Ph.D. Ruth M. Feeley’s research while affiliated with University of Georgia and other places

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Publications (6)


Folate content of human milk during early lactational stages
  • Article

May 1984

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9 Reads

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13 Citations

Nutrition Research

Ph.D. Ronald R. Eitenmiller

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Wonda D. Bryan

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Ph.D. Indra K. Khalsa

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Ph.D. Ruth M. Feeley

Folate content of human milk was determined in early transitional milk (4–7 days postpartum), transitional milk (10–14 days postpartum) and mature milk (36–45 days postpartum). Mature milk contained a mean total folate level of 4.9 μg/100 g. No diurnal variations were observed. At each stage, total folate was significantly higher (p<.05) than free folate. As lactation progressed to the mature milk stage, both free and total folate increased significantly (p<.05). The percentage of folate in the free form decreased as length of lactation increased. Based on folate levels determined in this study, a one month old breast-fed infant would have a folate intake of 6.7 μg/kg/day which is somewhat higher than the recommended dietary allowance for infants of 5 μg/kg/day.


Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Contents of Human Milk During Early Lactation

June 1983

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10 Reads

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44 Citations

Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Early milk samples from 102 American mothers were examined for Ca, P, and Mg contents in relation to stage of lactation, intake of prenatal mineral supplements, maternal age, parity, and previous history of lactation. A total of 415 samples were collected at three stages of lactation: early transitional (4-7 days postpartum); transitional (10-14 days postpartum); and mature (30-45 days postpartum). No diurnal variations in element concentrations were observed in representative samples of late evening (PM) and early morning (AM) feedings collected during the transitional and mature stages. The mean concentrations for the major elements were highest in early transitional milk and in some cases decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) as lactation progressed. Ca, P, and Mg contents (means +/- SEM) were 26.3 +/- 0.6, 14.6 +/- 0.4, 5.3 +/- 0.1 mg/100 g in early transitional milk and 26.2 +/- 0.5, 13.3 +/- 0.3, and 5.0 +/- 0.1 in mature milk, respectively. Increasing uniformity in the elemental content of milk was noted among the mothers as lactation became established. No significant relationship was found between intake of dietary supplements containing Ca and Mg and levels of these elements in milk. Also, no significant correlations were found between maternal age, parity, or previous history of lactation and the elemental content of milk. From these data, it was estimated that fully breast-fed infants would receive approximately 33, 18, and 6.5 mg/kg/day of Ca, P, and Mg, respectively, during the neonatal period.


Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Contents of Human Milk During Early Lactation

May 1983

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4 Citations

Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Early milk samples from 102 American mothers were examined for Ca, P, and Mg contents in relation to stage of lactation, intake of prenatal mineral supplements, maternal age, parity, and previous history of lactation. A total of 415 samples were collected at three stages of lactation: early transitional (4–7 days postpartum): transitional (10–14 days postpartum): and mature (30–45 days postpartum). No diurnal variations in element concentrations were observed in representative samples of late evening (PM) and early morning (AM) feedings collected during the transitional and mature stages. The mean concentrations for the major elements were highest in early transitional milk and in some cases decreased significantly (p < 0.05) as lactation progressed. Ca, P, and Mg contents (means ± SEM) were 26.3 ± 0.6., 14.6 ± 0.4, 5.3 ± 0.1 mg/100 g in early transitional milk and 26.2 ± 0.5, 13.3 ± 0.3, and 5.0 ± 0.1 in mature milk, respectively. Increasing uniformity in the elemental content of milk was noted among the mothers as lactation became established. No significant relationship was found between intake of dietary supplements containing Ca and Mg and levels of these elements in milk. Also, no significant correlations were found between maternal age, parity, or previous history of lactation and the elemental content of milk. From these data, it was estimated that fully breast‐fed infants would receive approximately 33, 18, and 6.5 mg/kg/day of Ca, P, and Mg, respectively, during the neonatal period.


Copper, Iron, and Zinc contents of human milk at early stages of lactation

April 1983

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22 Reads

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138 Citations

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

The Cu, Fe, and Zn contents of early milk from 102 American mothers were examined in relation to stage of lactation, intake of prenatal mineral supplements, maternal age, parity, and previous history of lactation. A total of 412 samples was collected at three stages of lactation: early transitional (4 to 7 days postpartum); transitional (10 to 14 days postpartum); and mature (30 to 45 days postpartum). For the transitional and mature stages, representative samples of late evening (PM) and early morning (AM) feedings were collected. Diurnal variation in concentration was observed only for Fe. Concentrations of all elements decreased significantly at successive stages of lactation with Zn showing the greatest decline. Cu, Fe, and Zn contents (means +/- SEM) were 104.1 +/- 5.4, 96.5 +/- 6.5, and 520 +/- 20 micrograms/100 g in early transitional milk; 93.9 +/- 3.6, 85.4 +/- 4.5, and 410 +/- 10 micrograms/100 g in transitional milk, and 84.7 +/- 3.8, 76.1 +/- 3.8, and 290 +/- 10 micrograms/100 g in mature milk, respectively. No significant relationship was found between levels of Cu and Zn in milk and whether mothers had taken dietary supplements containing these elements. In addition, no significant correlations were found between maternal age, parity, or previous history of lactation and the elemental content of milk. Based on these data, it was estimated that fully breast-fed infants would receive approximately 0.11, 0.10, and 0.50 mg/kg per day of Cu, Fe, and Zn, respectively, during the neonatal period.


Biotin content of human milk during early lactational stages

September 1982

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5 Reads

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16 Citations

Nutrition Research

M.S. Sara J. Goldsmith

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Ph.D. Ronald R. Eitenmiller

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Ph.D. Ruth M. Feeley

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[...]

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Frances C. Maddox

In order to expand and update the nutritional information of human milk, the biotin content was determined in early transitional (three to eight days postpartum), transitional (10 to 14 days postpartum), and mature (30 to 47 days postpartum) human milk from 84 donors. The women ranged in age from 16 to 38 years. The biotin level increased significantly (P<.01) as time postpartum increased from 0.07 μg/100 g at the early transitional stage to 0.30 and 0.47 μg/100 g at the transitional and mature stages, respectively. Early morning and late evening samples were collected at the transitional and mature stages; however, no significant diurnal variations were observed.


Copper, iron, and zinc contents of human milk at early stages of

2 Reads

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1 Citation

The Cu, Fe, and Zn contents of early milk from 102 American mothers were examined in relation to stage of lactation, intake of prenatal mineral supplements, maternal age, parity, and previous history of lactation. A total of 412 samples was collected at three stages of lactation: early transitional (4 to 7 days postpartum); transitional (10 to 14 days postpartum); and mature (30 to 45 days postpartum). For the transitional and mature stages, representative samples of late evening (PM) and early morning (AM) feedings were collected. Diurnal variation in concentration was observed only for Fe. Concentrations of all elements decreased significantly at successive stages of lactation with Zn showing the greatest decline. Cu, Fe, and Zn contents (means ± SEM) were 104.1 ± 5.4, 96.5 ± 6.5, and 520 ± 20 �zg/l00 g in early transitional milk; 93.9 ± 3.6, 85.4 ± 4.5, and 410 ± 10 �tg/l00 g in transitional milk, and 84.7 ± 3.8, 76.1 ± 3.8, and 290 ± 10 �tg/l00 g in mature milk, respectively. No significant relationship was found between levels of Cu and Zn in milk and whether mothers had taken dietary supplements containing these elements. In addition, no significant correlations were found between maternal age, parity, or previous history of lactation and the elemental content of milk. Based on these data, it was estimated that fully breast-fed infants would receive approximately 0.11, 0.10, and 0.50 mg/kg per day of Cu, Fe, and Zn, respectively, during the neonatal period. Am J Clin Nutr l983;37:443-448.

Citations (5)


... Calcium is a critical mineral for infant development, particularly for bone growth and mineralization, as well as for muscle function and nerve signaling [65][66][67][68][69]83]. The variability in calcium concentrations observed in this study likely reflects individual differences in maternal diet, calcium supplementation, and the stage of lactation, all of which can influence the amount of calcium present in breast milk. ...

Reference:

Determination of Minor and Trace Elements in Breast Milk of Lactating Mothers in Early Lactation from Tehran, Iran Using Neutron Activation Analysis Method
Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Contents of Human Milk During Early Lactation
  • Citing Article
  • May 1983

Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition

... Biotin analyses in milk have been carried out by microbiological and sequential solid-phase assays. Microbiological approaches regularly use L. arabinosus and L. plantarum as test organisms (12,18,43,123,124,132). Growth-stimulating compounds such as oleic and aspartic acid can interfere with the determination, resulting in overestimated concentrations (133). ...

Biotin content of human milk during early lactational stages
  • Citing Article
  • September 1982

Nutrition Research

... Other microorganisms used include Streptococcus faecalis, Pediococcus cerevisiae, and Lactobacillus casei. These bacteria possess differential responses to the different folate vitamers, allowing differential analysis of folate forms in human milk (12,54,74,98,(105)(106)(107)(108)(109)(110)(111)(112)(113)(114)(115)(116)(117)(118). More recent studies used α-amylase and protease in addition to the folate conjugase to aid in the liberation of the vitamin, which results in higher concentrations. ...

Folate content of human milk during early lactational stages
  • Citing Article
  • May 1984

Nutrition Research

... In brief, Osredkar et al. (2022) from Slovenia showed distributions that were very consistent with our results. In addition, several studies suggested that micronutrients as Zn and Cu also vary in breast milk during different stages of breastfeeding, with concentrations that decreased significantly at successive stages of lactation (Feeley et al., 1983;Maeda et al., 1990;Wasowicz et al., 2001). The same trend of decreasing of both Zn and Cu serum concentration has been seen in postpartum mothers, in different stages after delivery (Maeda et al., 1990). ...

Copper, Iron, and Zinc contents of human milk at early stages of lactation
  • Citing Article
  • April 1983

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

... Although our obtained mean value for Mg in colostrum milk was the least among those reported worldwide, it still fell within the 20 -40 mg/L range reported by Dorea. Research indicates that breast milk Mg levels are unaffected by dietary intake or supplementation by the mother, nor vary with length of gestation, maternal metabolic disorder, race, parity, lactation history, oral contraceptive use or smoking (Dórea, 2000;Feeley, Eitenmiller, Jr, & Barnhart, 1983). ...

Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Contents of Human Milk During Early Lactation
  • Citing Article
  • June 1983

Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition