Paul Maquet's scientific contributions
What is this page?
This page lists the scientific contributions of an author, who either does not have a ResearchGate profile, or has not yet added these contributions to their profile.
It was automatically created by ResearchGate to create a record of this author's body of work. We create such pages to advance our goal of creating and maintaining the most comprehensive scientific repository possible. In doing so, we process publicly available (personal) data relating to the author as a member of the scientific community.
If you're a ResearchGate member, you can follow this page to keep up with this author's work.
If you are this author, and you don't want us to display this page anymore, please let us know.
It was automatically created by ResearchGate to create a record of this author's body of work. We create such pages to advance our goal of creating and maintaining the most comprehensive scientific repository possible. In doing so, we process publicly available (personal) data relating to the author as a member of the scientific community.
If you're a ResearchGate member, you can follow this page to keep up with this author's work.
If you are this author, and you don't want us to display this page anymore, please let us know.
Publications (106)
While travellers in unknown territories hasten over rough mountain tracks towards a city on a mountain top, it often happens that they judge the city, at first sight, to be close to them; constantly, numerous twists and turnings along the route delay their hope of arrival to the point of weariness, for they see only the nearest peaks; in fact, thos...
The great travel of Stensen through Europe from November 1668 to July 1670 is enveloped in enigmatic obscurity. Judged from the Foreword of the Prodromus, Stensen looks forward to travelling back to Denmark soon after finishing the manuscript (the first censorship stems from August 30, 1668). He remained in Florence until November, and thereafter h...
On December 8, 1667, Stensen, after renewing his taking of the Catholic confession, received the sacrament of confirmation from Nuncio Trotti. Immediately afterwards he received the order from King Frederik III to return to Denmark and soon after, the chamberlain of the Grand Duke, Bruno della Molara, communicated to Stensen the court’s intention t...
It was very agreeable to me, famous Sir, that it pleased you to examine my two disputations. It would be even more agreeable if the occupations in which you spend your days had let you a little more time so that you would have more thoroughly understood the mind of those who are involved and what I think.
The first thing which appeared when the shell was broken at its big end was the tunica which coats the entire inner surface of the shell. It serves as a common envelope for all the parts contained in the egg. It is rough externally, smooth internally, and, towards the big end of the egg, it forms a fairly large cavity. Next to this, a second tunica...
The year 1667 was full of tension for Stensen. Major anatomical and geological problems incessantly drove him to investigations and experiments. Often we find him on journeys to Lucca, Livorno and Rome. In the most bristling correspondence with erudite friends, he experienced the final break-up of the Accademia del Cimento. In addition he lived thr...
Many are the rare discoveries this age has produced in the field of anatomy, and if these were to be accounted monsters, anatomy would not yield first place to Africa in its numerous brood of prodigies. And why should you not when they are so closely related to the monstrous? There are some that merit exhibition to everyone because their novelty ex...
He separated the cuticle with the skin and all the teguments, which others name differently. He ascertained only three layers: the skin, the subcutaneous fat, and groups of motor fibres. He said that there would be opportunity to deal with the skin among parts which are found around narrowings of the blood vessel. That consideration of fat belongs...
When at the age of 22 he undertook his first journey to a foreign country Niels Stensen had no idea that he would see his home country again only rarely and on brief occasions. The student, we presume, did not travel directly to Holland but spent some time in Rostock. When later in Amsterdam he reproached Professor Blasius to have taught him nothin...
Since the change in the weather spoiled all my hopes of seeing the frozen waters in the grotto above Gresta, I returned to it after I had sent the last letter to Your Highness, so that I should miss nothing that might help me to discover something new about it.
A tumour bigger than a fist in its right horn when dissected, removed white matter, tenacious, similar to soap, diffusing something bloody with pungent odour but without any stench of decay. When this matter was dissolved in water a hairy ball appeared bristling with small bony spikes protruding here and there. The hair having been removed and the...
Instead of promising to satisfy your curiosity in what concerns the anatomy of the brain, I do confess here sincerely and publicly that I know nothing of this matter. I should wish with all my heart to be the only one forced to speak so, for I could take advantage with time of the knowledge of others and it would be very lucky for the human kind if...
To confirm and light up observations of friends on the reproduction of animals from an egg, let me add to their works what divine generosity pointed out to me from the dissections of various animals concerning the eggs of the viviparous. By egg I mean not only the round vesicles full of humour which constitute a great part of the testicles but also...
The memory of this day when, spontaneously approving the endeavours of a youth to investigate in Leiden with the very famous Sylvius, you were the first to show me the way to acquire your manifest approval, has not yet left my memory. Although the antiquity counts the ravens among the inauspicious birds, for me indeed, no dissection was ever done m...
At the beginning of last year, when, so as to satisfy the wish of illustrious friends I demonstrated in different private dissections in Leiden and Amsterdam what anatomy, thanks to divine favour, had disclosed to me concerning the structure of the heart, I promised these friends to publish at the first opportunity the details illustrated by differ...
That I stand in your presence, most worthy spectators of every rank, results from the generosity of the Creator towards his work, the favour of the King toward his subject, and my own expectation of the benevolent attention of all of you.
When I consider how well you, very famous Sir, are disposed towards me, and since I believe not to deserve such consideration, I wish I could honour your extreme kindness with an equal respect. The evidences of your love indeed appear so numerous that it makes clear to me that the ancient rightfully.
Among other matters which we reckon marvelous without understanding them,, the one which deserves the highest admiration is the capacity conceded by God to the human mind by which this imagines, whenever it likes, the figures of things perceived through the senses, and absent things as if they were present, and it gazes in imagination at all the pa...
When I published my few observations, I had decided to lay down the anatomical knife until more convenient times and to take up again the nearly cast away geometer’s rod, so as not to appear to have wasted all time and labour if I deserted completely my research for which I spent many hours in the past and which I would have treated not as my prima...
On July 3 (July 13 st.n.), 1672, after having been absent for 8 years, Stensen saw his hometown again. During those years much had changed in the town, in the country, and in his family and circle of friends.
The diversity observed in dogs near the junction of the lymphatic ducts with the vena cava on the left side of the neck is found either in the branches of insertions, I, which are many here, few there, or in the small rings, K, which are completely absent in some dogs, are present in a certain number in most, are fewer in others still, sometimes na...
Some new matters which are here presented to you, my teachers, are not commended as new as if they were brought forward for the first time. They are old, even older than those Arcadians who boasted to have existed before the moon and thus older than the human kind since they were born with the beasts before man was created as the Scriptures testify...
We do not know by which way Stensen travelled from Holland to Florence. He may have arrived at the town on the Arno at the turn of the year 1674/1675¹ and, as educator of the Crown Prince, may have been attributed well-furnished lodging in the Palazzo Pitti.² Teaching soon began, since Stensen excuses himself to Viviani for not having visited him y...
I have no doubt that a long and uninterrupted account of observations on muscles would be distasteful to the reader; accordingly, since variety is the spice of life, I have decided to add to what has gone before material which should provide an opportunity to review various isolated observations.
When Stensen informed Viviani that he was preparing for the journey back to Florence, he also expressed the desire of obtaining a room at his disposal in which he could carry out experiments on the liquids of plants and their relation to the liquids of animals. Grand Duke Cosimo was immediately ready to satisfy Stensen’s request and charged Viviani...
I sent to Niels Krag the Prologue of the Apologia to be presented to you. I hope this was taken care of properly. I received some copies of the debates published again by the famous Sylvius and of other publications on fevers, to be offered to friends. Among these friends there is none who deserves more my veneration than you, illustrious Sir.
Before removing the hand from the table, I cannot refrain from attaching as an appendix to the foregoing what appeared to me in the nose itself, while attempting more thoroughly at investigating the lachrymal ducts after the bones of the nose had been broken, since it displays quite the same structure as the envelope of the eyes.
With the appointment of Matthias Jakobsen at the University of Copenhagen on August 29/September 8, Stensen’s hope for a position suitable for him in his country disappeared. Since on the next day Jakob Kitzerow and Niels Stensen, the heirs of Anna Stichman, were paid 300 rigsdaler, Niels might have decided to take up his study travels again in the...
If ever any slowness in answering joined to quickness of writing, then certainly this one needs to be excused: although blessed during the same time with two letters, I have dispatched none for months and, as it is not permitted to delay further my duty of answering, an abundance of evidences has accumulated. But your well-known affability promises...
A book was published these days in Utrecht by Nicolas Hoboken entitled The new salivary duct of Blaes drawn into the light. If you consult the Preface, this promises to display in this book matters which can enlighten the honest reader and make him know the first discovery not so long ago of a salivary duct out of the maxilla, and this so that he c...
That I am so slow to return to a task interrupted for a long time, is due partly to a journey, partly to the very poor health of friends. Wandering indeed in the noblest cities in adjacent provinces required much time and from our journey we brought Hasebard ill with us back to Leiden; in Amsterdam we found Walgenstein [or Walgesten] seriously ill...
What I had destined to you for a long time, famous Sir, finally, after more than six months, presents itself to be subjected to your judgement. Since the Disputation I had decided immediately to prepare a new print to transmit the integrity of what I had proposed in short at that time.
Hardly had I ended my previous discourse, when the most serene Grand Duke sent me another dogfish to be dissected in Pisa. I wish to add its description briefly related to the previous ones since it presents many connections with them.
Times were stormy when Niels Stensen was born in 1638. Twenty years previously the defenestration of Prague had started the war that lasted for 30 years in the heart of Europe. That brought mercenaries of the Emperor’s Marshal Wallenstein even to the northern part of Denmark on the peninsula of Jutland in a victorious push of the Catholic League. T...
In the beginning of 1666 Stensen left Montpellier and France to travel over the Alps to Italy, the country which no young scientist should miss. His first halt was in Pisa, the winter residence of the Medici Grand Duke Ferdinand II.
With the skin of the head, the lower extremity of a muscle was cut off, the upper extremity of which was attached to the posterior aspect of the orbit and to the adjacent bone of the skull above the orbit.
The grotto of Moncodeno exceeded my greatest expectations. It presented characteristics which I had never read about in other writings, and which have never occurred to me on any other occasion. Here, too, I was able to confirm by observation the view I had begun to form by a process of reason in the grotto of Gresta.
It is the enormous favour of the immortal God and of the very majestic King that the anatomy theatre, covered with dust and silent for some years, recovers. Indeed, since I gave up my task of dissecting and demonstrating, various hindrances intervened, either by injuries of wars or by a difficult imposed peace so that they withdrew the hands of the...
In a Galeus lævis, a fish of Italy, three foetuses were contained in each oviduct, all of the same size. They did not withdraw from each other as usually happens in other animals but, set near each other, they turned their heads forwards.
The word “thermae” is derived from the Greek verb θέρω, “thero”, meaning I make warm, whence we obtain the adjective θερμos, “thermos” meaning warm; hence, the waters that we now consider are called thermal because all, or at least the majority of them, have the power to warm.
In a cat, as the peristaltic movement of the intestines and many and big swellings of the biliary vessels had retained us in their examination for a long time, returning to the heart, we found everything immobile. But hardly had I compressed it three or four times with my fingers, their movement returned immediately to the heart and to the vena cav...
While I publicly acknowledge that I do not at all deserve the great proofs of your favour, that does not diminish your very accurate judgment nor constitute any risk of my striving after honours. The favours of the greats disclose the generosity of the giver rather than the merits of the receiver.
Every ornament, ecclesiastical or secular, is a reminder of the curse which rests on mankind.
In every kind of animals, any image firmly imprinted in the brain of the mother is sufficient to alter the course of the process which delineates the parts of the foetus. Sometimes, however, this alteration which is attributed to the imagination of the mother results from a peculiar disease of the foetus.
the right auricle of the heart.
The bones on the right side of the palate with the upper lip were cleft so that they made the right cavity of the nose continuous with that of the mouth. The mother attributed that to the fact that she was fond of eating rabbits.
The more your last letter delighted me with pleasure, the more the hindrances which prevented me from answering until now made me embarrassed. I hope nevertheless that my very close friend Matthias will perform the task of intermediary if this intercession is needed otherwise by the one whose kindness competes with his over the world highly praised...
This is by far the most exhaustive biography on Niels Stensen, anatomist, geologist and bishop, better known as "Nicolaus Steno". We learn about the scientist’s family and background in Lutheran Denmark, of his teachers at home and abroad, of his studies and travels in the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and Germany,...
In the beginning of 1666 Stensen left Montpellier and France to travel over the Alps to Italy, the country which no young scientist should miss. His first halt was in Pisa, the winter residence of the Medici Grand Duke Ferdinand II.
The primary common trunk of the blood system comprises:
A. the right auricle of the heart.
B. the right ventricle of the heart.
C. the trunk of the pulmonary artery.
In every kind of animals, any image firmly imprinted in the brain of the mother is sufficient to alter the course of the process which delineates the parts of the foetus. Sometimes, however, this alteration which is attributed to the imagination of the mother results from a peculiar disease of the foetus. It is certainly very difficult (not to say...
That I stand in your presence, most worthy spectators of every rank, results from the generosity of the Creator towards his work, the favour of the King toward his subject, and my own expectation of the benevolent attention of all of you.
That I am so slow to return to a task interrupted for a long time, is due partly to a journey, partly to the very poor health of friends. Wandering indeed in the noblest cities in adjacent provinces required much time and from our journey we brought Hasebard ill with us back to Leiden; in Amsterdam we found Walgenstein [or Walgesten] seriously ill...
The bones on the right side of the palate with the upper lip were cleft so that they made the right cavity of the nose continuous with that of the mouth. The mother attributed that to the fact that she was fond of eating rabbits. But was it not the humour descending from the nose in the mouth through the twin holes situated in the fold of the teeth...
Hardly had I ended my previous discourse, when the most serene Grand Duke sent me another dogfish to be dissected in Pisa. I wish to add its description briefly related to the previous ones since it presents many connections with them.
In a Galeus lævis, a fish of Italy, three foetuses were contained in each oviduct, all of the same size. They did not withdraw from each other as usually happens in other animals but, set near each other, they turned their heads forwards.
I have no doubt that a long and uninterrupted account of observations on muscles would be distasteful to the reader; accordingly, since variety is the spice of life, I have decided to add to what has gone before material which should provide an opportunity to review various isolated observations. And I could have wished for no other item more suita...
When I published my few observations, I had decided to lay down the anatomical knife until more convenient times and to take up again the nearly cast away geometer’s rod, so as not to appear to have wasted all time and labour if I deserted completely my research for which I spent many hours in the past and which I would have treated not as my prima...
Many are the rare discoveries this age has produced in the field of anatomy, and if these were to be accounted monsters, anatomywould not yield first place to Africa in its numerous brood of prodigies. And why should you not when they are so closely related to the monstrous? There are some that merit exhibition to everyone because their novelty exc...
To confirm and light up observations of friends on the reproduction of animals from an egg, let me add to their works what divine generosity pointed out to me from the dissections of various animals concerning the eggs of the viviparous. By egg I mean not only the round vesicles full of humour which constitute a great part of the testicles but also...
Among other matters which, without understanding them, we reckon marvelous, the one which deserves the highest admiration is the capacity conceded by God to the human mind by which this imagines, whenever it likes, the figures of things perceived through the senses, and absent things as if they were present, and it gazes in imagination at all the p...
At the beginning of last year, when, so as to satisfy the wish of illustrious friends I demonstrated in different private dissections in Leiden and Amsterdam what anatomy, thanks to divine favour, had disclosed to me concerning the structure of the heart, I promised these friends to publish at the first opportunity the details illustrated by differ...
A book was published these days in Utrecht by Nicolas Hoboken entitled The new salivary duct of Blaes drawn into the light. If you consult the Preface, this promises to display in this book matters which can enlighten the honest reader and make him know the first discovery not so long ago of a salivary duct out of the maxilla, and this so that he c...
The first thing which appeared when the shell was broken at its big end was the tunica which coats the entire inner surface of the shell. It serves as a common envelope for all the parts contained in the egg. It is rough externally, smooth internally, and, towards the big end of the egg, it forms a fairly large cavity. Next to this, a second tunica...
This quiet happy life ended abruptly in the spring of 1677, when Johann Friedrich, the Duke of Hannover, asked for Stensen as successor to the late Vicar Apostolic Valerio Maccioni (Chap. XI). The decision was made by Stensen’s superiors and in May 1677 he left his beloved Florence to spend the summer in Rome. On September 13 he was appointed bisho...
What I had destined to you for a long time, famous Sir, finally, after more than six months, presents itself to be subjected to your judgement. Since the Disputation I had decided immediately to prepare a new print to transmit the integrity of what I had proposed in short at that time. But soon being called away for a journey through the most illus...
The great travel of Stensen through Europe from November 1668 to July 1670 is enveloped in enigmatic obscurity. Judged from the Foreword of the Prodromus, Stensen looks forward to travelling back to Denmark soon after finishing the manuscript (the first censorship stems from August 30, 1668). He remained in Florence until November, and thereafter h...
A tumour bigger than a fist in its right horn when dissected, removed white matter, tenacious, similar to soap, diffusing something bloody with pungent odour but without any stench of decay. When this matter was dissolved in water a hairy ball appeared bristling with small bony spikes protruding here and there. The hair having been removed and the...
We do not know by which way Stensen travelled from Holland to Florence. He may have arrived at the town on the Arno at the turn of the year 1674/1675 and, as educator of the Crown Prince, may have been attributed well-furnished lodging in the Palazzo Pitti. Teaching soon began, since Stensen excuses himself to Viviani for not having visited him yet...
It was very agreeable to me, famous Sir, that it pleased you to examine my two disputations. It would be even more agreeable if the occupations in which you spend your days had let you a little more time so that you would have more thoroughly understood the mind of those who are involved and what I think. I learned from others that your practice ta...
While travellers in unknown territories hasten over rough mountain tracks towards a city on a mountain top, it often happens that they judge the city, at first sight, to be close to them; constantly, numerous twists and turnings along the route delay their hope of arrival to the point of weariness, for they see only the nearest peaks; in fact, thos...
Very illustrious Sir,
The memory of this day when, spontaneously approving the endeavours of a youth to investigate in Leiden with the very famous Sylvius, you were the first to show me the way to acquire your manifest approval, has not yet left my memory. Although the antiquity counts the ravens among the inauspicious birds, for me indeed, no diss...
On July 3 (July 13 st.n.), 1672, after having been absent for eight years, Stensen saw his hometown again. During those years much had changed in the town, in the country, and in his family and circle of friends.
When at the age of 22 he undertook his first journey to a foreign country Niels Stensen had no idea that he would see his home country again only rarely and on brief occasions.
Before removing the hand from the table, I cannot refrain from attaching as an appendix to the foregoing what appeared to me in the nose itself, while attempting more thoroughly at investigating the lachrymal ducts after the bones of the nose had been broken, since it displays quite the same structure as the envelope of the eyes.
The year 1667 was full of tension for Stensen. Major anatomical and geological problems incessantly drove him to investigations and experiments. Often we find him on journeys to Lucca, Livorno and Rome. In the most bristling correspondence with erudite friends, he experienced the final break-up of the Accademia del Cimento. In addition he lived thr...
The more your last letter delighted me with pleasure, the more the hindrances which prevented me from answering until now made me embarrassed. I hope nevertheless that my very close friend Matthias will perform the task of intermediary if this intercession is needed otherwise by the one whose kindness competes with his over the world highly praised...
If ever any slowness in answering joined to quickness of writing, then certainly this one needs to be excused: although blessed during the same time with two letters, I have dispatched none for months and, as it is not permitted to delay further my duty of answering, an abundance of evidences has accumulated. But your well-known affability promises...
When I consider how well you, very famous Sir, are disposed towards me, and since I believe not to deserve such consideration, I wish I could honour your extreme kindness with an equal respect. The evidences of your love indeed appear so numerous that it makes clear to me that the ancients rightfully
wanted teachers to take the place of a venerable...
Some new matters which are here presented to you, my teachers, are not commended as new as if they were brought forward for the first time. They are old, even older than those Arcadians who boasted to have existed before the moon and thus older than the human kind since they were born with the beasts before man was created as the Scriptures testify...
Times were stormy when Niels Stensen was born in 1638. Twenty years previously the defenestration of Prague had started the war that lasted for 30 years in the heart of Europe. That brought mercenaries of the Emperor’s Marshal Wallenstein even to the northern part of Denmark on the peninsula of Jutland in a victorious push of the Catholic League. T...
The diversity observed in dogs near the junction of the lymphatic ducts with the vena cava on the left side of the neck is found either in the branches of insertions, I, which are many here, few there, or in the small rings, K, which are completely absent in some dogs, are present in a certain number in most, are fewer in others still, sometimes na...
Since the change in the weather spoiled all my hopes of seeing the frozen waters in the grotto above Gresta, I returned to it after I had sent the last letter to Your Highness, so that I should miss nothing that might help me to discover something new about it. I drew a plan of it, as far as this was possible, given the unevenness of the ground, an...
Niels Stensen was born in 1638 in Copenhagen. His father was a goldsmith, but many members of the family had been or were Lutheran clergymen (Chap. I). His father died in 1645, and the workshop was carried on by the successive husbands of his mother. In 1656 Stensen graduated from the School of Our Lady and began studying science at Copenhagen Univ...
A report by Professor Thomas Bartholin on the dissection of a reindeer performed in 1672 by his former student Niels Stensen as Royal Anatomist in Copenhagen is presented in English translation with biographical introduction and bibliographical notes. The report is most likely the first of its kind being an early contribution to comparative anatomy...
With the appointment of Matthias Jakobsen at the University of Copenhagen on August 29/September 8, Stensen’s hope for a position suitable for him in his country disappeared. Since on the next day, the heirs of Anna Stichman (Jakob Kitzerow and Niels Stensen), were paid 300 rigsdaler, Niels might have decided to again take up his study travels in t...
1. With the skin of the head, the lower extremity of a muscle was cut off, the upper extremity of which was attached to the posterior aspect of the orbit and to the adjacent bone of the skull above the orbit.
1. In a cat, as the peristaltic movement of the intestines and many and big swellings of the biliary vessels had retained us in their examination for a long time, returning to the heart, we found everything immobile. But hardly had I compressed it three or four times with my fingers, their movement returned immediately to the heart and to the vena...
When Stensen informed Viviani that he was preparing for the journey back to Florence, he also expressed the desire of obtaining a room at his disposal in which he could carry out experiments on the liquids of plants and their relation to the liquids of animals. Grand Duke Cosimo was immediately ready to satisfy Stensen’s request and charged Viviani...
This is by far the most exhaustive biography on Niels Stensen, anatomist, geologist and bishop, better known as "Nicolaus Steno". We learn about the scientist’s family and background in Lutheran Denmark, of his teachers at home and abroad, of his studies and travels in the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and Germany,...
Gentlemen,
Instead of promising to satisfy your curiosity in what concerns the anatomy of the brain, I do confess here sincerely and publicly that I know nothing of this matter. I should wish with all my heart to be the only one forced to speak so, for I could take advantage with time of the knowledge of others and it would be very lucky for the hu...
The grotto of Moncodeno exceeded my greatest expectations. It presented characteristics which I had never read about in other writings, and which have never occurred to me on any other occasion. Here, too, I was able to confirm by observation the view I had begun to form by a process of reason in the grotto of Gresta. The most important characteris...
I sent to Niels Krag the Prologue of the Apologia to be presented to you. I hope this was taken care of properly. I received some copies of the debates published again by the famous Sylvius and of other publications on fevers, to be offered to friends. Among these friends there is none who deserves more my veneration than you, illustrious Sir. I tr...
While I publicly acknowledge that I do not at all deserve the great proofs of your favour, that does not diminish your very accurate judgment nor constitute any risk of my striving after honours. The favours of the greats disclose the generosity of the giver rather than the merits of the receiver. As the providence of the Divine Power is not overtu...
Up to the present, no prosthesis has functionally matched a normal, living knee. On the contrary, in many instances, well-planned osteotomies have restored degenerative knees to normal function, superseding the use of arthroplasty. The questions are: What are the limits of these procedures and what can be expected from them?
Photoelastic studies were performed to compare the effects of meniscectomy, longitudinal meniscal tear, and retention of the meniscal rim on the magnitude and distribution of the stresses in the medial compartment of the knee. The results are consistent with the concepts that the meniscus protects the articular cartilage of the knee from stress con...
Citations
... 3 As a student in Copenhagen Steno excerpted text from Galileo's, Sidereus Nuncius (1610), in the CHAOS-Manuscript (1659) ( [4] pp. 301-302). In the Prodromus ( [1] pp. 169, 802) he quoted essentials from Galileo's Discourse on Bodies in Water (1612) [5] in which Galileo expressed a critical position to Aristotelian explanations of physical phenomena. ...
... The longitudinal retraction of the myocardium causes the move of the left ventricle towards the apex. Linear contribution of the muscle fibers contraction in the long axis of the heart indicates ventricular systolic and diastolic mechanical function [5,11,91]. ...
... Mitte des Jahres 1660 führte Stensen seine anatomischen Untersuchungen in Leiden fort, wo er ausgezeichnete Arbeitsbedingungen vorfand und sich der Drüsen-und Muskelforschung zuwandte. Bahnbrechend ist seine Erkenntnis der Muskelnatur des Herzens (Scherz 1987, Kraus 1999 (2004) "Die Muschel auf dem Berg" (im englischen Original "The Seashell on the Mountaintop") zeigt die Schwierigkeiten auf, vor die sich Stensen und zahlreiche seiner Zeitgenossen bei der Deutung der Glossopetren und anderer fossiler Organismen gestellt sahen. Wie konnte es sein, dass Meeresmuscheln oder Haizähne sogar auf Bergen gefunden wurden? ...
... 208 C. M. Eng et al. vertically as the muscle lifts a load vertically (Fig. 1, image 8). Steno (1667), as translated in Stensen et al. (1994), formalized the geometric analysis to calculate fiber angle as a function of shortening using a simple parallelogram model, also assuming that the thickness of the muscle remains constant during shortening. ...
... The MCW-DFO technique was chosen by the surgeon instead of the HTO procedure, as the former was considered more appropriate for correcting the actual site of the deformity, as already observed in 1985 by Maquet [17]. The MCW-DFO technique was chosen instead of LOW-DFO according to a series of technical considerations based on scientific reasons. ...
... The knee meniscus is a specialized tissue that plays an important role in power transmission, shock absorption, and joint stability, and contributes to joint lubrication. 1,2 osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressively disabling disease caused by a pathological imbalance between degenerative and repair processes. Patients with knee meniscus injuries are at high risk of developing the disease, 3 up to 91% of patients with symptomatic knee OA have concurrent meniscal tears, 4 and it is one of the strongest risk factors for the development and progression of knee OA. 5 The probability of horizontal meniscus tear was 63% in patients with imaging evidence of OA, but only 23% in patients without imaging evidence of OA. 6 Multiple MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) studies have shown that meniscal degeneration is a common feature of OA, and meniscal degeneration is an important risk factor for the development of OA. [7][8][9] Consistent with the role of the meniscus in knee function, meniscal injuries are common in athletes and the general population. ...
