Peter S. Kim's research while affiliated with The University of Sydney and other places
What is this page?
This page lists the scientific contributions of an author, who either does not have a ResearchGate profile, or has not yet added these contributions to their profile.
It was automatically created by ResearchGate to create a record of this author's body of work. We create such pages to advance our goal of creating and maintaining the most comprehensive scientific repository possible. In doing so, we process publicly available (personal) data relating to the author as a member of the scientific community.
If you're a ResearchGate member, you can follow this page to keep up with this author's work.
If you are this author, and you don't want us to display this page anymore, please let us know.
It was automatically created by ResearchGate to create a record of this author's body of work. We create such pages to advance our goal of creating and maintaining the most comprehensive scientific repository possible. In doing so, we process publicly available (personal) data relating to the author as a member of the scientific community.
If you're a ResearchGate member, you can follow this page to keep up with this author's work.
If you are this author, and you don't want us to display this page anymore, please let us know.
Publications (81)
The prognosis for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients has not significantly improved in the past 3 decades, highlighting the need for more effective treatment approaches. Poor patient outcomes and lack of response to therapy can be attributed, in part, to a lack of uptake of perfusion of systemically administered chemotherapeutic drugs...
Solid tumours develop much like a fortress, acquiring characteristics that protect them against invasion. A common trait observed in solid tumours is the synthesis of excess collagen which traps therapeutic agents, resulting in a lack of dispersion of treatment within the tumour mass. In most tumours, this results in only a localised treatment. Oft...
When we examine the life history of humans against our closest primate relatives, the other great apes, there is notably a greater longevity in humans which includes a distinctive postmenopausal life stage, leading to the question, “How did human females evolve to have old-age infertility?” In their paper “Mate choice and the origin of menopause” (...
The prognosis for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients has not significantly improved in the past 3 decades, highlighting the need for more effective treatment approaches. Poor patient outcomes and lack of response to therapy can be attributed, in part, to the dense, fibrotic nature of PDAC tumours, which impedes the uptake of systemica...
A model capturing the dynamics between virus and tumour cells in the context of oncolytic virotherapy is presented and analysed. The ability of the virus to be internalised by uninfected cells is described by an infectivity parameter, which is inferred from available experimental data. The parameter is also able to describe the effects of changes i...
The clonal expansion of T cells during an infection is tightly regulated to ensure an appropriate immune response against invading pathogens. Although experiments have mapped the trajectory from expansion to contraction, the interplay between mechanisms that control this response are not fully understood. Based on experimental data, we propose a mo...
We introduce a set of ordinary differential equations (ODE) that qualitatively reproduces delayed responses observed in immune checkpoint blockade therapy (e.g. anti-CTLA-4 Ipilimumab). This type of immunotherapy has been at the forefront of novel and promising cancer treatments over the past decade and was recognised by the 2018 Nobel Prize in Med...
We introduce a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that qualitatively reproduce delayed responses observed in immune checkpoint blockade therapy (e.g. anti-CTLA-4 ipilimumab). This type of immunotherapy has been at the forefront of novel and promising cancer treatments over the past decade and was recognised by the 2018 Nobel Prize in Med...
Paternal care is unusual among primates; in most species males compete with one another for the acquisition of mates and leave the raising of offspring to the mothers. Callitrichids defy this trend with both fathers and older siblings contributing to the care of offspring. We extend a two-strategy population model (paternal care versus male-male co...
We present a mathematical model describing oncolytic virotherapy treatment of a tumour that proliferates according to a Gompertz growth function. We present local stability analysis and bifurcation plots for relevant model parameters to investigate the typical dynamical regimes that the model allows. The model shows a singular equilibrium and a num...
Cancer development is driven by mutations and selective forces, including the action of the immune system and interspecific competition. When administered to patients, anti-cancer therapies affect the development and dynamics of tumours, possibly with various degrees of resistance due to immunoediting and microenvironment. Tumours are able to expre...
We propose a mathematical model to investigate the early outbreak of COVID-19 in Malaysia. The model emphasizes the role of the government’s Movement Control Orders (MCOs) as population-wide lockdown measures and the potential benefit of mass testing on disease spread. We fit this model to the reported active COVID-19 cases to estimate model parame...
The clonal expansion of T cells during an infection is tightly regulated to ensure an appropriate immune response against invading pathogens. Although experiments have mapped the trajectory from expansion to contraction, the interplay between mechanisms that control this response is not fully understood. Based on experimental data, we propose a mod...
T cells protect the body from cancer by recognising tumour-associated antigens. Recognising these antigens depends on multiple factors, one of which is T cell avidity, i.e., the total interaction strength between a T cell and a cancer cell. While both high- and low-avidity T cells can kill cancer cells, durable anti-cancer immune responses require...
T cells protect the body from cancer by recognising tumour-associated antigens. Recognising these antigens depends on multiple factors, one of which is T cell avidity, i.e., the total interaction strength between a T cell and a cancer cell. While both high- and low-avidity T cells can kill cancer cells, durable anti-cancer immune responses require...
A model capturing the dynamics between virus and tumour cells in the context of oncolytic virotherapy is presented and analysed. The ability of the virus to be internalised by uninfected cells is described by an infectivity parameter, which is inferred from available experimental data. The parameter is also able to describe the effects of changes i...
Therapeutic vaccines can elicit tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), but durable reductions in tumor burden require vaccines that stimulate high-avidity CTLs. Recent advances in immunotherapy responses have led to renewed interest in vaccine approaches, including dendritic cell vaccine strategies. However, dendritic cell requirements for...
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell and owing to their unique energetic demands, heart muscles contain a high density of mitochondria. In conditions such as heart failure and diabetes-induced heart disease, changes in the organization of cardiac mitochondria are common. While recent studies have also shown that cardiac mitochondria split an...
The question of why males invest more into competition than offspring care is an age-old problem in evolutionary biology. On the one hand, paternal care could increase the fraction of offspring surviving to maturity. On the other hand, competition could increase the likelihood of more paternities and thus the relative number of offspring produced....
Therapeutic vaccines can elicit tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), but durable reductions in tumor burden require vaccines that stimulate high-avidity CTLs. Recent advances in immunotherapy responses have led to renewed interest in vaccine approaches, including dendritic cell vaccine strategies. However, dendritic cell requirements for...
Sustained-release delivery systems, such as hydrogels, significantly improve cancer therapies by extending the treatment efficacy and avoiding excess wash-out. Combined virotherapy and immunotherapy (viro-immunotherapy) is naturally improved by these sustained-release systems, as it relies on the continual stimulation of the antitumour immune respo...
Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising cancer treatment that harnesses the power of viruses. Through genetic engineering, these viruses are cultivated to infect and destroy cancer cells. While this therapy has shown success in a range of clinical trials, an open problem in the field is to determine more effective perturbations of these viruses. In th...
Oncolytic virotherapy is an experimental cancer treatment that uses genetically engineered viruses to target and kill cancer cells. One major limitation of this treatment is that virus particles are rapidly cleared by the immune system, preventing them from arriving at the tumour site. To improve virus survival and infectivity modified virus partic...
Therapeutic cancer vaccines often do not substantially reduce tumour burden, despite stimulating anti-tumour cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Recent experiments have shown that the majority of vaccine-elicited CTLs may be of low-avidity. Moreover, low-avidity CTLs, which are abundant, do not kill cancer cells and potentially inhibit the ability of h...
Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising cancer treatment using genetically modified viruses. Unfortunately, virus particles rapidly decay inside the body, significantly hindering their efficacy. In this article, treatment perturbations that could overcome obstacles to oncolytic virotherapy are investigated through the development of a Voronoi Cell-Bas...
Cancer development is driven by mutations and selective forces, including the action of the immune system and interspecific competition. When administered to patients, anti-cancer therapies affect the development and dynamics of tumours, possibly with various degrees of resistance due to immunoediting and microenvironment. Tumours are able to expre...
Oncolytic viruses are genetically engineered to treat growing tumours and represent a very promising therapeutic strategy. Using a Gompertz growth law, we discuss a model that captures the in vivo dynamics of a cancer under treatment with an oncolytic virus. With the aid of local stability analysis and bifurcation plots, the typical interactions be...
Great apes, the other living members of our hominid family, become decrepit before the age of forty and rarely outlive their fertile years. In contrast, women - even in high mortality hunter-gatherer populations - usually remain healthy and productive well beyond menopause. The grandmother hypothesis aims to account for the evolution of this distin...
We use a two-sex partial differential equation (PDE) model based on the Grandmother Hypothesis. We build on an earlier model by Kim et al. [27] by allowing for evolution in both longevity and age at last birth, and also assuming that post-fertile females support only their daughters' fertility. Similarly to Kim et al. [27], we find that only two lo...
To be successful, junior faculty must properly manage their time in the face of expanding responsibilities. One such responsibility is supervising undergraduate research projects. Student research projects (either single or multi-student) can be undertaken as a full-time summer experience, or as a part-time academic year commitment. With many poten...
The adult sex ratio (ASR) is defined as the number of fertile males divided by the number of fertile females in a population. We build an ODE model with minimal age structure, in which males compete for paternities using either a multiple-mating or searching-then-guarding strategy, to investigate the value of ASR as an index for predicting which st...
Great apes, the other living members of our hominid family, become decrepit before the age of forty and rarely outlive their fertile years. In contrast, women – even in high mortality hunter-gatherer populations – usually remain healthy and productive well beyond menopause. The grandmother hypothesis aims to account for the evolution of this distin...
The use of viruses as a cancer treatment is becoming increasingly more robust; however, there is still a long way to go before a completely successful treatment is formulated. One major challenge in the field is to select which virus, out of a burgeoning number of oncolytic viruses and engineered derivatives, can maximise both treatment spread and...
Oncolytic virotherapy is an experimental cancer treatment that uses genetically engineered viruses to target and kill cancer cells. One major limitation of this treatment is that virus particles are rapidly cleared by the immune system, preventing them from arriving at the tumour site. To improve virus survival and infectivity Kim et al. (Biomateri...
Combined virotherapy and immunotherapy has been emerging as a promising and effective cancer treatment for some time. Intratumoural injections of an oncolytic virus instigate an immune reaction in the host, resulting in an influx of immune cells to the tumour site. Through combining an oncolytic viral vector with immunostimulatory cytokines an addi...
In recent years, interest in the capability of virus particles as a treatment for cancer has increased. In this work, we present a mathematical model embodying the interaction between tumour cells and virus particles engineered to infect and destroy cancerous tissue. To quantify the effectiveness of oncolytic virotherapy, we conduct a local stabili...
Men's provisioning of mates and offspring has been central to ideas about human evolution because paternal provisioning is absent in our closest evolutionary cousins, the great apes, and is widely assumed to result in pair bonding, which distinguishes us from them. Yet mathematical modelling has shown that paternal care does not readily spread in p...
Respiratory viral infections are common in the general population and one of the most important causes of asthma aggravation and exacerbation. Despite many studies, it is not well understood how viral infections cause more severe symptoms and exacerbations in asthmatics. We develop a mathematical model of two types of macrophages that play compleme...
We present a mathematical simplification for the evolutionary dynamics of a heritable trait within a two-sex population. This trait is assumed to control the timing of sex-specific life-history events, such as the age of sexual maturity and end of female fertility, and each sex has a distinct fitness trade-off associated with the trait. We provide...
Influential models of male reproductive strategies have often ignored the importance of mate guarding, focusing instead on trade-offs between fitness gained through care for dependants in a pair bond versus fitness from continued competition for additional mates. Here we follow suggestions that mate guarding is a distinct alternative strategy that...
In this paper, we study the influence of the mortality trade-off in a cane-toad equation, a nonlocal reaction-diffusion-mutation equation modelling the invasion of cane toads in Australia that has attracted attention recently. The population of toads is structured by a phenotypical trait that governs the spatial diffusion. We are concerned with the...
To be successful, junior faculty must properly manage their time in the face of expanding responsibilities. One such responsibility is supervising undergraduate research projects. Student research projects (either single or multi-student) can be undertaken as a full-time summer experience, or as a part-time academic year commitment. With many poten...
We present a three-dimensional model simulating the dynamics of an anti-cancer T-cell response against a small, avascular, early-stage tumour. Interactions at the tumour site are accounted for using an agent-based model (ABM), while immune cell dynamics in the lymph node are modelled as a system of delay differential equations (DDEs). We combine th...
Numerous studies have examined the growth dynamics of Wolbachia within populations and the resultant rate of spatial spread. This spread is typically characterised as a travelling wave with bistable local growth dynamics due to a strong Allee effect generated from cytoplasmic incompatibility. While this rate of spread has been calculated from numer...
We use a two-sex partial differential equation (PDE) model based on the Grandmother Hypothesis. We build on an earlier model by Kim et al. (2014) by allowing for evolution in both longevity and age at last birth, and also assuming that post-fertile females support only their daughters' fertility. Similarly to Kim et al. (2014), we find that only tw...
Introduced pathogens and other parasites are often implicated in host population-level declines and extinctions. However, such claims are rarely supported by rigorous real-time data. Indeed, the threat of introduced parasites often goes unnoticed until after host populations have declined severely. The recent introduction of the parasitic nest fly,...
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are used to treat cancer, as they selectively replicate inside of and lyse tumor cells. The efficacy of this process is limited and new OVs are being designed to mediate tumor cell release of cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules, which attract cytotoxic T cells to target tumor cells, thus increasing the tumor-killing effec...
Significance
Pair bonds are universal in human societies and distinguish us from our closest living relatives. They characteristically involve men’s proprietary claims over women—mate guarding—which in animals generally is both predicted and observed to be more frequent when sex ratios in the fertile ages are male-biased. A marked male bias in the...
The past century's description of oncolytic virotherapy as a cancer treatment involving specially-engineered viruses that exploit immune deficiencies to selectively lyse cancer cells is no longer adequate. Some of the most promising therapeutic candidates are now being engineered to produce immunostimulatory factors, such as cytokines and co-stimul...
Immunotherapy is a newly emerging approach to cancer treatment that seeks to stimulate a body’s immune defenses, especially T cells, to combat and potentially eliminate tumors. Relevant tumor–immune interactions depend on stochasticity, since the dynamics involve a small and decreasing number of cells, and spatiotemporal heterogeneity, since the dy...
In this study, we use a spatially implicit, stage-structured model to evaluate marine reserve effectiveness for a fish population exhibiting depensatory (strong Allee) effects in its dynamics. We examine the stability and sensitivity of the equilibria of the modelled system with regards to key system parameters and find that for a reasonable set of...
We present a mathematical model based on the Grandmother Hypothesis to simulate how human post-menopausal longevity could have evolved as ancestral grandmothers began to assist the reproductive success of younger females by provisioning grandchildren. Grandmothers' help would allow mothers to give birth to subsequent offspring sooner without riskin...
There have been numerous empirical studies on the fitness consequences of behavioural syndromes in various animal taxa; however, the ecological and evolutionary implications on a population level are still poorly understood. To better understand these implications, we develop a non-linear age-structured mathematical model to qualitatively examine t...
Parasite biomass and microvasculature obstruction are strongly associated with disease severity and death in Plasmodium falciparum-infected humans. This is related to sequestration of mature, blood-stage parasites (schizonts) in peripheral tissue. The
prevailing view is that schizont sequestration leads to an increase in pathogen biomass, yet direc...
This paper uses a reaction-diffusion approach to examine the dynamics in the spread of a Wolbachia infection within a population of mosquitoes in a homogeneous environment. The formulated model builds upon an earlier model by Skalski and Gilliam (Am. Nat. 161(3):441-458, 2003), which incorporates a slow and fast dispersal mode. This generates a fas...
Rhinoviruses, consisting of well over one hundred serotypes that cause a plurality of common colds, are completely cleared by the host immune system after causing minimal cell death, but often without inducing long-term immune memory. We develop mathematical models of two kinds of rhinoviruses, the major group and minor group, that use different re...
In this chapter we overview our recent work on mathematical models for the regulation of the primary immune response to viral infections and immunodominance. The primary immune response to a viral infection can be very rapid, yet transient. Prior to such a response, potentially reactive T cells wait in lymph nodes until stimulated. Upon stimulation...
Postmenopausal longevity may have evolved in our lineage when ancestral grandmothers subsidized their daughters' fertility by provisioning grandchildren, but the verbal hypothesis has lacked mathematical support until now. Here, we present a formal simulation in which life spans similar to those of modern chimpanzees lengthen into the modern human...
A next generation approach to cancer envisions developing preventative vaccinations to stimulate a person's immune cells, particularly cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), to eliminate incipient tumors before clinical detection. The purpose of our study is to quantitatively assess whether such an approach would be feasible, and if so, how many anti-canc...
Oncolytic viruses preferentially infect and replicate in cancerous cells, leading to elimination of tumour populations, while sparing most healthy cells. Here, we study the cell cycle-specific activity of viruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). In spite of its capacity as a robust cytolytic agent, VSV cannot effectively attack certain tum...
This paper focuses on the stability analysis of a delay differential system encountered in modelling immune dynamics during Imatinib treatment for chronic myelogenous leukemia. A simple algorithm is proposed for the analysis of delay effects on the stability. Such an algorithm takes advantage of the particular structure of the dynamical interconnec...
Although imatinib is an effective treatment for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and nearly all patients treated with imatinib attain some form of remission, imatinib does not completely eliminate leukemia. Moreover, if the imatinib treatment is stopped, most patients eventually relapse (Cortes et al. in Clin. Cancer Res. 11:3425-3432, 2005). In...
We model the stages of a T cell response from initial activation to T cell expansion and contraction using a system of ordinary differential equations. Results of this modeling suggest that state transitions enable the T cell population to detect change and respond effectively to changes in antigen stimulation levels, rather than simply the presenc...
Kachel et al . [[1][1]] conclude from simulations of their agent-based model that fitness benefits from helpful grandmothers do not select for increased longevity. We studied their assumptions and model, ran further simulations and found flaws that are fatal to their test.
Here, we explain four
Immunodominance refers to the phenomenon in which simultaneous T cell responses against multiple target epitopes organize themselves into distinct and reproducible hierarchies. In many cases, eliminating the response to the most dominant epitope allows responses to subdominant epitopes to expand more fully. The mechanism that drives immunodominance...
We analyze the asymptotic behavior of a partial differential equation (PDE) model for hematopoiesis. This PDE model is derived from the original agent-based model formulated by Roeder (Nat. Med. 12(10):1181–1184, 2006), and it describes the progression of blood cell development from the stem cell to the terminally differentiated state.
To conduct o...
Numerous aspects of the immune system operate on the basis of complex regulatory networks that are amenable to mathematical and computational modeling. Several modeling frameworks have recently been applied to simulating the immune system, including systems of ordinary differential equations, delay differential equations, partial differential equat...
The currently accepted paradigm for the primary T cell response is that effector T cells commit to autonomous developmental programs. This concept is based on several experiments that have demonstrated that the dynamics of a T cell response is largely determined shortly after antigen exposure and that T cell dynamics do not depend on the level and...
This paper focuses on the characterization of delay effects on the asymptotic stability of some continuous-time delay systems encountered in modeling the post-transplantation dynamics of the immune response to chronic myelogenous leukemia. More explicitly, we shall discuss the stability of the crossing boundaries of the corresponding linearized mod...
We analyze the asymptotic behavior of a partial differential equation (PDE) model for hematopoiesis. This PDE model is derived from the original agent-based model formulated by (Roeder et al., Nat. Med., 2006), and it describes the progression of blood cell development from the stem cell to the terminally differentiated state. To conduct our analysis...
This paper focuses on the stability analysis of a delay-differential system encountered in modeling immune dynamics during Gleevec treatment for chronic myelogenous leukemia. A simple algorithm is proposed for the analysis of delay effects on the stability. Such an algorithm takes advantage of the particular structure of the dynamical interconnecti...
We derive a model for describing the dynamics of imatinib-treated chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). This model is a continuous extension of the agent-based CML model of Roeder et al. (Nat. Med. 12(10), 1181–1184, 2006) and of its recent formulation as a system of difference equations (Kim et al. in Bull. Math. Biol. 70(3), 728–744, 2008). The new...
Recent mathematical models have been developed to study the dynamics of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) under imatinib treatment. None of these models incorporates the anti-leukemia immune response. Recent experimental data show that imatinib treatment may promote the development of anti-leukemia immune responses as patients enter remission. Usi...
We develop a model for describing the dynamics of imatinib-treated chronic myelogenous leukemia. Our model is based on replacing the recent agent-based model of Roeder et al. (Nat. Med. 12(10):1181-1184, 2006) by a system of deterministic difference equations. These difference equations describe the time-evolution of clusters of individual agents t...
We model the immune dynamics between T cells and cancer cells in leukemia patients after a bone-marrow (or a stem-cell) transplant.
We use a system of nine delay differential equations that incorporate time delays and account for the progression of cells
through different stages. This model is an extension of our earlier model [3]. We conduct a sen...
We develop a mathematical framework for modeling regulatory mechanisms in the immune system. The model describes dynamics of key components of the immune network within two compartments: lymph node and tissue. We demonstrate using numerical simulations that our system can eliminate virus-infected cells, which are characterized by a tendency to incr...
We model the immune dynamics between T cells and cancer cells in leukemia patients after bone marrow transplants, using a system of six delay differential equations to track the various cell-populations. Our approach incorporates time delays and accounts for the progression of cells through different modes of behavior. We explore possible mechanism...
Citations
... For this case study, we use a previously published ABM called a Voronoi Cell-Based model (VCBM) [101,102]. In this model, cancer cells and healthy tissue cells are considered agents, whose centre is modelled by a point on a 2D lattice, and whose boundary is defined by a Voronoi tessellation. ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/813732385021953-1571020327566_Q64/Robyn-Araujo-3.jpg)
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/670633151172618-1536902811840_Q64/Kara-Vine-2.jpg)
... Increased longevity also shifts the sex ratio in the fertile ages from the female-bias typical of mammals to the male-bias in humans as proportions of both post-fertile women and older still-fertile men expand (Coxworth, Kim, McQueen, & Hawkes, 2015). When mating sex ratios are female-biased, males pursuing multiple mates gain more paternities; with the bias reversed, claiming and guarding a mate against other males wins more paternities (Loo, Chan, Hawkes, & Kim, 2017a;Loo, Hawkes, & Kim, 2017b;Loo, Weight, Hawkes, & Kim, 2020;Loo, Rose, Hawkes, & Kim, 2021;Rose, Hawkes, & Kim, 2019;Schacht & Bell, 2016). ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/827153750966272-1574220230258_Q64/Sara-Loo.jpg)
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/286380493164544-1445289838179_Q64/Danya-Rose-2.jpg)
... Several mathematical models have previously been adopted for the study of oncolytic viruses, including ordinary differential equations (ODEs) [22,24,34,48,59], partial differential equations (PDEs) [3,16,32,54,64,65], stochastic agent-based models [21,61] and hybrid discrete-continuous multi-scale models [23,49]. In [60] a review of the different modeling approaches is presented. ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/277086615949312-1443074005088_Q64/Federico-Frascoli.jpg)
... In vitro, DCs can be sensitized with viral peptides, DNA, or RNA. Subsequently, HPV antigens are loaded in a vaccine and inject into the body to increase the efficacy of antigen presentation (Kumbhari et al., 2020;Fu et al., 2022). DCbased vaccines can also be used as delivery adjuvants to enhance T cell-mediated immunity in HPV-associated lesions. ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/278740044140570-1443468213912_Q64/Colt-Egelston.jpg)
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/358052717973509-1462377828612_Q64/Peter-Lee-76.jpg)
... Increased longevity also shifts the sex ratio in the fertile ages from the female-bias typical of mammals to the male-bias in humans as proportions of both post-fertile women and older still-fertile men expand (Coxworth, Kim, McQueen, & Hawkes, 2015). When mating sex ratios are female-biased, males pursuing multiple mates gain more paternities; with the bias reversed, claiming and guarding a mate against other males wins more paternities (Loo, Chan, Hawkes, & Kim, 2017a;Loo, Hawkes, & Kim, 2017b;Loo, Weight, Hawkes, & Kim, 2020;Loo, Rose, Hawkes, & Kim, 2021;Rose, Hawkes, & Kim, 2019;Schacht & Bell, 2016). ...
... In contrast, engineered cellular therapies encapsulated in biosynthetic hydrogels offer a solution to locally control the release of therapeutic agents. As such, various hydrogels have been used as a placeholder for cellular therapies such as hyaluronic acid (HA), alginate, collagen, gelatin, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels [26], and pre-clinical studies have shown promising results with the local delivery of therapeutics via these hydrogels [27][28][29][30][31][32]. ...
... In comparing the two approaches, the authors find that the virus under diffusion-advection is significantly more successful at spreading and infecting tumour cells. Other spatio-temporal models, investigating the dynamics of viral spread in relation to tumour cells, immune cells and adjuvant treatment can be found in (Camara et al., 2013;Malinzi et al., 2017;Friedman and Lai, 2018;Lee et al., 2020;Simbawa et al., 2020;Jenner et al., 2022); however, these models do not consider the mechanisms that drive the clustering behaviour of viruses in collagen. Understanding the Figure 1). ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/954022764769281-1604468160555_Q64/Taeyong-Lee-4.jpg)
... Some studies incorporated viruses into ordinary differential models at a constant rate in an attempt to explore the dynamic properties of tumor cells and their associated immune responses but ignored studies of free viruses [15][16][17]. Some studies have described complex communication between tumor cells and viruses, but have ignored the immune response of tumor cells [18][19][20][21]. There were also oncolytic virus therapy models that demonstrate interactions between tumor cells, effector T cells, and virions [22,23]. ...
... One example of a mechanistic modelling study investigated the effect of bone morphogenetic protein treatment on paediatric disease of the bone [6], to understand the conditions under which disease severity is reduced by treatment and to stratify patients into responders, non-responders and asymptomatic populations. An example applied to a clinical context predicted that short peptide cancer vaccines may preferentially select low-avidity T-cells, unless one optimises the dosage to reduce pMHC density on individual antigen-presenting dendritic cells [7,8]. However, compared to data-driven or statistical modelling, mechanistic modelling is less frequently used in a clinical context; a Web of Knowledge search for papers containing 'machine learning clinical' published between 2017 and 2021 yielded 17450 results, versus 4778 for 'mechanistic model clinical'. ...
... Several mathematical models have previously been adopted for the study of oncolytic viruses, including ordinary differential equations (ODEs) [22,24,34,48,59], partial differential equations (PDEs) [3,16,32,54,64,65], stochastic agent-based models [21,61] and hybrid discrete-continuous multi-scale models [23,49]. In [60] a review of the different modeling approaches is presented. ...
