Paul K. Anderson's research while affiliated with The University of Calgary and other places

... Note that certain genera, such as Microtus, reached their greatest diversity at this time with six species, about a third of the total diversity found in all of North America ( Hall and Kelson 1981). Today, even in areas of particularly high species richness, it is quite uncommon to find more than three species of Microtus within a community ( Tamarin 1985, Spaeth 2009) and for most of the record at Hall's Cave there were no more than 2 species present (Supplementary material Appendix 1, Table A1). Interestingly, although there was an abrupt increase in beta diversity at the late Pleistocene than expected always involved herbivores, most commonly frugivores/granivores. ...

... They have evolved several morphological life history and behavioural adaptations such as changes in breeding cycles, territorial behaviour, diet and foraging behaviour (summarized in e.g. [27,28]). Frynta et al. [29], for example, found commensal MM populations to show increased exploration of elevated places over non-commensal populations. ...

... senegalensis) and the dugong (Dugong dugon). All sirenians produce vocalizations [16][17][18][19] , but here we focus on comparisons within the West Indian and Amazonian manatee species due to their shared evolutionary paths and ecological contexts. Manatees in the Western Hemisphere (West Indian and Amazonian) inhabit tropical and subtropical coasts in the Americas. ...

... As with all sirenians, observation of dugong behavioral responses to direct threats is hindered by the limited time they spend at the surface, the turbid waters they often inhabit, and the relative rarity of most such threatening interactions. Dugongs have been observed responding to threats from killer whales (Orcinus orca), large sharks, and human hunters, and to disturbances from persons in the water and vessel approaches (Anderson and Prince 1985;Preen 1989b;Hodgson and Marsh 2007;Marsh et al. 2011;Shawky 2018). Dugongs are generally slow-moving but can swim with bursts of speed in the range of 5.0-8.3 ...

... A convincing study of sympatric speciation needs to demonstrate reproductive isolation between host and parasite as well as exhaustively explore all possible sister-group relationships (Rabeling et al. 2014), although the isolation need not be complete, as documented between many fully established species (Shvarts 1977;Mallet 2005). Because the speciation of the microgynous parasite of M. rubra by differentiation from its macrogynous host has still recently been debated (see Steiner et al. 2006versus Leppänen et al. 2015, and references therein), the sister-group relationship of the parasite-host pair should not be an issue here. ...

... Dugong calves were observed suckling from the axillary teats in an inverted (ventral side up) position in 12 nursing episodes observed by Anderson (1984) from shore in Shark Bay, Australia, and in five episodes observed while snorkeling. The durations of three suckling events were timed at 95, 93, and 53 s. ...

... Observational techniques have been employed to characterise scar types on dugongs (which aids in photoidentification), behaviours, foraging and interactions with dolphins Anderson 1995). ...

... A very few studies have been conducted on dugong's habitat characteristics [9], population, and threats and conservation issues [1,3,10,11] in Malaysian coastal waters. Most of the previous studies, such as dugong-seagrass interactions [12][13][14][15][16][17], status of dugong population [18,19], behavior [20][21][22][23], habitat characteristics [16,24], risk/threat [17,22,25,26], and the need of understanding dugong population for Marine Protected Area designing and networking [27,28] have been done outside Malaysia, especially focused to Australian coastal waters. Knowledge about present dugong population and trend, habitat characteristics, dugong-environment interactions, etc. are necessary for effective conservation actions [8]. ...

... Evidence for both environmental degradation (including deforestation and erosion) and population collapse of terrestrial species, has largely focused on the successive phases of human arrival to Pacific islands (Jackson et al. 2001;Nagaoka 2002;Hunt and Lip 2006;Erlandson and Rick 2010), or continental Europe, North America and Australia with respect to Pleistocene megafauna extinctions (Nogu es-Bravo et al. 2008;Sandom et al. 2014;Faurby and Svenning 2015). However, research into the ecological impacts to marine environments prior to early commercial exploitation in the Late Middle Ages has been extremely limited (Malakoff 1997;Anderson 2001;Erlandson and Rick 2010;Dunne et al. 2016). Iceland offers a rare opportunity to explore the effects of human arrival on marine ecosystems at the very beginning of intensified commercial European exploitation. ...

... Our results corroborate previous studies that identified the eastern Johor Strait as a critical area for dugongs (Raffles, 1820;Marsh et al., 2002;Hashim et al., 2017). Their presence can be due to the many shallow bays ideal for calving or nurturing offspring (Preen, 1989;Anderson, 1997;Adulyanukosol et al., 2007). Intertidal ecosystems in the eastern Johor Strait are strongly influenced by the high fluvial input from the Johor River (Loh et al., 2009;van Maren et al., 2014;Phang et al., 2015), and thus favor fast-growing seagrass species such Halophila ovalis and Halodule uninervis (Affendi et al., 2005;McKenzie et al., 2016). ...