Pascale Gaudreault’s research while affiliated with Université du Québec en Outaouais and other places

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Publications (11)


The relationship between sleep, perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, and academic and sports performance in young athletes
  • Article

November 2023

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147 Reads

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2 Citations

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Pascale Gaudreault

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Perfectionism is associated with sleep as well as with academic and sports performance. Given the importance of sleep for performance and the sleep changes that occur during adolescence, the present study aimed to explore the relationship between sleep, two dimensions of perfectionism (perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns), with academic and sports performance in young athletes. The occurrence of perfectionistic strivings was identified as a tendency to set high personal standards for oneself, while the occurrence of perfectionistic concerns was identified as a tendency to feel pressure to be perfect and have concerns about imperfections. A total of 32 athletes aged 13 to 16 years old participated in this study. Perfectionism, sleep, and course grades were measured at the end of the school year. Sleep was measured by actigraphy, and sports performance improvement was obtained by comparing individual performance at the beginning and the end of the school year. The moderating effect of both dimensions of perfectionism on the relationships between sleep and academic and sports performance improvement was measured. First, results showed no significant relationship between sleep and academic/sports performance. Further analyses revealed that perfectionistic strivings moderated the relationship between certain aspects of sleep with academic and sports performance improvement. Delayed and suboptimal sleep habits were associated with lower academic and sports performance improvement when low levels of perfectionistic strivings were present. Results with perfectionistic concerns showed that this dimension did not moderate the relationship between sleep and academic and sports performance improvement. This study supports the notion that high levels of perfectionistic strivings in young athletes may mitigate the adverse effects of poor sleep habits in young athletes.


Gender differences in the interference of sleep difficulties and daytime sleepiness on school and social activities in adolescents

August 2022

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49 Reads

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12 Citations

Sleep Medicine

Objectives During adolescence, changes in the circadian and homeostatic systems, combined with psychosocial factors, create a phase delay in the sleep of adolescents. These changes in sleep are associated with increased sleep difficulties and a shortened sleep duration, which has a negative impact on daytime functioning of adolescents. Some studies showed that teenage girls report worse sleep quality and shorter sleep duration than boys during adolescence. The objective of this study was to investigate gender differences in the impact of sleep difficulties and sleepiness on daytime functioning in adolescents and to measure which aspect of sleep may interfere with daytime functioning in boys and girls. Method A total of 731 adolescents (311 boys, 420 girls; age 13 to 17,5 years) completed questionnaires on sleep and daytime functioning. Results Compared to boys, teenage girls reported a significantly greater impact of short sleep duration and sleep difficulties on their school and social activities. Furthermore, our results suggest that the factors predicting the negative interference on daytime functioning seem to be more complex and multifactorial for girls than for boys. Conclusions This study further emphasizes the importance of monitoring insufficient and poor sleep quality in adolescents, as these sleep variables seem to have a significant impact on their daytime functioning. Clinicians should also take into account gender when considering sleep issues in adolescents, as teenage girls and boys have different vulnerabilities and needs.


300 The Use of Sleep Aids in Young Athletes and Non-Athletes: An Exploratory Study

May 2021

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26 Reads

Sleep

Jean-François Caron

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Pascale Gaudreault

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[...]

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Introduction Studies have shown that sleep in adolescents is characterized by sleep disturbances. Many teens resort to prescribed or nonprescribed medication to alleviate their sleep difficulties. Research suggests that sport and physical activity may be protective factors regarding sleep. The aims of the present study were to investigate the use of sleep aids among young athletes and non-athletes, and to identify possible factors associated with prescribed and nonprescribed sleep aids Methods 35 young athletes (14.6±0.7 years old; 54.3 % males) and 30 young non-athletes (15.1±0.7 years old; 16.7% males) completed questions on sleep aids, the Academic Motivation Scale, the anxiety and depression scales of the Beck Youth Inventory-II, and the Multidimensional Self-Esteem Questionnaire, at the beginning, middle, and end of the school year. Mean scores for the school year were computed for amotivation in school, intrinsic academic motivation of accomplishment, self-esteem, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms. Teens were each categorized as user or non-user if they had or had not used sleep aids during the school year. First, comparison of sleep aids usage between groups were done using a Chi-square test. Then, both groups of athletes and non-athletes were combined. Amotivation, intrinsic motivation, self-esteem, and anxiety and depressive symptoms were compared between users and non-users using paired t-tests Results Results show that young non-athletes report using sleep aids more often than young athletes (X2(1,N=65)=5.205, p=.023). Indeed, 65.2% non-athletes compared to 34.8% athletes reported using sleep aids during school year. Users represent 35.4% of the total sample. T-tests showed that users have a significantly higher amotivation score (t(65)=-2.010, p=.049), more anxiety symptoms (t(65)=-2,480, p=.016), and more depressive symptoms (t(65)=-2,126, p=.037) than non-users. Conclusion These results show a high prevalence of prescribed and nonprescribed sleep aids usage in teens. Our results also suggest that sleep aids in young adolescents is associated with mental health problems and academic motivation issues. On the other hand, our results support that sport and physical activity may have a protective role regarding sleep. This highlights the importance to promote sport participation among adolescents. Support (if any) n/a


0202 Chronotype Moderates the Relationship Between Personality and Academic Performance in Young Athletes

May 2020

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41 Reads

Sleep

Introduction Recent studies have shown that chronotype is associated with personality in adolescents. Other studies suggest that athletes are more conscientious, and that this personality trait is associated with higher academic performance among adolescents. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between personality, chronotype and academic performance in young athletes. Methods 27 young athletes and 13 young non-athletes (13-16y) completed the Horne & Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and the NEO-PI-3. Grades were taken from their final report at the end of the school year (Mgrades=year-mean performance on the two main school subjects). First, T-tests were conducted to compare both groups on personality traits. Then, a moderation analysis was conducted using Hayes’ PROCESS Macro V3.4 to examine the moderation effect of the chronotype on the relationship between conscientiousness and Mgrades. Results Results show that young athletes are significantly more conscientious (M=4748±11,67) than non-athletes (M=38,31±9,59) (t(38)=2,46,p=.019). Conscientiousness and chronotype were entered in a regression analysis to predict Mgrades. The addition of the interaction term between chronotype and conscientiousness, to the regression analysis, explained a significant increase in variance in Mgrades (ΔR2=.34, F(1,23)=19.38, p<.001). Therefore, when the score is inferior to 57.75 at the MEQ (toward evening type), conscientiousness and Mgrades are significantly related (β=0.28, t(23)=2.07, p=0.05). Conclusion These results show that the chronotype moderates the relationship between conscientiousness and academic performance in young athletes. Specifically, in more evening types, higher level of conscientiousness is associated with higher grades and lower level of conscientiousness is associated with lower grades. On the other hand, for more morning types, the level of conscientiousness is not associated with grades. These results suggest that conscientiousness may be a protective factor against the impacts of adolescence sleep changes and disturbances, on academic performance. Support -


0191 Social Jetlag and Sleep Habits on Weekends Moderate the Relationship Between Personal Standards Perfectionism and Academic Performance in Young Athletes

May 2020

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19 Reads

Sleep

Introduction Research suggests that young athletes may present different levels of perfectionism, which affect sport and academic performances. Sleep is also a variable that can affects grades. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between personal standards (PS) perfectionism, sleep and school performance in young athletes. Methods 27 young athletes (13-16y) wore an actigraph for a week and completed an adapted version of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale at the beginning, middle and end of the school year. Sleep habits during weekdays (WD) and weekends (WE), and social jetlag (SJ) were extracted from the actigraphy. Mean performance of the two main school subjects were taken from the final report at the end of the school year (Mgrades). A linear regression was done between PS and Mgrades. Then, we used Hayes’ PROCESS Macro V3.4 to examine the role of sleep as a moderator of the relation between PS and Mgrades. Results PS significantly predicts Mgrades (β=.59, p=.001; Ra2=.34, p=.001). The addition of the interactions terms, first between SJ and PS, then, between WE bedtimes and PS, and finally, between WE waketimes and PS, explained a significant increase in variance in Mgrades (ΔR2=.14, F(1,23)=31.81, p<.001; ΔR2=.17, F(1,23)=25.99, p<.001; ΔR2=.10, F(1,23)=12.43, p=.002, respectively). Therefore, when SJ is higher than 39min, WE bedtimes are after 10:21PM and WE waketimes are after 7:12AM, PS and Mgrades are significantly related. Conclusion These results show that when higher SJ and later WE bedtimes and waketimes are present, low PS are associated with low grades and high PS are associated with high grades. In contrast, when a small SJ, earlier WE bedtimes and waketimes are present, PS are not associated with grades. These results suggest that young athletes may be more vulnerable to the effect of sleep disturbances on grades depending on various factors such as perfectionism. Support N/A


0801 Changes in Sleep Habits as a Function of Age in Late Adolescence

April 2019

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25 Reads

Sleep

Introduction As they grow older, adolescents tend to go to bed later, but still wake-up early to go to school during weekdays. It has also been found that boys and girls have different sleep habits. However, few studies have looked at the changes in these sleep habits in both genders across adolescence. This was the aim of the present study. Methods 654 adolescents (269boys; 385girls; 14-17y) completed questionnaires on sleep habits. First, repeated measures ANOVAs were performed on the sleep midpoint during school nights and during weekends in order to compare the sleep patterns of boys and girls across age (14 to 17 years old). Secondary analysis were then performed on bedtimes and wake-up times during weekends using repeated measures ANOVAs to compare only the 16 and 17 years old boys and girls. Results A significant Gender X Age interaction was found [F(3,4.567)=2.714,p<.05] for the sleep midpoint during weekends. Single comparison follow-up analysis using independent t-tests showed thatat 16y, the boys’ sleep midpoint on weekends was significantly later than the girls’ (5h23±1h24 vs 4h55±1h10,respectively; t(206)=2.622,p=.01). This finding led us to investigate the sleep schedules of older teenagers. There was no difference in bedtimes during weekends between 16 and 17 year old boys and girls. However, there was a significant Gender X Age [F(1,12.087)=4,466,p<.05] interaction for the wake-up times on weekends. Results show that 16 and 17 years old girls continued to gradually delay their wake-up times as they grow older. On the other hand, at 17, boys show a significant advance in their wake-up times. Conclusion Our results suggest that sleep habits are changing differently in boys and girls across adolescence. Further studies should look at possible explanations for these gender differences. For example, it could be hypothesized that older boys are more likely to have a job than older girls, which could explain why they wake-up earlier on weekends. Our results underline the importance of studying weekend sleep habits in late teens, as it may have a significant impact on their overall sleep. Support (If Any) N/A


0239 Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, Reduced Sleep Duration on Weekend and Social Jetlag are associated with Caffeine Consumption in Teenagers

April 2019

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53 Reads

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1 Citation

Sleep

Introduction Caffeine consumption is increasing in adolescents, particularly due to the gaining popularity of energy drinks. Yet, much more research is needed to better understand the motivation underlying these consumption habits and the impact of caffeine on sleep and daytime functioning in teenagers. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between sleep habits, daytime sleepiness and energy drinks and coffee consumption in adolescents. Methods 674 adolescents (280 boys, 394 girls, 14 to 17 years old) completed a questionnaire on sleep habits and caffeine consumption. First, Pearson’s correlations between energy drinks and coffee consumption were calculated with total sleep time (TST) on school nights (SN) and weekend nights (WN), social jetlag (SJ), and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). A multiple linear regression model was performed to examine the unique contribution of each variable that was significantly associated with caffeine consumption in teenagers. Since age could also be associated with this habits, this variable was added to the model. Results Results showed that energy drinks and coffee consumption was associated with EDS (r=.34;p<.001), TST on SN (r=-.145;p<.001) and WN (r=-.087;p<.05), and SJ (r=.18;p<.001). Multiple linear regression modeling demonstrated that 14,8% of the variance in the consumption habits can be explained by the model (p<.001). EDS was the largest predictor ( β =.29,p<.001), followed by SJ ( β =.18,p<.001) and TST on WN ( β =-.13,p<.01). Age and TST on SN were not significant predictors of caffeine consumption. Conclusion These results confirm that although EDS is associated with energy drinks and coffee consumption in adolescents, sleep timing and duration on weekend also seem to be associated with this habit. Our results could suggest that caffeine is used to compensate for daytime sleepiness partly due to an increased social jetlag. It could also suggest that teenagers who consume high level of caffeine have more trouble sleeping on weekends. However, it is also possible that teenagers are deliberately using caffeine as a way to increase social and personal time during weekend. This needs to be investigated. Support (If Any) None.


0238 Sleep Habits In Teenagers From Summer Time To School Time

April 2019

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64 Reads

Sleep

Introduction Many teenagers are reporting sleep difficulties and are complaining about daytime sleepiness. Those complaints could be explained by different factors impacting sleep/wake patterns during adolescence. School start times, homework, social activities and sport enrolment are some of the constraints that can decrease adolescents’ sleep. The aim of the present study was to compare sleep patterns of teenagers during a summer period and during a school period. Methods Forty-two adolescents aged 13 to 15 years (23 girls and 19 boys) completed questionnaires on sleep habits, once during the summer, and again at the beginning of the school year (October). Paired t-tests were performed between bedtime, risetime and total sleep time to compare sleep habits between summer time and school time. Results Adolescents reported significantly earlier bedtime (21:20 ± 42min vs 22:33 ± 65min; t(41)=8,97,p<0.001, r²=0.66) and earlier risetime (6:17 ± 23min vs 8:52 ± 74min; t(41)=7,42, p<0.001, r²=0.81) during school time compared to summer time. Sleep duration was also significantly reduced during school time compared to summer time (8.94 h ± 0.73h vs 10.34h ± 1.05h; t(41)=13.38, p<0.001, r²=0.81). The difference between school time and summer time represents a loss of 84 minutes in sleep duration per night. Conclusion These results confirm that teenagers are changing their sleep patterns during school time. Our results show that they tend to shift their sleep habits to earlier times during school time, probably in order to adapt to school schedules and demands. Our results also show that these changes cause a drastic reduction in their sleep. This may lead to excessive daytime sleepiness during school time. Moreover, the timing of this new sleep schedule may cause sleep initiation difficulties during school time because of a misalignment with their natural sleep-wake-patterns. During summer time, however, teens adopt sleep patterns that are probably more closely related to their natural sleep-wake cycle and sleep need. This will need to be investigated in further studies. Support (If Any) -


0858 Teenage Girls Report Higher Impact Of Sleepiness During School And Personal Activities Than Teenage Boys

April 2018

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23 Reads

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5 Citations

Sleep

Introduction Researchers have shown that during adolescence, sleep goes through modifications, such as a delay in the sleep-wake patterns. This comes into conflict with the fixed schedules imposed by social and school demands and therefore has an influence on teenagers’ sleepiness and daytime functioning. Whether boys and girls report similar negative impact of sleep disturbances on their daytime functioning is examined in the present study. Methods 731 adolescents (311 boys; 420 girls; 13–17,5y; grade 9–11) completed a questionnaire among which were questions on sleep and daytime functioning: 1) difficulties staying awake during class in the morning, (2) during class in the afternoon, and (3) after class while doing their homework; (4) being too tired to do activities with their friends, (5) missing school because of being too tired; (6) falling asleep during class; (7) feeling less motivated in school because of their poor sleep; (8) consuming coffee or energy drinks to compensate for their daytime sleepiness; and (9) taking naps during weekends. Items were answered on a 7 point Likert scale (1=never; 7=often). Gender differences were assessed using t-tests. Results Teenage girls reported more difficulties staying awake during class in the morning (t(723)=-3.95, p<.001), during class in the afternoon (t(720)=-3.98,p<.001), and during homework (t(720)=-4.11, p<.001) than boys. They also reported feeling too tired to do activities with their friends (t(721)=-3.40, p=.001), missing school because of being too tired (t(719.18)=-4.10, p<.001), feeling less motivated in school because of their poor sleep (t(695.93)=-4.20, p<.001), and taking naps during weekends (t(698.36)=-3.41,p=.001) more often than boys. However, there was no gender difference when it comes to using coffee or energy drinks to compensate for daytime sleepiness (t(715)=-.53; p=.60) or for falling asleep in class (t(722)=-.77; p=.44). Conclusion Overall, our results show that girls reported a higher degree of interference of daytime sleepiness on multiple aspects of their school and personal activities than boys. This suggests that teenage girls may be more vulnerable to the negative impacts of sleep changes during adolescence than teenage boys. Support (If Any) NA


0862 Perfectionism and Sleep in High School Students
  • Article
  • Full-text available

April 2018

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202 Reads

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1 Citation

Sleep

Introduction High perfectionism is a common trait among sport athletes. Moreover, striving for perfection has been associated with motivation and higher achievement in school. However, studies have shown an association between high levels of perfectionism and sleep disturbances, such as insomnia. Since teenagers are going through sleep and chronobiological changes, this study aims to verify the possible relationship between perfectionism and sleep in adolescents. Methods To date, fifteen high school students (13-14y) were recruited to be part of a longitudinal study of their sleep patterns as well as their sport and academic performances. Ten of those students are enrolled in Sports-Studies programs that involve a competitive practice of a sport for at least 15h a week. The other five students are attending a regular school program. Each participant completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Morningness-Eveningness for Children Scale, and the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale at the beginning of the school year. They also completed sleep diaries and wore an actigraph for 8 days. An exploratory analysis was performed in order to verify the association between the dimension of socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) and sleep (chronotype, social jetlag, total sleep time during school nights and daytime sleepiness) using Pearson’s correlations. Then, the associations between the dimension of self-directed perfectionism (SDP) and the sleep variables were also verify using Pearson’s correlations. Results SPP was positively correlated with the chronotype (r=.58, p=0.03) and negatively correlated with daytime sleepiness (r=-.58, p=.03). No other sleep variables were associated with SPP, nor with SDP. Conclusion These preliminary results suggest that a higher desire to satisfy what they perceived as their peers’ expectations to be perfect is associated with less daytime sleepiness and a tendency towards morningness. As for self-directed perfectionism, it doesn’t seem to be associated with sleep. Further studies are needed in order to confirm these results with larger student samples. Studies also need to verify whether the relationship between the chronotype and SPP will change with the shift towards eveningness observed throughout the adolescence period. Support (If Any) -

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Citations (4)


... As per Hewitt and Flett (1991), perfectionism includes three main dimensions: self-oriented perfectionism (i.e., desire to achieve high personal standards), other-oriented perfectionism (i.e., expecting high standards of achievement from others), and socially prescribed perfectionism (i.e., perception that others have high expectations for one's own performance). Certain of these dimensions delineated by differing research teams show overlap (for example, socially prescribed perfectionism and parental concerns, or self-oriented perfectionism and personal standards), and have been organized into two overarching categories (dos ReisSoares, Neufeld, & Mansur-Alves, 2020): perfectionistic strivings (generally dealing with personal standards) and perfectionistic concerns (generally dealing with performance-related concerns; Roy et al., 2022;Stoeber & Otto, 2006). ...

Reference:

Relationship Among Indecisiveness, Perfectionism, and Hoarding Symptoms in Individuals With and Without Hoarding Disorder
The relationship between sleep, perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, and academic and sports performance in young athletes
  • Citing Article
  • November 2023

... Sex differences in sleep patterns and neural functioning become prominent during puberty, suggesting that gonadal hormones play a role in shaping sleep in development (Choi et al. 2021, Dorsey et al. 2021. Subjective sleep complaints and insomnia increase in prevalence in adolescent girls ( Jamieson et al. 2023, Li et al. 2021, and girls may also be more vulnerable to the effects of sleep disturbances on school and social functioning (Forest et al. 2022). Compared with boys, girls have greater spindle activity as reflected by sigma power, spindle amplitude, spindle frequency, and spindle density over widespread regions, perhaps indicating a stronger thalamocortical circuit in girls (Markovic et al. 2020). ...

Gender differences in the interference of sleep difficulties and daytime sleepiness on school and social activities in adolescents
  • Citing Article
  • August 2022

Sleep Medicine

... It was reported that individuals with the eveningness chronotype have more psychological and psychosomatic disorders (Ong et al. 2021). Also, phonetablet use, smoking, caffeine and alcohol consumption, both as a result of SJL and as a risk factor that worsens SJL, appear as a very important danger in eveningness chronotypes (Lang et al. 2018, Isabelle-Nolet et al. 2019). ...

0239 Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, Reduced Sleep Duration on Weekend and Social Jetlag are associated with Caffeine Consumption in Teenagers
  • Citing Article
  • April 2019

Sleep

... Reasons for these sex differences may be related to the higher need for sleep in teenage girls than boys, as recent evidence suggests that adolescent girls are more vulnerable to insufficient sleep. 13,39 In contrast to our predictions, we found HR was not higher in adolescents with insomnia but, rather, we highlighted a nonsignificant trend with lower sleeping HR in girls with insomnia than their healthy peers. Such unexpected findings should be better investigated in larger samples covering the spectrum of clinically relevant insomnia and accounting for other confounders potentially contributing to HR profiles, 40 such as physical fitness levels. ...

0858 Teenage Girls Report Higher Impact Of Sleepiness During School And Personal Activities Than Teenage Boys
  • Citing Article
  • April 2018

Sleep