Paul Dargusch's research while affiliated with The University of Queensland and other places
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Publications (146)
Recent events within the Australian National Electricity Market have demonstrated that the system of an energy-only market (a market that only compensates power that has been produced) is no longer fit for purpose. The rate of change in installed capacity and generation requires better planning to ensure reliability is maintained at the lowest tota...
Studies investigating treelines in the Southern Hemisphere are underrepresented in the global literature, with a strong bias towards Northern Hemisphere treelines. Treelines in the Southern Hemisphere are often very different in terms of species composition, climate, and factors limiting their growth and elevational establishment. Treelines in the...
Purpose of Review - Numerous studies have reported that treelines are moving to higher elevations and latitudes over the last few decades. Climate change is assumed to be the main driver behind the observed migration of treelines. Predicting how treelines are likely to move in the future is important to identify impacts on sensitive high-alpine eco...
Heavy industry can face challenges in choosing applicable climate change mitigation measures due to a lack of technical background and practical guidance. A better understanding of these determinants is needed to design region-specific climate policies that most effectively enable more ‘successful’ low carbon transitions. Set in an emerging economy...
Background Recurring wildfires on degraded peatlands throughout Central Kalimantan have resulted in severe economic and social impacts for local people along with globally significant environmental impacts. The interdependence between the livelihoods of local villagers and wildfire is not well understood in areas of degraded peat in proximity to ur...
Key challenges for Indonesia to 2050 are to reduce its dependency on fossil-based fuels and to decarbonize its energy system. This article adopts a systems approach to investigate future pathways, positing a shift from oil combustion to electricity to energize cooking stoves and vehicles. Today, electricity is predominantly generated using gas and...
Ecosystem services is a concept broadly applicable to describe environmental interrelations with human activities. It serves as a practical instrument for assessing the success of resource management in natural reserves, with the goals of maximising conservation effort and achieving sustainable use. The Gili Matra Marine Tourism Park (GMMTP) has be...
A Marine Protected Area (MPA) is always expected to create a specified outcome in ecosystem improvement. While they are certain to benefit marine life, MPAs also impact the surrounding communities, as they directly affect the livelihoods of people who rely on marine exploits to make a decent living. In other words, MPAs create new communal dynamics...
The G20-led TNFD taskforce or TNFD is under development and should be ready in September 2023. With one year to go before its official release, the study of the beta versions of the 0.2 framework is crucial to know the strategy of the taskforce regarding metrics and sectors with high natural risks. Its big sister, the Taskforce on Climate-related F...
Cultural ecosystem services (CES) are intangible benefits people obtain from an ecosystem through physical and cognitive interactions. Understanding CES provides vital insights into how activities impacting ecosystem services also impact people. Gili Matra Islands, a set of three small tropical islands located in West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indone...
![Examples of climate-related risks; adapted from IPCC [18] and TCFD [7].](publication/362725042/figure/tbl1/AS:11431281079483660@1660716988514/Examples-of-climate-related-risks-adapted-from-IPCC-18-and-TCFD-7_Q320.jpg)
There seems to be no agreed taxonomy for climate-related risks. The information in firms’ climate risk disclosures represents a new resource for identifying the priorities and strategies of Australian companies’ management of climate risk. This research surveys 839 companies listed on the Australian Stock Exchange for the presence of climate risk d...
Effective carbon management in private industries is essential due to the significant emissions from corporations across the globe. Investigation and monitoring of carbon management strategies in large corporations, such as Sky Group, is needed to meet the Paris targets. Sky Group has provided Scope 1, 2 and 3 estimates since 2018. The firm has imp...
Carbon management strategies are crucial for businesses to decrease their contribution to climate change. The aviation industry currently contributes 2% of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. As part of the aviation industry, Qantas Group has enacted ambitious carbon management goals to reduce its carbon emissions. As of the 2020 financial year,...
Carbon management is critical in a world of growing corporate emissions that are contributing to substantial environmental degradation. The real estate industry has a significant impact on the climatic crisis, contributing to 40% of greenhouse gas emissions produced from the development and use of buildings. The British Land Company has allocated s...
The tropical peatlands of Indonesia are widely recognized as a globally significant carbon stock and an important provider of crucial ecosystem services. However, in recent years they have been increasingly degraded. The Indonesian government has attempted to involve communities in peatland restoration efforts. These attempts were made in recogniti...
There is a growing recognition that climate change is a global challenge that requires urgent action. Excessive emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are one of the main reasons for the problem. The more GHGs are released into the atmosphere, the more the sun’s heat can be captured by those gases, leading to global warming and other ripple effects....
The expansion of large-scale photovoltaic (PV) power generation is essential to global efforts to mitigate climate change. A constraint to such PV development is its extensive space requirements, complicated by increasing competition for land driven by population growth and rising food demand. Agrivoltaic systems, which integrate crop production an...
This study aims to analyze the occurrence and composition of ferns along an elevational gradient and among different forest types and disturbance regimes in Papua New Guinea (PNG). The assessment was conducted using the monitoring protocol of the National Forest Inventory. The investigation revealed a high richness of ferns, with 122 species or mor...
The private sector plays an important role in the global climate goals and the 1.5°C target set during the Paris Agreement. Through investment in green projects and technology and energy efficiency initiatives, their carbon management strategy is paramount to achieve sustainability and good business practices. It is crucial to understand the propos...
Classical agricultural development paradigms prioritise basic requirements such as agronomic, caloric and economic needs for the target environment and for beneficiaries. As challenges associated with climate change, globalisation, and population growth compound and amplify one another, project scope must be broadened to take a holistic food system...
Japan is one of 196 parties who adopted the Paris Agreement and is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions to achieve net zero by 2050. Greenhouse gas emissions are predicted to increase global temperatures by +3.8° in 2100 under RCP8.5. In response to the Paris Agreement, Sumitomo Electrical Industries Ltd. (Osaka, Japan, 107-8468) (a Japan...
While climate change is increasingly more present in political agendas, companies are called to restructure their businesses to meet national targets by reducing their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Thus, carbon management practices are nowadays critical for most firms, especially those working in the energy sector. PTT represents a peculiar case...
As the major group of herbivorous insects, moths are highly significant in natural ecosystems. In collaboration with the Papua New Guinea (PNG) multipurpose National Forest Inventory (NFI) survey, this study investigates the species richness, distribution and community composition of Geometrid moths (Lepidoptera) in PNG’s tropical forests and analy...
Carbon management is an important topic for investigation to ensure the accountability of firms in meeting Paris Agreement targets. Transparency and rigorous scrutiny are needed to keep industries on track to accomplish a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. To maintain a healthy environment, and promote human and ecosystem health, it will be vit...
![Global gross Scope 1 emission categorised by business activities [12].](publication/358614754/figure/tbl1/AS:1127526747389953@1645834733460/Global-gross-Scope-1-emission-categorised-by-business-activities-12_Q320.jpg)
![Total gross global Scope 2 emissions by business division in 2020 [12].](publication/358614754/figure/tbl2/AS:1127526747389954@1645834733557/Total-gross-global-Scope-2-emissions-by-business-division-in-2020-12_Q320.jpg)
Since the industrial revolution, greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activities have posed an unprecedented global challenge to social development and impact on the natural environment. With the growing awareness of environmental protection and the promotion of international cooperation mechanisms, there is a global consensus to control greenh...
Many multinational retail companies are exposed to financial risk related to climate change. Carbon management is important in keeping global temperature increases below 1.5°C to prevent the exacerbated impacts of climate change. Auchan Retail in Auchan Holding provides a good example of carbon management in the retail sector. Auchan Retail’s major...
Peatlands in Southeast Asia are of global significance for biodiversity conservation and climate regulation as well as of national and local significance for water management and livelihood support. Despite this, these ecosystems are among the least studied and monitored of the world, and are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activities. Pea...
Syzygium is the largest woody genus of flowering plants in the world and one of the most important components of the forest vegetation in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Although the systematics of the genus is improving, a comprehensive appraisal of the environmental features and gradients of its species is still lacking. Our work aims to fill this gap by...
The earth’s climate is warming, increasingly straining the Earth’s human and environmental systems. Organisations are increasingly committing to net zero emissions by mid-Century to set and communicate their ambition to limit global warming to the peak temperature goals of the Paris Agreement. However, for many companies, the pathway to delivering...
With scientific consensus on climate change and growing public concern, firms are recognising the multiple risks associated with inaction on their Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. The Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and Entertainment & Media (E&M) sectors provide essential communications services, that are foundational for much of th...
Carbon emissions are a major factor influencing climate change. Climate change also has ecological impacts, such as loss of biodiversity and loss of ecosystem functions and services. Starbucks is a large multinational company which aims to reduce their environmental impact. Starbucks’ carbon emissions in 2018 were 16,706 thousand metric tons, inclu...
![Figure 1 DHL's scope 1 & 2 emissions from 2016 to 2019 [9-16].](publication/359165545/figure/fig1/AS:11431281101415660@1669433282374/DHLs-scope-1-2-emissions-from-2016-to-2019-9-16_Q320.jpg)
Awareness of the challenges of sustainable development, and in particular the risks of climate change, is leading to inevitable restrictions on Greenhouse gas emissions. True carbon risk management must be introduced into the strategy of companies that will increasingly operate in a global low-carbon economy. Indeed, companies are now called upon t...
![Figure 1 Environmental data from 2020 Environmental report [11] and...](publication/361334211/figure/fig1/AS:11431281100037618@1669318200124/Environmental-data-from-2020-Environmental-report-11-and-revenue-20_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 2 Operational emissions and revenue by year [11, 20].](publication/361334211/figure/fig2/AS:11431281100043890@1669318200248/Operational-emissions-and-revenue-by-year-11-20_Q320.jpg)
The first step in managing an entity’s carbon emissions involves measurement as ‘what gets measured gets managed’ and measurement lies at the heart of carbon management. The study of carbon management is important to all stakeholders as it enables calculation of emissions that can help determine opportunities for emissions reductions to address cli...
![The Adecco Group Yearly Emissions Data (2012 -Current) [22, 23].](publication/360418376/figure/tbl1/AS:11431281100936583@1669418290323/The-Adecco-Group-Yearly-Emissions-Data-2012-Current-22-23_Q320.jpg)
![Emissions Data for Leading Global HR Providers [22, 33-35].](publication/360418376/figure/tbl2/AS:11431281100928411@1669418290410/Emissions-Data-for-Leading-Global-HR-Providers-22-33-35_Q320.jpg)
![Comparison of Emissions Intensity for HR Service Providers [22, 33-35].](publication/360418376/figure/tbl3/AS:11431281100901342@1669418290500/Comparison-of-Emissions-Intensity-for-HR-Service-Providers-22-33-35_Q320.jpg)
One of the biggest challenges currently presented to organisations worldwide is their ability to identify and sustainably manage greenhouse gas emissions. ‘Carbon management’, as it is referred to, is the process of understanding how and where an organisation’s activities generate emissions, and extends beyond meeting regulation requirements to bei...
A key challenge for heavy industry in emerging economies is how to meet international greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards since they are often based on the conditions and capacities of manufacturing in advanced countries. Firms in developing nations are typically cost-driven and reliant on older, less efficient technology: very few have achieve...
The food system is a significant source of rising greenhouse gas emissions in Bangladesh due to increasing food demand, and ongoing economic growth. The country needs to develop low carbon pathways for the food system that strengthen food security, reduce vulnerability to climate change, and help to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Developmen...
This research considered changes in monthly electricity generation and demand in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Observed network electricity demand and generation type for the January–June 2020 period were compared to forecast values (using a triple exponential smoothing method) based on trends established from 2016 to 2019. Regional level ele...
Previous studies have provided important scientific information on ant species richness and composition relating to the effects of elevation, sampling approaches, stratification, and forest succession. Yet, they have primarily focused on single sites or regions. Knowledge of ant ecology should also include the impact of disturbance in various fores...
Myanmar is one of the most forested countries of mainland Southeast Asia and is a globally important biodiversity hotspot. However, forest cover has declined from 58% in 1990 to 44% in 2015. The aim of this paper was to understand the patterns and drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Myanmar since 2005, and to identify possible policy...
A notable research gap in the Indonesian policy environment is the lack of discussion about its energy planning. This article addresses the problem by adopting a political economy approach to investigate the country's mix and security of energy supplies to 2050. A comprehensive review produces three project inquiries into the continued reliance on...
Negative-emission technologies (NETs) are widely viewed as a risky backstop technology for climate change mitigation. In this perspective, we challenge this limited view of NETs. We show how, notwithstanding their merit, integrated assessment models (IAMs) are largely responsible for establishing this opposition to NETs. This is because IAM-based a...
Global production and use of food packaging have steadily increased since the 1960s. Packaging waste is now considered one of the world's most urgent environmental problems. Most responses to the problem have focused on recycling or the introduction of biomass-based materials. Whilst useful, these approaches focus on managing the symptoms and do no...
Comparing the cost and value of electricity generation technologies is becoming more complex as electricity grids become more diverse. The changing generation mix, along with the need to maintain a competent grid, is resulting in previously acceptable cost comparison metrics being used outside of their limited range of applicability. In particular...
Numerous studies have reported that treelines are moving to higher elevations and higher latitudes. Most treelines are temperature limited and warmer climate expands the area in which trees are capable of growing. Hence, climate change has been assumed to be the main driver behind this treeline movement. The latest review of treeline studies was pu...
![Figure 3: Map of Cross River State with pilot project locations [17].](publication/368058834/figure/fig2/AS:11431281117302654@1675418521531/Map-of-Cross-River-State-with-pilot-project-locations-17_Q320.jpg)
Water erosion affects soil carbon (C) loss and C enrichment in sediment. To better understand the dynamics of water erosion and topsoil C loss with eroded sediments after vegetation restoration, we studied the sediment yield from each rainfall event over two growing seasons (June through October) in four runoff plots with different vegetation cover...
Australia offers an interesting case study of climate policy effectiveness as Australia has ‘tried’ a wide range of policies to mixed effect. Given that more than half of Australia's greenhouse gas emissions typically come from stationary energy generation, most climate policy in Australia has focussed on electricity sector reform, particularly the...
Current metrics fail to adequately capture the temporal and spatial complexity of energy transitions in a sufficiently meaningful way and this limits their usefulness to inform effective climate and energy policy and management. In this paper we propose a cumulative integral of CO 2 emissions intensity for electricity and heat use as a metric to mo...
Myanmar has one of the lowest electrification rates in the world, and most of its inhabitants, who lack access to electricity, live off-grid in rural areas. Despite Myanmar having abundant sun and wind energy resources, which could potentially generate electricity for rural communities, renewable energy growth in Myanmar is stunted. In this article...
The buildings sector contributes 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and building energy use is anticipated to double by 2050. Building performance research has typically focused on the operational phase, with life-cycle impacts increasingly studied, but often in isolation. This paper presents a novel framework integrating building energy model...
Treelines define the upper limits of where trees are capable of growing. These exist at high elevations across many of the world’s mountain ranges and at high latitudes across much of Russia and Canada. With climate change causing more favourable conditions for tree-expansion in many areas, these boundaries are moving to higher elevations and latit...
Vietnam’s Green Growth Action Plan for the period 2014–2020 sets out an overall plan for the sustainable development of the country. One of the cornerstones of that plan is the development of a greenhouse gas inventory and emission reduction opportunity assessment for Ho Chi Minh City. This provides a basis for the roadmap towards green growth in H...
Land reclamation involves extracting fill from some areas (which in the tropics are commonly mangrove and seagrass ecosystems) and transporting and depositing it into zones being reclaimed as land for housing or industrial development. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are produced at various stages of the process (including for instance, from fuel us...
Both deforestation and El Niño events influence Borneo’s climate, but their interaction is not well understood. Borneo’s native forest cover decreased by 37.1% between 1980 and 2015 with large areas being replaced by oil palm and a mosaic of plantations and regrowth vegetation. The island is also affected by El Niño events, resulting in severe drou...
Both deforestation and El Niño events influence Borneo's climate, but their interaction is not well understood. Borneo's native forest cover decreased by 37.1% between 1980 and 2015 with large areas being replaced by oil palm and a mosaic of plantations and regrowth vegetation. The island is also affected by El Niño events, resulting in severe drou...
Biochar has been lauded for its potential to mitigate climate change, increase crop yields and reverse land degradation in tropical agricultural systems. Despite its benefits, confusion persists about whether the use of biochar is financially feasible as a soil ameliorant. A comprehensive review of previous studies of biochar's financial feasibilit...
The first utility-scale (75 MW) wind farm facility in Indonesia (the “Sidrap” project) was launched in South Sulawesi in early 2018. In this case study, we assess how several factors contributed to the successful development of the Sidrap project including strong signals of support from the Indonesian Government; long-term local presence of private...
Residential battery energy storage with solar deployed at scale will amplify operational complexity in electricity markets. If the technology is poorly integrated, it could impact the efficient provision of electricity while increasing political resistance to a technology that could achieve positive climate change mitigation outcomes. To better und...
Renewable energy targets announced in 2014 present an opportunity to reform Indonesia's electricity sector which is dominated by fossil fuels. In this paper we discuss Indonesia's current renewable energy policies and future outlook for achieving the targets. This paper serves as a literature review of Indonesia's changing energy policy landscape,...
Land reclamation activities can, directly and indirectly, impact the environment. Examples of direct effects include alterations in coastal geomorphology, variations in the chemical content of water and changes in biological composition along the littoral zone. The indirect impacts can involve geological changes and increase vulnerability to natura...
Around 600 Mt carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emission
originates from energy production and consumption in Indonesia annually. Of this output, 40 Mt CO2e comes from
cement production. This makes the cement industry a key sector to target in Indonesia’s quest to reduce its emissions by 26% by 2020. Substant...
The equatorial island of Borneo is a deforestation hotspot. However, the influence of forest loss on the island's climate remains largely unexplored. Here, we examine how forest loss is related to changes in ground-based records of temperature (1961–2007) and precipitation (1951–2007), and MODIS data for temperature (2002–2016). Analyses were perfo...
Of the 44 million hectares of peatland in the tropics, Indonesia has proportionately the largest area (45%) and carbon content (64%). These carbon-rich peat ecosystems play an important role in regional climate stabilization and biodiversity conservation. The Indonesian Government has enacted numerous regulatory measures since the 1990s aimed at bo...
Indonesia’s peatlands have been subject to extensive deforestation and degradation resulting from logging, drainage, fires and conversion to other land uses. A number of restoration initiatives have been attempted to address this degradation yet, to date, there has been little coherent or rigorous reflection on the effectiveness of these interventi...
Oil palm waste from South Sumatra may represent an abundant source of biochar for beneficial agronomic use in Australian broad-acre farming systems. Here a cost–benefit analysis and carbon footprint of biochar applied to three different Australian broad-acre crops are presented, covering application rates of between 1 and 40 Mg ha⁻¹ and considering...
The peat forests of Indonesia have experienced extensive deforestation and degradation over recent
decades. High demand for Indonesian timber and plantation development has driven large-scale draining and clearing
of peat forest, resulting in extensive fires and smoke haze problems across the region. These fires caused more than
100,000 premature d...
Residential photovoltaic systems with battery energy storage could help accelerate the transition to a more efficient, secure and reliable electricity supply. Understanding and managing the risks associated with this complex, consumer-led transformation will be critical to minimize disruption and achieve effective integration. In this paper, we use...
The world’s largest area of tropical peatland ecosystems is found in South-East Asia. These peatlands have globally significant carbon stocks and play an important role in regional and global climate systems. Despite the valuable social and economic services and ecosystem biodiversity these tropical peatlands provide, misguided land use policies ha...
The Australian Government is attempting to use a market-based mechanism to involve agriculture in activities that reduce emissions and sequester carbon. The initiative, known as the Carbon Farming Initiative, represents a significant investment as part of the government’s climate change and land-use policies. To examine the potential opportunities...
Climate-smart agriculture has emerged as a way of increasing food productivity, building resiliency to climate change and reducing carbon emissions. Despite rapid technical advances, research on climate-smart agriculture has arguably under-theorized the socio-political processes that continue to marginalize vulnerable groups such as smallholder far...
In 2012, a total of 13.1 million tonnes of carbon dioxide were emitted by 14 airlines while transporting 72 per cent of international passengers into and out of Australia in 2012. With passenger and cargo traffic growing at between five to six per cent annually from 2013 to 2033, acquiring more fuel efficient aircraft to both renew the existing fle...
Peatland ecosystems in Central Kalimantan Indonesia have been under pressure from human activities for the last three decades. Various actors, including private companies, different levels of government, and local communities, have played significant roles in changing the landscape within the region. However, the impact of local community activitie...
This paper explores how Climate-resiliency Field Schools involving smallholder farmers in the Mindanao region of the Philippines advance climate-smart farming practices. Using data from field observations, 86 interviews, and 13 focus group discussions from five municipalities, the research finds that cross-scale activities, including local plans an...
This paper offers a systematic analysis of the concepts and contexts that frame the climate-smart agriculture (CSA) discourse in the academic and policy literature. Documents (n = 113) related to CSA and published in peer-reviewed journals, books, working papers, and scientific reports from 2004 to 2016 were reviewed. Three key trends emerged from...
Smallholder farmers in the Philippines are typically considered to be particularly vulnerable to climate change, yet, relatively little is known about how that vulnerability differs between men and women farmers, particularly in conflict-prone areas. Using the region of Mindanao in Philippines as a case study, this paper presents an analysis of foc...
