Paul W. Burton's research while affiliated with University of East Anglia and other places

... The most popular is the K − M ean algorithm, which is based on the shortest distance between the data and the centroid ( [7]). In some specific cases this algorithm has been applied for the spatial clustering of earthquakes ( [8], [9]) however, recently, it is often considered as benchmark for assessing the performance of more advanced clustering techniques ( [10], [11], [12]). The main drawback of the k-means algorithm is that the optimal number of clusters is not automatically determined and different techniques could be considered for selecting this parameter ( [13]). ...

... Many researchers used different approaches to evaluate seismic parameters that include Gutenberg-Richter (G-R) parameters (a and b), the Magnitude of Completeness (M c ), fractal dimension (D c ), average seismic activity rate (λ 0 ) and expected maximum magnitude (M max ), for the Himalayan region (Shanker and Sharma 1998;Thingbaijam et al. 2008;Roy and Mondal 2009;Iyengar et al. 2010;Mahajan et al. 2010;Kolathayar et al. 2012;Chingtham et al. 2014;Yadav et al. 2022;Kumar et al. 2022;Sandhu et al. 2022). These studies mainly evaluated the seismic parameters of some specific parts of the Himalayan region or the whole of India. ...

... This province is located 470 km from Kabul. The area of Badakhshan is more than 47,403 square kilometers, and the amount of Quaternary sediments is low and mostly limited to the river bed [28]. Heights are often composed of limestone, dolomite, and in some cases, a set of rocks with a high degree of metamorphism, such as gneiss. ...

... In general, the parameter b is inversely proportional to the stress and the largest earthquake events occur along low b-values areas. Gumbel's third distribution (GIII)-based ω-values has proven its worth as a valuable monitoring tool for detailed evaluation of earthquake hazard in different seismic regions (Bayrak et al. 2008;Burton 1979;Makropoulos andBurton 1986, 1986;Tsapanos and Burton 1991;Yadav et al. 2012aYadav et al. , 2012bMohammadi and Bayrak 2016;Tsapanos et al. 2016;Rehman and Burton 2020). One advantage of the GIII distribution method presented here is that it permits the analysis of annual or multi-year extreme earthquake events. ...

... However, while plate motions may be slow, the fact that continental rifts can form in thick and strong continental lithosphere means that the brittle elastic layer can store a significant amount of energy prior to breaking, potentially resulting in earthquakes as large as M7-8 (Craig et al., 2011;Liu et al., 2007). This principle is demonstrated eloquently in the East African Rift, where largest earthquake magnitudes are observed in regions where the rift is generally younger (<10 Myrs old), extending slower (<10 mm/year), and cutting still thick and strong cratonic lithosphere (Craig et al., 2011;Hall et al., 2018). By contrast, the faster plate extension (20mm/year) observed where rifting has just about broken the continent, such as the Red Sea and western part of the Gulf of Aden, causes more frequent but lower magnitude (M < 5.5) earthquakes since the plate is thinner, hotter, and weaker from 30 to 35 million years of rifting (Hall et al., 2018). ...

... accessed on 25 July 2022). For landslide hazard assessment, the precipitation record was derived from the global precipitation measurements (GPM), and the peak ground acceleration (PGA) values were adopted from [55]. For the landslide exposure and vulnerability analysis, the population data were acquired from the 2017 census records. ...

... To examine the coseismic deformation in more detail, its relative variation throughout the zone and its cumulative properties, we examine seismotectonic source parameters obtained through spectral analysis of the microearthquakes. There are many examples of the extraction of such parameters from spectra, including the studies of Keilis-Borok ( 1959), Trifunac (1972), Hanks & Wyss (1972), Thatcher & Hanks (1973), Archuleta et al. (1982, Modiano & Hatzfeld (1982), Gagnepain-Beyneix (1985), Brune et al. (1986) and Burton & Marrow (1989). All of these studies involve spectral analysis of P-wave data or S-wave data or both. ...

... 013). Therefore, the earthquake that is most likely to occur at a site and be felt at a given level of ground motion is called the most perceptible earthquake magnitude, M p . This is the magnitude that represents a trade-off between small earthquakes (which are common but not felt widely) and large earthquakes (which are uncommon but felt widely). BURTON et al. (1983 BURTON et al. ( , 1984) calculated the most perceptible earthquakes in the Central and Eastern United States and Turkey using GIII statistics. Several researchers carried out detailed study of earthquake perceptibility in Greece and surrounding regions (MAKROPOULOS and BURTON 1985; ULOS et al. 1988; KORAVOS et al. 2003; BURTON et al. 20 ...

... where the exponent β = 2b/3 expresses the scale invariance contained in the dissipated seismic energy distribution [9,16]. Other parameters associated to seismic events, like the rate of aftershock production after a main event [17], the multifractal character of the temporal evolution of seismicity and the distribution of earthquake epicenters, also exhibit power laws [9]. ...

... Mitchell and Landisman (1969) used a least-squares inversion of the calibration pulse to determine the instrument constants for the WWSSN long-period seismographs. Jarosch and Curtis (1973), McGonigle and Burton (1980), and Mitronovas (1976), among others, extended the method of Mitchell and Landisman (1969) to reduce the uncertainties of the instrumental constants that, in turn, reduced significantly the uncertainties of the overall response, particularly the phase delay. ...