Peter M. Lewinsohn’s research while affiliated with Oregon Research Institute and other places

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Publications (330)


Heterogeneous trajectories of depressive symptoms from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Shadow area depicts the 95% confidence interval of the mean. Dark solid line, normative symptom trajectory. Dark‐grey‐dashed line, decreasing symptom trajectory. Light‐grey‐dashed line, increasing symptom trajectory
Patterns, predictors, and outcome of the trajectories of depressive symptoms from adolescence to adulthood
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May 2020

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153 Reads

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28 Citations

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Peter M. Lewinsohn

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Background The long‐term trajectory of depressive symptoms has a heterogeneous pattern. Identifying factors associated with different trajectories and outcomes may have important theoretical and clinical implications. This study explored patterns of depressive symptom trajectory from adolescence to adulthood, and their relationship with subsequent psychiatric disorders. Method A sample of 816 participants (58.8% girls; M = 16.58 years old at baseline, SD = 1.21) from a large community sample were interviewed four times during adolescence and adulthood. Depressive symptoms were also assessed. Symptom trajectory identification was based on latent class mixed modeling. Logistic regression was used for predicting emotional and drug use disorder over age 30. Results Three trajectories of depressive symptoms were identified: “decreasing symptom” (decreasing trajectory of symptoms; 15.1% of participants), “increasing symptom” (initially decreasing pattern of symptoms and then increasing; 6.1% of participants), and “normative symptom” (consistently low symptom levels; 78.8% of participants). Predictors of the increasing symptom trajectory were high level of loneliness and state anxiety, presence of an emotional disorder, and low involvement in physical exercise at baseline. This trajectory membership predicted the development of anxiety disorders over age 30. Predictors of the decreasing symptom class were being female and high level of worry at baseline. Conclusions Long‐term trajectories of depressive symptoms are heterogeneous, with each trajectory having different predictors and are associated with different outcomes during adulthood.

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The Number of Biological Parents with Alcohol Use Disorder Histories and Risk to Offspring through Age 30

March 2020

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63 Reads

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12 Citations

Addictive Behaviors

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John R. Seeley

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Peter M. Lewinsohn

Objective: We investigated associations between the number of parents with histories of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and several offspring (proband) variables through age 30: occurrence of AUD and, separately, alcohol dependence; onset age of the initial AUD episode; time to recovery from the first AUD episode; number of distinct AUD episodes; and cumulative duration of AUD across episodes. Methods: Offspring data were collected during four assessment waves of a longitudinal epidemiological study of psychiatric disorders with a regionally representative sample. The reference sample included 730 offspring with diagnostic data from at least one parent. Offspring were assessed with semi-structured diagnostic interviews between mid-adolescence and young adulthood and parents were assessed when offspring were approximately 24 years of age. Results: As the number of parents with AUD increased, offspring risk for AUD and alcohol dependence also increased. Latent growth model results indicated that offspring AUD risk trajectories increase in severity as a function of the number of parents with AUD. This pattern of results was not observed for other AUD course-related features in offspring (i.e., number of distinct episodes; months required for recovery from initial episode; cumulative duration across episodes). Conclusions: The number of parents with a history of AUD is associated with overall offspring risk for AUD and alcohol dependence and elevated AUD risk trajectories through age 30. The number of parents with AUD may be a more relevant risk factor for onset-related characteristics of AUD in offspring than for its longitudinal course.


Tests of Model Fit for Personality Dimensions Within the Complete and Psychiatric Disorder Samples.
Comparisons of Configural, Metric, Scalar, and Strict Invariance Across Individuals With and Without Depressive Disorders on Positive Emotionality, Negative Emotionality, and Disinhibition.
Comparisons of Configural, Metric, Scalar, and Strict Invariance Across Individuals With and Without Anxiety Disorders on Positive Emotionality, Negative Emotionality, and Disinhibition.
Comparisons of Configural, Metric, Scalar, and Strict Invariance Across Individuals With and Without Substance Use Disorders on Positive Emotionality, Negative Emotionality, and Disinhibition.
Is the Assessment of Personality Comparable in Persons Who Have and Have Not Experienced Depressive, Anxiety, and Substance Use Disorders? An Examination of Measurement Invariance

January 2019

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31 Reads

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3 Citations

Numerous studies have focused on characterizing personality differences between individuals with and without psychopathology. For drawing valid conclusions for these comparisons, the personality instruments used must demonstrate psychometric equivalence. However, we are unaware of any studies that examine measurement invariance in personality across individuals with and without psychopathology. This study conducted tests of measurement invariance for positive emotionality, negative emotionality, and disinhibition across individuals with and without histories of depressive, anxiety, and substance use disorders. We found consistent evidence that positive emotionality, negative emotionality, and disinhibition were assessed equivalently across all comparisons with each demonstrating strict invariance. Overall, results suggest that comparisons of personality measures between diagnostic groups satisfy the assumption of measurement invariance and these scales represent the same psychological constructs. Thus, mean-level comparisons across these groups are valid tests.


Clinical Features Associated With an Increased Risk for Alcohol Use Disorders Among Family Members

August 2018

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50 Reads

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4 Citations

This study evaluated the risk for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) among first-degree relatives depending on whether a specific family member (proband) had an AUD history. For probands with AUD histories, we also evaluated whether certain clinical features were associated with higher rates of AUDs in family members as a means for identifying markers that signify a more familial form of AUD. The proband sample was recruited from high schools in Western Oregon communities at Age 16 and followed longitudinally until Age 30. Structured psychiatric histories of 2,414 first-degree relatives of 732 probands were ascertained when the proband was Age 24. For the full sample, a significant association was observed between proband AUD history and the density (proportion) of first-degree relatives with AUD histories. Univariate analyses indicated that several clinical features among probands with AUD histories were significantly associated with AUD family density. In multivariate analyses, proband AUD episode recurrence and anxiety disorder history features emerged as trend-level or statistically significant unique predictors of AUD family density. One of these features, AUD episode recurrence, demonstrated a significant association with AUD family density once other forms of psychopathology among first-degree relatives were controlled. No evidence of gender moderation of effects was observed. Findings overall indicate that the familial risk for AUDs is related to probands’ AUD history status and clinical features they exhibit.


The impact of pre- and perinatal factors on psychopathology in adulthood

April 2018

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52 Reads

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16 Citations

Journal of Affective Disorders

Background: There is considerable evidence that pre- and post-natal factors are associated with a wide range of psychopathology in offspring during childhood and adolescence. Objective: The main aims of the present study were to examine the associations between pre- and perinatal factors and psychopathology in offspring during adulthood, and to explore whether family factors (i.e., family cohesion, mother's social support, and father's social support) mediate these relationships. Method: Information on pre- and perinatal events was collected from biological mothers of the participants (N = 315) when they were between 14 and 18 years who were then followed up until they reached age 30. Results: Maternal obstetric history and illness during first year were significant predictors of offspring anxiety disorder. Maternal emotional health predicted offspring affective disorder. Difficult delivery and breast feeding predicted disruptive disorder. The relationship between maternal obstetric history/emotional health and anxiety/affective disorder was no longer significant after controlling for family cohesion. Limitations: The information was based on maternal recall when their offspring were between 14 and 18 years which may be subjected to recall bias. Conclusion: The association between pre- and postnatal factors and psychopathology of offspring during adulthood is mediated by familial factors.


Incidence, recurrence and comorbidity of anxiety disorders in four major developmental stages

December 2017

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168 Reads

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159 Citations

Journal of Affective Disorders

Background: Anxiety disorders are common in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, and frequently comorbid with other mental disorders. Objective: The main aim of the present study was to examine the incidence, recurrence and comorbidity rates of anxiety disorders across four developmental periods, namely, during childhood (5 - 12.9 years), adolescence (13 - 17.9 years), emerging adulthood (18 - 23.9 years), and adulthood (24 - 30 years). Method: Eight hundred and sixteen participants from a large community sample were interviewed twice during adolescence, at age 24, and at age 30. They completed self-report measures of psychosocial functioning and semi-structured diagnostic interviews during adolescence and adulthood. Results: The result showed first incidence of anxiety disorders to be significantly higher in childhood and adulthood than in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Female gender was associated with first incidence, but not with recurrence. Significant comorbidity was found between anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder (MDD) across the four developmental periods. The comorbidity between anxiety and substance use disorders (SUD) was significant in childhood, emerging adulthood and adulthood, but not in adolescence. The presence of anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence significantly increased the probability of having an anxiety disorder during emerging adulthood. Limitations: The participants are ethically and geographically homogenous. Conclusion: Incidence and recurrence rates of anxiety disorders differed across four diverse developmental periods. The magnitude of comorbidity between anxiety disorders and MDD was comparable across periods.


No Reliable Evidence That Emotional Disorders Are Proximal Antecedents, Concomitants, or Short-Term Consequences of First Episode Alcohol Use Disorders in a Representative Community Sample

March 2017

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39 Reads

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4 Citations

Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs

Objective: Emotional disorders and alcohol use disorders (AUDs) frequently demonstrate significant 12-month and lifetime comorbid associations. This comorbidity has been incorporated into influential theories of addiction processes that posit direct or indirect causal associations between these disorder categories. There is currently no consensus, however, about the sequencing of these disorders. In this research, longitudinal data from a regionally representative community sample were used to evaluate whether emotional disorders constitute a proximal antecedent, concomitant, or short-term consequence of first episode (or index) AUDs. Method: Participants were 131 persons with index AUD episodes lasting 12 months or more and 131 matched controls. For each participant with an AUD, the presence or absence of an emotional disorder was coded for three time intervals: (a) the 12 months preceding full syndrome AUD episode onset; (b) the last 12 months of the AUD episode; and (c) the 12 months following complete symptom AUD episode offset. These intervals, referenced to participant age, were matched to those of control participants, and emotional disorder rate comparisons subsequently performed both within and between groups. Results: Findings indicated an absence of significant within- or between-subject differences in emotional disorder rates, suggesting that the association between AUDs and emotional disorders is neither directional nor systematic. There was also no indication that the length of the AUD episode increased risk for an emotional disorder in the year following AUD offset. Conclusions: Overall, this research suggests that emotional disorders are generally independent events in relation to the index AUD episode.


Trajectories of cannabis use disorder: risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcomes

February 2017

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107 Reads

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40 Citations

Addiction

Aims: To estimate cannabis use disorder (CUD) trajectory classes from ages 14 to 30 years and compare classes on clinical characteristics, risk factors and psychosocial outcomes. Design: Four waves (T1-T4) of data from an epidemiological study of psychopathology among a regionally representative sample. Trajectory classes described risk for CUD as a function of age. The number of classes was determined by model fit. Setting: Participants were selected randomly from nine high schools in western Oregon, USA. Participants: The sample included 816 participants [age at T1 mean = 16.6, standard deviation (SD) = 1.2; 44% male; 8% non-white]. Measurements: Participants completed diagnostic interviews, Child Trauma Questionnaire, Social Adjustment Scale and items adapted from the Wisconsin Manual for Assessing Psychotic-Like Experiences. Findings: There were three CUD trajectory classes (Lo-Mendell-Rubin likelihood ratio test < 0.001): (1) persistent increasing risk; (2) maturing out, with increasing risk then decreasing risk; and (3) stable low risk. The persistent increasing class had later initial CUD onsets (η2 = 0.16, P < 0.001) and greater cumulative CUD durations (η2 = 0.26, P < 0.001). Male sex [odds ratio (OR) = 2.57, P = 0.018], externalizing disorders between ages 24 and 30 years (OR = 2.64, P < 0.001) and psychotic experiences during early adulthood (Cohen's d = 0.44, P = 0.016) discriminated between the persistent increasing and the maturing-out classes. Conclusions: Evidence suggests three distinguishable types of trajectory for development of cannabis use disorder starting in early teens: (1) persistent increasing risk; (2) maturing out, with increasing risk then decreasing risk; and (3) stable low risk.


Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders as Predictors of Alcohol Use Disorder Onset during Three Developmental Periods

July 2016

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127 Reads

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73 Citations

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

Background: The developmental pathways associated with an enhanced risk for future alcohol use disorders (AUDs) continue to be a topic of both interest and debate. In this research, internalizing and externalizing disorders were evaluated as prospective predictors of the index AUD episode onset, separately within three developmental periods: early-to-middle adolescence (age 13.0-17.9), late adolescence (18.0-20.9), and early adulthood (21.0-30.0). Methods: Participants (N=816) were initially randomly selected from nine high schools in western Oregon and subsequently interviewed on four separate occasions between ages 16 and 30, during which current and past AUDs were assessed as well as a full range of psychiatric disorders associated with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology domains. Results: In adjusted analyses for each of the three developmental periods investigated, externalizing domain psychopathology from the most proximal adjoining developmental period predicted AUD onset. Distal externalizing psychopathology also predicted AUD onset among early adult onset cases. Proximal or distal internalizing psychopathology, in comparison, was not found to be a significant predictor of AUD onset in adjusted analyses for any of the developmental periods examined. Conclusions: Findings overall suggest that externalizing developmental histories are robust predictors of AUD onset within the age range during which index episodes are most likely to occur, and that gender does not moderate this association.


Association of Comorbid Psychopathology With the Duration of Cannabis Use Disorders

January 2016

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37 Reads

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12 Citations

Risk factors for the development of cannabis use disorders (CUDs) have been well-researched. Comparatively little is known, however, about factors associated with the persistence of CUDs over time. This research explored whether the temporal sequencing of comorbid psychiatric disorders in relation to the onset of the index CUD episode were associated with the length of this episode. Four comprehensive diagnostic assessments were conducted between ages 16 and 30 with a large and regionally representative community sample (n = 816), among which 173 persons were diagnosed with a lifetime CUD. In separate unadjusted analyses, any internalizing disorder and any mood disorder with onset prior to that of the index CUD episode were each significantly and negatively associated with CUD duration. These effects, however, were reduced to trend level in adjusted analyses that controlled for putative confounders. Following the onset of the index CUD episode, the subsequent occurrence of any Axis I disorder, internalizing disorder, externalizing disorder, or other substance use disorder during the index CUD episode was significantly and positively associated with the duration of that episode in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses. These findings collectively suggest that the presence of internalizing-spectrum disorders prior to the onset of the index CUD episode affords some modest protection against protracted episodes, whereas the emergence of broad-spectrum psychopathology within the index CUD episode, most notably noncannabis substance use disorders, is associated with greater disorder persistence. The relevance of these findings for various motivational models of cannabis addiction is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record


Citations (97)


... Besides, physical exercise not only helps to mitigate depression symptoms in adolescents but also enhances functional connectivity between brain structures responsible for emotion regulation and hormone levels, leading to further reduction of depression symptoms [58]. Conversely, lower levels of physical activity are associated with a higher likelihood of developing depression [59]. Considering the aforementioned studies, family support may encourage adolescent participation in physical exercise, thereby curbing depression levels and reducing the risk of IA. ...

Reference:

The relationship between family support and Internet addiction among adolescents in Western China: the chain mediating effect of physical exercise and depression
Patterns, predictors, and outcome of the trajectories of depressive symptoms from adolescence to adulthood

... Parental alcohol consumption leads to children and adolescents' earlier initiation of alcohol consumption and their engaging in more frequent heavy episodic drinking (16,(18)(19)(20). This has been observed across geographical and cultural contexts, including Asia (18,21), Australia (20), Europe (19), North America (22,23) and South America (24,25). ...

The Number of Biological Parents with Alcohol Use Disorder Histories and Risk to Offspring through Age 30
  • Citing Article
  • March 2020

Addictive Behaviors

... Of these, 490 (67%) families produced data on all first-degree relatives and 242 (33%) provided data on some members (M = 62% of all firstdegree relatives within families) but missing data on one or more members. As reported elsewhere (Farmer et al., 2018), no differences on proband AUD history status were observed as a function of missing family data although there were some demographic differences related to missingness in some comparisons. Overall, 2414 adult first-degree relatives (730 biological mothers, 719 biological fathers, 476 female siblings, 489 male siblings) contributed data to this research. ...

Clinical Features Associated With an Increased Risk for Alcohol Use Disorders Among Family Members

... In a longitudinal study, hypomania with previous psychotic experiences was initially associated with gestational influenza; however, later analysis did not confirm the association (Anderson et al., 2016). Nevertheless, in the general population, a study evaluating a wide range of psychopathology measures in offspring suggested that the association between prenatal and postnatal factors and psychopathology of offspring during adulthood was mediated by familial factors (Essau et al., 2018). Beyond this, recent research focussing on FEP highlights the effect of other environmental factors in later life related to psychopathological profile at onset of psychiatric illness, such as childhood adversity (Butjosa et al., 2022) and cannabis use (González-Blanco et al., 2021;Safont et al., 2022). ...

The impact of pre- and perinatal factors on psychopathology in adulthood
  • Citing Article
  • April 2018

Journal of Affective Disorders

... Research involving 816 participants indicated a shared genetic predisposition linking childhood anxiety disorders to adult panic attacks. 17 Furthermore, the prevalence of anxiety disorders is influenced by racial and socioeconomic factors. For instance, a study examining a diverse ethnic adult population found that Caucasians exhibited a higher likelihood of obesity associated with 12-month mood disorders (odds ratio [OR] = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.05, 1.62), previously diagnosed mood disorders (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.11, 1.69), and anxiety disorders within the past 12 months (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.68). ...

Incidence, recurrence and comorbidity of anxiety disorders in four major developmental stages
  • Citing Article
  • December 2017

Journal of Affective Disorders

... Measurement invariance between groups was particularly considered indispensable in this balance, both due to the greater difficulty of replicating lower-order structures and to the need for a classificatory system to work well in normal and clinical populations. 45 However, it is worth noting that most subfacets were clinically significant and psychometrically robust at once. ...

Is the Assessment of Personality Comparable in Persons Who Have and Have Not Experienced Depressive, Anxiety, and Substance Use Disorders? An Examination of Measurement Invariance

... An additional domain that has been shown to predict alcohol problems in some, but not all, studies relates to several psychiatric disorders, including depressive and anxiety conditions (Boden & Fergusson, 2011;Farmer et al., 2017). However, in Table 1 these diagnoses were not significantly higher in offspring with AUD in the SDPS. ...

No Reliable Evidence That Emotional Disorders Are Proximal Antecedents, Concomitants, or Short-Term Consequences of First Episode Alcohol Use Disorders in a Representative Community Sample
  • Citing Article
  • March 2017

Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs

... Meanwhile, the efficacy of available psychosocial treatments for cannabis problems is modest, and long-term outcomes are unclear (Lees et al., 2021). The course of problematic cannabis use in adolescence is associated with later adult externalizing disorders and psychotic experiences (Kosty et al., 2017). Therefore, problematic cannabis use in adolescence represents a clear target for preventative action, to reduce public health burden and treatment need during a crucial developmental period. ...

Trajectories of cannabis use disorder: risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcomes
  • Citing Article
  • February 2017

Addiction

... adolescent anxiety, father-adolescent attachment, father-mother comparison in adolescence, multi-informant, predictors of developmental change in anxiety 1 Adolescence is a developmental period marked by a greater susceptibility to internalizing problems as compared to early childhood; one of the most common and increasingly prevalent internalizing problems during adolescence is anxiety (Farmer et al., 2016;Higa-McMillan et al., 2016;Temmen & Crockett, 2021). Relative to earlier developmental periods, adolescents often experience an increase in anxiety, ranging from nonclinical/subthreshold levels to clinical anxiety disorders. ...

Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders as Predictors of Alcohol Use Disorder Onset during Three Developmental Periods
  • Citing Article
  • July 2016

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

... Five studies were included in the CUD-only group (31)(32)(33)(34)(35) Table 3). The pooled OR for the CUD-only males compared to CUD-only females was 2.0 (CI = 1.9-2.1, ...

Association of Comorbid Psychopathology With the Duration of Cannabis Use Disorders