or population aging. The present article explains the formation and maintenance of coalitions by focusing on the ways that actors adopt policy beliefs from other actors. A policy debate is a comple...
Die Netzwerkanalyse ist eine Sammlung von Methoden zur Analyse von Interaktionen oder Beziehungen zwischen Akteuren. In der Politikwissenschaft finden diese Methoden breite Anwendung, da Politik häufig in Gruppenkontexten mit potenzieller gegenseitiger Relevanz der Akteure abläuft, während konventionelle Nicht-Netzwerk-Methoden die Unabhängigkeit (...
In policymaking, actors are likely to take the preferences of others into account when strategically positioning themselves. However, there is a lack of research that conceives of policy preferences as an interdependent system. In order to analyse interdependencies, we link actors to their policy preferences in water protection, which results in an...
Academic collaboration in the social sciences is characterized by a polarization between hermeneutic and nomological researchers. This polarization is expressed in different publication strategies. The present article analyzes the complete co-authorship networks in a social science discipline in two separate countries over five years using an expon...
The xergm package is an implementation of extensions to the exponential random graph model (ERGM). It acts as a meta-package for multiple constituent packages. One of these packages is btergm, which implements bootstrap methods for the temporal ERGM estimated by maximum pseudolikelihood. Here, we illustrate the temporal exponential random graph mod...
The Treaty of Lisbon strengthened the role of national parliaments in the European Union. It introduced an ‘early warning system’, granting parliamentary chambers the right to reject legislative proposals by the European Commission. Previous studies assumed independence between the decisions of parliaments to reject a legislative proposal. We apply...
Background
Previous research on alcohol policy in general, and minimum unit pricing (MUP) in particular, has highlighted the importance of industry lobbying, political context, framing of policy arguments, and use of evidence, in the inception, development, and refinement of policies. Our study draws on network analysis approaches to map the discur...
International scientific assessments are transnational knowledge-based expert networks with a mandate to advise policymakers. A well-known example is the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), which synthesized research on ecosystem services between 2001 and 2005, utilizing the knowledge of 1,360 expert members. Little, however, is known about the m...
Research on social processes in the production of scientific output suggests that the collective research agenda of a discipline is influenced by its structural features, such as “invisible colleges” or “groups of collaborators” as well as academic “stars” that are embedded in, or connect, these research groups. Based on an encompassing dataset tha...
This research investigated effects of narcissism and emotional intelligence (EI) on popularity in social networks. In a longitudinal field study we examined the dynamics of popularity in 15 peer groups in two waves (N=273). We measured narcissism, ability EI, explicit and implicit self-esteem. In addition, we measured popularity at zero acquaintanc...
The last decade has seen substantial advances in statistical techniques for the analysis of network data, as well as a major increase in the frequency with which these tools are used. These techniques are designed to accomplish the same broad goal, statistically valid inference in the presence of highly interdependent relationships, but important d...
Are direct-democratic decisions more acceptable to voters than decisions arrived at through representative procedures? We conduct an experimental online vignette study with a German sample to investigate how voters’ acceptance of a political decision depends on the process through which it is reached. For a set of different issues, we investigate h...
Co-authorship is an important indicator of scientific collaboration. Co-authorship networks are composed of sub-communities, and researchers can gain visibility by connecting these insulated subgroups. This article presents a comprehensive co-authorship network analysis of Swiss political science. Three levels are addressed: disciplinary cohesion a...
Policy forums are issue-based intermediary organizations where diverse types of political and societal actors repeatedly interact. Policy forums are important elements of modern governance systems as they allow actors to learn, negotiate, or build trust. They can vary in composition, size, membership logic, and other distinct features. This article...
The temporal exponential random graph model (TERGM) and the stochastic
actor-oriented model (SAOM, e.g., SIENA) are popular models for longitudinal
network analysis. We compare these models theoretically, via simulation, and
through a real-data example in order to assess their relative strengths and
weaknesses. Though one cannot make a general clai...
Political discourse is the verbal interaction between political actors in a policy domain. This article explains the formation of polarized advocacy or discourse coalitions in this complex phenomenon by presenting a dynamic, stochastic, and discrete agent-based model based on graph theory and local optimization. In a series of thought experiments,...
The central assumption in the literature on collaborative networks and policy networks is that political outcomes are affected
by a variety of state and nonstate actors. Some of these actors are more powerful than others and can therefore have a considerable
effect on decision making. In this article, we seek to provide a structural and institution...
A recurrent task in applied statistics is the (mostly manual) preparation of model output for inclusion in LATEX, Microsoft Word, or HTML documents - usually with more than one model presented in a single table along with several goodness-of-fit statistics. However, statistical models in R have diverse object structures and summary methods, which m...
How does major policy change come about? This article identifies and rectifies weaknesses in the conceptualization of innovative policy change in the Advocacy Coalition Framework. In a case study of policy belief change preceding an innovative reform in the German subsystem of old‐age security, important new aspects of major policy change are carve...
Are decisions by political parties more or less accepted than direct-democratic decisions? The literature on parties as brand names or labels suggests that the existence of political parties lowers information and transaction costs of voters by providing ideological packages. Building on this important argument, we posit that this informational rat...
How do we understand political polarization within the U.S. climate change debate? This article unpacks the different components of the debate to determine the source of the political divide that is so noted in the mainstream media and academic literatures. Through analysis of the content of congressional hearings on the issue of climate change, we...
Information exchange in policy networks is usually attributed to preference similarity, influence reputation, social trust, and institutional actor roles. We suggest that political opportunity structures and transaction costs play another crucial role and estimate a rich statistical network model on tie formation in the German toxic chemicals polic...
How do we understand national climate change politics in the United States? Using a methodological innovation in network analysis, this paper analyzes discussions about the issue within the US Congress. Through this analysis, the ideological relationships among speakers providing Congressional testimony on the issue of climate change are mapped. Fo...
In 2005, the European Parliament rejected the directive ‘on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions’, which had been drafted and supported by the European Commission, the Council and well-organised industrial interests, with an overwhelming majority. In this unusual case, a coalition of opponents of software patents prevailed over a st...
Information exchange in policy networks is usually attributed to preference similarity, influence reputation, social trust and institutional actor roles. We suggest that political opportunity structures and transaction costs play another crucial role and estimate a rich statistical network model on tie formation in the German toxic chemicals policy...
The study of policy discourse comprises actor-centered and content-oriented approaches. We attempt to close the gap between the two kinds of approaches by introducing a new methodology for the analysis of political discourse called Discourse Network Analysis. It is based on social network analysis and qualitative content analysis and takes an entir...
Die Entdeckung, dass Denksysteme, Ideologien, Überzeugungen, Normen und Werte in der Politik allgemein und in politischen
Entscheidungsprozessen im Besonderen eine bedeutende Rolle spielen, ist wahrlich nicht neu. Bedeutende Strömungen der politischen
Philosophie – von den alten Griechen bis zum deutschen Idealismus – sind maßgeblich von dieser Gru...
Wie in vielen anderen sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschungsfeldern kann die Analyse sozialer und politischer Netzwerke nicht
auf einer einzigen, umfassenden Theorie basieren. Stattdessen gibt es ein Spektrum an Ansätzen, die sich in den vergangenen
Jahrzehnten entwickelt und gegenseitig bedingt haben. Während der „holistische“ Strukturfunktionalismus...
Seit der Publikation der ersten formalen Policy-Netzwerkanalysen in den 1970er Jahren (z. B. Laumann und Pappi 1976) sind
ca. 200 quantitative Anwendungen sowie mehrere hundert qualitative oder vergleichende Netzwerkanalysen in der Politikwissenschaft
erschienen. Die Untersuchungseinheiten und Politikfelder sind dabei so vielfältig wie die angewend...
Die Frage nach der Wirkungsweise von Akteurskonstellationen auf den Politikprozess ist nicht neu, aber immer noch aktuell (Raab/Kenis 2006). Bereits in den 1940er Jahren wurden mit dem Aufkommen des Pluralismusansatzes sowohl die Wettbewerbsbeziehungen zwischen organisierten Interessen betont als auch die horizontale Verflechtung von Regierung, Adm...
The 1160 publications presented here have been tagged according to (1) their type of publication (review article; theoretical contribution; quantitative network analysis; qualitative or comparative analysis; methodology or computational models), (2) their area of inquiry or policy sector (e.g. democracy, globalization, environmental policy etc.) an...
Citations
... We also include a memory term, which indicates whether donors have given adaptation aid to the same recipients in the previous year. The term increases in size the less the network changes over the years (Leifeld and Cranmer, 2015). The memory term thus examines whether network ties from previous periods influence network formation in later years. ...
... With their focus on link prediction to detect reciprocity, transitivity or homophily they are less suited to study systemic properties of social systems, such as resilience. Computational issues, in particular scalability, assumptions about utility maximization of actors and problems in model specification prevent a broader range of applications [102]. ...
... Few existing applications of IRT evaluate underlying latent relationships between policy problems and solutions (Leifeld et al., 2021), and we are unaware of any such efforts in the environmental governance context. Instead, application of IRT to environmental topics has focused on comparison of environmental attitudes, perceptions, and sustainability between countries (Rodríguez-Casallas et al., 2020), populations (Vincenzi et al., 2018), and industries (Trierweiller et al., 2013). ...
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... The first parliamentary future institution was established in the 1990s, with the others created since the turn of the millennium, suggesting the possibility of organizational diffusion. The diffusion of policies and organizations has attracted broad attention, with scholars studying, for example, the diffusion of democratic institutions (Brinks and Coppedge, 2006;Gleditsch, 2002), diffusion of ideas among parliaments (Malang and Leifeld, 2021), diffusion among international organizations (Sommerer and Tallberg, 2019) or in policy documents like party manifestos (Böhmelt et al., 2016). 2 We also recognize policy transfer literature, which puts more emphasis on agency (Marsh and Sharman, 2009). ...
... By doing so, this research builds on the premise that the study of policy integration is not isolated from developments in the policy sciences and that the concepts, theories, and frameworks of the policy process are relevant for research on this topic. Specifically, these papers continue recent work focusing on the political dynamics of policy integration, such as the study of political interactions between policy subsystems (e.g., Brandenberger et al. 2022;Metz et al. 2020), or broader institutional aspects of policy integration (Trein and Maggetti 2020;Trein et al. 2021b). ...
Reference: Policy Integration as a Political Process
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... One example of automated discourse analysis is Discourse Network Analysis (Leifeld, 2016). ...
... Terdapat beberapa negara yang menerapkan pemungutan berupa pajak maupun cukai, diantaranya UK dengan SDIL (Soft Drinks Industry Levy) yang menggunakan pemungutan berupa pajak pada tahun 2018 (Buckton, et al: 2019). Pungutan berupa pajak ini juga dilakukan di Meksiko sejak 2013 dengan Sugar-sweetened Beverages Tax, yang diikuti juga oleh 23 negara dan delapan yurisdiksi di Amerika Serikat (James, et al: 2020), sedangkan negara dengan pemungutan berupa cukai adalah Arab Saudi, Uni Emirat Arab serta Bahrain pada tahun 2017 dan kemudian diikuti oleh Qatar dan Oman pada 2019 (Alsukait, et al: 2020), selain itu Meksiko, Perancis, Denmark dan Barkeley juga menggunakan pemungutan berupa cukai (Falbe, et al: 2015). ...
... DNA studies have explored a diverse range of policy debates in different domains, topics and arenas including debates in national newspapers regarding the German pension system (Leifeld, 2013) and, in the United Kingdom, the Soft Drinks Industry Levy (Buckton et al., 2019) and the Minimum Unit Price on alcohol Hilton et al., 2020). In the environmental domain, DNA studies have largely investigated climate change discourses in arenas such as sessions of the US Congress (Fisher et al., 2013;Fisher & Leifeld, 2019), verbatim reports of proceedings from the Italian parliament (Ghinoi & Steiner, 2020), testimonies on law proposals in Finland , and stakeholder statements in Finnish and Canadian newspapers . ...
... Thus, discourse network analysis aims to use the toolbox of network analysis to analyze the structure of political discourses and infer their generative processes (Leifeld, 2016). At a methodological level, discourse network analysis combines qualitative content analysis with quantitative social network analysis (e.g., Fisher & Leifeld, 2019). It displays the actors, the concepts, and the related stance (topics) they express as well as the relationship between the actors, the concepts, and between actors and concepts. ...
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... To account for possible inconsistency between coders, inter-coder reliability checks were carried out fortnightly via test coding rounds. The coding of selected articles was compared, coding decisions were discussed, potential ambiguities were resolved, and the codebook was adapted accordingly (for a similar approach, see [34,66]). ...
