Paradi Mirmirani's research while affiliated with Kaiser Permanente and other places
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Publications (105)
Introduction:
Telogen effluvium (TE) is a type of diffuse hair shedding that occurs 2-3 months after an exposure or trigger. The excessive hair loss may "unmask" underlying hair loss disorders such as female pattern hair loss.
Case presentation:
This is a case series of 3 patients with postpartum TE in which an underlying traction alopecia (TA)...
Background
Janus kinase (JAK) activation is suggested to have a pathological role in alopecia areata (AA). CTP-543, a deuterated compound that selectively inhibits JAK1 and JAK2, is being developed as an oral treatment for AA.
Objective
To assess the safety and efficacy of a 24-week regimen of CTP-543 in patients with chronic, moderate to severe A...
Background
The current classification for Alopecia Areata (AA) does not provide a consistent assessment of disease severity.
Objective
To develop an AA severity scale based on expert experience.
Methods
A Modified Delphi process was utilized. An advisory group of 22 US-based AA clinical experts was formed to develop this AA scale. Representatives...
Importance
Beginning in March 2020, case reports and case series linked the COVID-19 pandemic with an increased occurrence of chilblains, but this association has not been evaluated in an epidemiologic study.
Objective
To assess whether a correlation exists between COVID-19 incidence and chilblains incidence.
Design, Setting, and Participants
A r...
Background
Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) has become one of the most common causes of cicatricial alopecia worldwide, but lacks clear aetiology and robust clinical trial evidence for efficacy and safety of agents currently used for treatment.
Objectives
To enable data to be collected worldwide on FFA using common criteria and assessment methods....
Background:
Traction alopecia (TA) is a preventable form of hair loss that most commonly affects women. It is the result of chronic use of hairstyles that put tension on hair. Public health efforts to increase awareness of this condition are critical. Early recognition by health care providers, along with counseling and cessation of offending hair...
Importance:
A recent expert consensus exercise emphasized the importance of developing a global network of patient registries for alopecia areata to redress the paucity of comparable, real-world data regarding the effectiveness and safety of existing and emerging therapies for alopecia areata.
Objective:
To generate core domains and domain items...
The first step in diagnosing hair loss (alopecia) is to determine whether the process is nonscarring or scarring. This review focuses on nonscarring alopecia, the category of hair loss most frequently encountered in primary care. Scarring alopecia, characterized by permanent destruction of follicular structures, presents with pruritus, pain, erythe...
Importance: A recent expert consensus exercise emphasized the importance of developing a global network of patient registries for alopecia areata to redress the paucity of comparable, real-world data regarding the effectiveness and safety of existing and emerging therapies for alopecia areata. Objective: To generate core domains and domain items fo...
Distinctive patterns in the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 have been recently reported. We conducted a systematic review to identify case reports and case series characterizing cutaneous manifestations of confirmed COVID-19. Key demographic and clinical data from each case were extracted and analyzed. The primary outcome measure was risk fact...
Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) typically presents with band-like scarring alopecia in the frontal and temporal hairline along with eyebrow loss. Although this type of hair loss is being seen with increased frequency worldwide, the etiology of the condition is unknown. Studies have suggested a potential environmental role with moisturizers and sun...
Previous QOL and disease burden studies have not captured all relevant aspects of living with alopecia areata (AA). To better understand the burden and everyday experience of living with moderate-to-severe AA, a cross-sectional, online, quantitative-qualitative survey was developed to assess symptoms, relationships, productivity, treatments, and fi...
Background:
We previously reported The Alopecia Areata Consensus of Experts (ACE) Study: Results of an International Expert Opinion on Treatments for Alopecia Areata (AA).
Objective:
To report the results of the ACE international expert opinion on diagnosis and laboratory evaluation for AA.
Methods:
Fifty hair experts from 5 continents were in...
Background
A systematic review failed to identify any systemic therapy used in alopecia areata (AA) where use is supported by robust evidence from high quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
Objective
To produce an international consensus statement on the use and utility of various treatments for AA.
Methods
Fifty hair experts from 5 contin...
Background Folliculitis decalvans is a neutrophilic cicatricial alopecia whose etiology remains unknown. It is frequently associated with staphylococcal infections. We aimed to determine the rate of gram-negative infections in patients with folliculitis decalvans. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of patients with biopsy-proven fol...
Since the initial description of frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) in 1994, increasingly more cases of FFA have been reported in literature. Although clear epidemiologic data on the incidence and prevalence of FFA is not available, it is intriguing to consider whether FFA should be labeled as an emerging epidemic. A medline trend analysis as well as...
Erosive pustular dermatosis (EPD) is a rare condition of the scalp and legs that is marked by crusted erosions or superficial ulcerations that may result in scarring alopecia and chronic wounds. The condition predominantly affects elderly female as compared to male patients. Its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. The majority of the cases in t...
In the United States, an increasing number of individuals are identifying as transgender. Males at birth who identify as females are called male-to-female (MTF) transgender individuals or trans women, and females at birth who identify as males are called female-to-male (FTM) transgender individuals or trans men. The transgender patient population p...
The Structure, Biology & Hair Curl, Colour, and Luster Session included two invited presentations and three selected from submitted abstracts. These presentations taken together highlight current progress in linking follicle biology to the tensile/physical properties of hair. They show progress in understanding the development of the hair fiber, an...
Background:
Although alopecia areata is a common disorder, it has no FDA approved treatment and evidence-based therapeutic data is lacking.
Objective:
To develop guidelines for the diagnosis, evaluation, assessment, response criteria and endpoints for alopecia areata.
Methods:
Literature review and expert opinion of a group of dermatologists s...
Androgenetic alopecia is the most common form of hair loss. Minoxidil has been approved for the treatment of hair loss, however its mechanism of action is still not fully clarified. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the effects of 5% minoxidil topical foam on gene expression and activation of signaling pathways in vertex and frontal scalp of men...
Chronic telogen effluvium describes the clinical condition noted mostly in middle-aged women of increased, diffuse scalp hair shedding that is prolonged and often presents with a fluctuating course that may continue for years but does not lead to visible hair thinning. Despite its description almost 20 years ago, the underlying pathologic cause of...
Abbreviations: Th cell, T-helper cell
The appearance of human scalp hair is often tied to perceptions of youth and virility, especially in men. Hair loss, or alopecia and hair graying are commonly associated with advancing age and are frequently a source for emotional distress and anxiety. Our understanding of the complex molecular signals and mechanisms that regulate and influence the...
Background
There are regional variations in scalp hair miniaturization seen in androgenetic alopecia (AGA). Use of topical minoxidil can lead to reversal of miniaturization in the vertex scalp. However, its effects on other scalp regions are less well studied.MethodsA placebo controlled double-blinded prospective pilot study of minoxidil topical fo...
Traction alopecia (TA) affects up to 32% of women and 22% of high school girls with Afro-textured hair but can start in the preschool years. Traction induces inflammation and follicle damage. The risk of TA increases with symptomatic traction and combined hairstyles. To influence the practice of hairdressers and at risk individuals and help narrow...
Obesity in children is a major public health concern in the United States. The objectives of the current study were to determine the prevalence of various groups of cutaneous disorders in obese children and adolescents and to compare the use of dermatology services in obese subjects with that those with a normal body mass index (BMI). This was a re...
Epidemic levels of tinea capitis (TC) have previously been reported in children.
We sought to determine new epidemiologic trends for TC among northern California children from 1998 through 2007.
Annual incidence of TC was based on diagnosis code or first-time antifungal prescriptions in all children up to age 15 years at Kaiser Permanente Northern...
The pathogenesis of scarring alopecia in African American women remains poorly understood. Furthermore, the overlapping clinical and histological features present diagnostic challenges. The diagnosis of end stage traction alopecia secondary to traumatic hair styling practices can sometimes present particular challenges. We present a young African A...
Most biopsy specimens of cicatricial (scarring) alopecia can be readily subclassified as lymphocytic versus neutrophilic, but specific diagnosis remains difficult, particularly when a late stage of the disease is sampled.
We sought to document patterns of scarring highlighted by elastic tissue staining in primary cicatricial alopecia.
We documented...
Normal lipid metabolism and functioning of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) in the sebaceous gland is critical to maintaining a normal hair follicle. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection affects lipid metabolism; some have hypothesized a link between PPAR-gamma function and lipodystrophy in HIV infection. Ou...
Hair is considered one of the most defining aspects of human appearance. Hair loss, or alopecia in women is often met with significant emotional distress and anxiety. In midlife, women may encounter various hormonal and age-related physiologic changes that can lead to alterations in hair texture and growth. The most significant hormonal alteration...
F4/80 staining of mouse tissue after treatment with 7-DHC and BM15766. Macrophages in paraffin-embedded sections of mouse skin were detected using rat monoclonal antibodies to F4/80. Infiltration of macrophages was observed in mouse skin treated with 7-DHC and BM15766, but not in vehicle-treated controls (ethanol and DMSO). Twenty-four-bit images w...
Primary cicatricial alopecia (PCA) is a group of inflammatory hair disorders that cause scarring and permanent hair loss. Previous studies have implicated PPARγ, a transcription factor that integrates lipogenic and inflammatory signals, in the pathogenesis of PCA. However, it is unknown what triggers the inflammatory response in these disorders, wh...
CD68 staining of paraffin sections of normal scalp tissue and scalp tissue from patients with PCA (LPP, CCCA, FFA, and TF). CD68+ cells were clearly observed in LPP, CCCA and TF; fewer CD68+ cells were observed in FFA. Twenty-four-bit images were captured at 40× on an Olympus BX-60 upright microscope attached to a Retiga Exl Aqua camera (Q Imaging,...
Real-time PCR validation of TGFβ1and SOX9 gene expression in HHFORS cells and in mouse skin (*p<0.05, **p<0.01) after treatment with 7-DHC and BM15766. Compared with untreated samples, TGFβ1 gene expression was significantly increased both in HHFORS cells and in mouse skin after treatment with BM15766. No significant change in TGFβ1 gene expression...
The expression of cholesterol biosynthesis genes is decreased in PCA. The degree of change of 14 differentially expressed cholesterol biosynthesis genes in LPP, CCCA, FFA and TF is shown (N = 10 for each subtype). Although cholesterol biosynthesis genes are downregulated in all subtypes of PCA, different sets of genes are downregulated in different...
Interferon response genes in PCA. The expression of interferon signaling genes in LPP, CCCA, FFA and TF is shown. The expression of these genes in samples from patients with PCA is compared with that in normal tissue. Interferon response genes are significantly upregulated in LPP. Fewer interferon-responsive genes are differentially expressed in th...
Schematic representation of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Cholesterol biosynthesis involves the coordinated regulation of >20 enzymatic reactions. The early steps in endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis involve the conversion of acetyl-CoA to mevalonic acid via HMG-CoA. Statins inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. The late steps involve the...
A list of all abbreviations, gene symbols and gene names included in the manuscript are shown in the glossary.
(PDF)
Expression of genes in the TLR and IFN networks that are activated upon treatment of mouse skin with 7-DHC. The identity of the genes and the degree of changes in the TLR and IFN networks that are activated after treatment of mouse skin with 7-DHC are shown. Several inflammatory genes, including interferon responsive genes, are upregulated in both...
Expression of genes in the TLR4 and TLR6 networks. The TLR4- and TLR6-predicted networks were generated using IPA. The identity of the genes and the degree of change in the TLR4 network (Figure 5C) induced by treatment of HHFORS cells with 7-DHC and in the TLR6 network (Figure 5D) after treatment of HHFORS cells with BM15766 are shown.
(TIF)
It has long been known that women lose satisfaction with their hair with ageing. Our data show that caucasian women perceive a decrease in hair amount in their mid 40s with a further decrease in the mid to late 50s, which leads to this dissatisfaction. Neither loss of density (hairs per cm(2) ) nor shaft diameter alone can fully account for this pe...
Female pattern hair loss is a common problem affecting a large number of women worldwide but beset by a paucity of research. The study of androgens has hitherto dominated the field of hair biology but there is increasing scientific and clinical data to suggest that nonandrogen signals can also affect the folliculosebaceous unit, especially in women...
Traction alopecia is hair loss caused by prolonged or repetitive tension on the hair. Diagnostic challenges are encountered when the clinical suspicion is not high and when a history of traction is remote or not obtained. We have made the observation that the presence of retained hairs along the frontal and/or temporal rim, which we termed the "fri...
The patient with hair loss invariably complains “I am losing my hair,” which can mean vastly different things in different
patients. Every patient with hair loss should have the following baseline lab studies: CBC, TSH, ferritin, and vitamin D 25OH
because you do not want to miss other possible contributing factors of hair loss.
KeywordsOstia-Scal...
The predominantly neutrophilic group of primary cicatricial alopecias includes folliculitis decalvans and tufted folliculitis.
Clinically, the affected areas are much more inflamed than the lymphocytic cicatricial alopecias with crusting, pustules,
draining, and erythema. There is usually considerable pain, tenderness, and itching. Histologically i...
The inflammation in dissecting cellulitis and folliculitis keloidalis is secondary to follicular rupture and the release
of sebaceous and keratinous material and hair keratin fragments. The latter incite an intense inflammatory response. The inflammation
is initially neutrophilic and later mixed with lymphocytes, plasma cells, and foreign body gia...
A 45-year-old man presents with extensive asymptomatic hair loss affecting most of the top of his scalp. Ten years earlier,
he was seen by a dermatologist for patchy hair loss and he remembers having much pain and itching. Scalp biopsy at that time
showed lichen planopilaris. His treatment included hydroxychloroquine 200 mg twice daily and intrales...
In this chapter, lichen planopilaris, Graham Little syndrome, frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA), pseudopelade (Brocq), and
central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia are described. Two additional entities that are not primary cicatricial alopecias
are included, namely chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE) and keratosis follicularis spinulosa de...
The management of cicatricial alopecia will change as our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis increases. With this increased knowledge, it is likely that the classification will be revised and offer new therapeutic strategies.KeywordsScalp biopsyDermatopathologyTreatment of predominantly lymphocytic cicatricial alopecia • Treatment of pred...
Loose anagen hair syndrome (LAHS) is a disorder in which the hair pulls out easily and painlessly from the scalp. It first manifests in early childhood when the main concern of parents is that the sparse hair does not grow. The hair density and length improve with age, but the looseness persists into adulthood.
Light and electron microscopic studie...
Written by leading world experts, Cicatricial Alopecia: An Approach to Diagnosis and Management is the first book on the diagnosis and treatment of primary cicatricial (scarring) alopecia.
The book provides an in-depth discussion of the primary cicatricial alopecias. Initial chapters introduce the subject with detailed and systematic descriptions...
The hair shaft is a unique structure composed of an inner cortex and a protective outer cuticle. Any defects in this normal structure due to genetics or the environment can lead to variations in physical properties. Thus one should suspect a hair shaft disorder if a patient presents with an abnormality or change in hair texture, appearance, managea...
Androgenetic (AGA) and senescent alopecia (SA) are common nonscarring hair loss disorders. The histopathology of both disorders involves follicular downsizing, and yet, they differ in the age of onset, pattern of hair loss, and hormonal involvement. We compared gene expression profiles of scalp biopsies from age-matched men with AGA, SA, and normal...
Women who undergo menopause have a cessation of ovarian estrogen production. This dramatic hormonal alteration is known to have significant effects on the skin and cutaneous appendages. As our understanding of the molecular and hormonal controls on the folliculo-sebaceous unit has grown, there has been renewed interest in the role of estrogens in m...
The role of vitamin D in the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes is well known within the field of dermatology.
We sought to evaluate the role that vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor play in the hair cycle and assess how this can be clinically applied to the treatment of hair disorders.
A MEDLINE search (1955-July 2009) was preform...
Primary cicatricial alopecias (PCAs), rare disorders that lead to permanent hair loss, have been poorly understood and are difficult to treat. Lichen planopilaris (LPP)is a prototypical PCA; patients often present with sudden onset of hair loss and clinically significant symptoms of itching, burning, and pain of the scalp. Examination reveals patch...
Pili torti is a hair shaft disorder characterized by hair that does not grow long and is easily broken; the hair often has a coarse or spangled appearance. A diagnosis is made by light microscopy of flattened hair twisted 1800 along its axis. Although pili torti may be isolated, it is commonly associated with other congenital defects and therefore,...
Primary cicatricial or scarring alopecias (CA) are a group of inflammatory hair disorders of unknown pathogenesis characterized by the permanent destruction of the hair follicle. The current treatment options are ineffective in controlling disease progression largely because the molecular basis for CA is not understood. Microarray analysis of the l...
We discuss a patient with central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) who developed severe scalp pruritus that was initially attributed to the cicatricial alopecia and ultimately diagnosed as tinea capitis. The rarity of severe pruritus in CCCA should prompt a search for a fungal infection in these patients.
Hair is considered one of the most defining aspects of human appearance. Hair loss, or alopecia, in women is often met with significant emotional distress and anxiety (Cash, Price, & Savin, 1993). Clinicians play a key role in providing women with a thorough evaluation, a specific diagnosis, evidence-based treatment options, and counseling. In this...
Localized hypertrichosis is an uncommon complaint among pediatric dermatology patients. We highlight an instance of localized hypertrichosis due to an underlying diffuse neurofibroma in a patient with known neurofibromatosis 1. The classification and possible underlying pathogenic mechanisms of localized hypertrichosis in pediatric patients is disc...
Hair pigmentation is regulated by several factors including the interaction of the ligand stem cell factor (SCF) with its class III receptor tyrosine kinase, c-kit. An interruption of SCF/c-kit signal transduction results in hair depigmentation.
A 69-year-old white woman developed hair depigmentation and fine-textured hair while being treated with...
Chemotherapy-induced alopecia is the most common side effect of medication. This phenomenon is a common patient complaint and a source of significant psychological and physical distress. A major challenge in treating chemotherapy-induced alopecia is to protect the hair without altering the effects of the chemotherapeutic treatment regimen. The sear...
Hair loss, or alopecia, is a common patient complaint and a source of significant psychological and physical distress. The majority of common hair loss disorders can be accurately diagnosed in the outpatient setting with a systematic evaluation of the patient. This review will present a clinical approach to the patient with alopecia by describing t...
Auricular pseudocysts are a benign condition characterized by the asymptomatic, usually unilateral swelling of the helix or antihelix. The condition is often difficult to treat because recurrences and subsequent auricular deformities are common. We successfully treated a patient with an auricular pseudocyst of the left ear using needle aspiration f...
The hair growth cycle is composed of three well-recognized phases: anagen (growth), catagen (deconstruction), and telogen
(resting) phases. At any time, approximately 90% of the 100,000 to 150,000 scalp hairs are in the anagen phase An in-depth
discussion of hair cycling is beyond the scope of this chapter, but please refer to the referenced articl...
Primary cicatricial alopecias encompass a group of disorders characterized by permanent destruction of the hair follicle. The varied clinical features and differences in terminology have led to difficulties in defining consistent clinicopathologic correlation.
We sought clinicopathologic correlation of 6 clinically distinct primary cicatricial alop...
Androgenetic alopecia (hereditary thinning) is the most common cause of hair loss in both men and women. Chemotherapy-induced alopecia is another distressing cause of hair loss. With a better understanding of follicular biology and the signals responsible for hair growth and regression, targeted therapies for hair loss are being investigated. This...
Alopecia areata is an autoimmune nonscarring hair loss characterized by peribulbar infiltrates of activated T cells and by degenerative changes in the hair follicle matrix that eventually result in alopecia. The cause of immune dysregulation, including the role of cytokines in this disease, is under active investigation. The immune system is likely...
Hair loss is a common complaint in the outpatient setting. Frequently, patients conduct their own research on hair loss diagnosis and treatment and are faced with a number of manufacturers' claims that their products will benefit hair loss. This paper explores the truth behind those claims of hair regrowth. We intend for this information to serve a...
The genetic basis of 2 distinct forms of atrichia with papules has recently been defined at the molecular level. In atrichia with papular lesions (APL; Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man [OMIM] 209500), mutations in the hairless gene on chromosome 8p21 have recently been identified. Atrichia with papules also occurs in the clinical setting of vita...
Lichen planopilaris is a rare inflammatory disorder of unclear etiology that causes permanent scalp hair loss. Current treatments for lichen planopilaris are limited and do not alter the eventual outcome of the disease. Oral cyclosporine has been successful in treating severe and refractory lichen planus of the skin, and has produced sustained remi...
Various hair changes have been reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected patients.1- 4 The prevalence of these changes, however, has not been studied.1 +Calista
DBoschini
A Cutaneous side effects induced by indinavir. Eur J Dermatol. 2000;10292- 2962 +Smith
KJSkelton
HGDeRusso
D
et al. Clinical and histopathologic features of hair los...
Citations
... Another deuterated jakinib is deuruxolitinib (CTP-543) which is reported to be a deuterated form of ruxolitinib, developed by Concert Pharmaceuticals, Inc., NY, United States, using its DCE Platform ® (deuterated chemical entity platform) (King et al., 2022). ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/1107888269463554-1641152555907_Q64/Brett-King-2.jpg)
... Specifically, there is increasing awareness that a classical, autoantigen-and CD8 +T cell-dependent autoimmune variant of AA (AAA) and a possibly autoantigen-independent non-autoimmune variant (NAIAA) may have to be distinguished from each other (Gilhar et al., 2019a;Bertolini et al., 2020;Paus et al., 2018;Paus, 2020). This is in line with the long-standing, but often under-appreciated clinical recognition that AA shows a wide spectrum of phenotypes and sub-forms (Gilhar et al., 2012;Ikeda, 1965;Meah et al., 2021;King et al., 2022). ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/375529074118658-1466544516480_Q64/Maryanne-Senna.jpg)
... Chilblains, or perniosis, is a localized skin inflammatory disorder of the acral areas, typically observed after exposure to a cool/cold and damp environment [1,2]. Though its incidence is difficult to estimate, due to underdiagnosis, the overall annual incidence rate in Northern California has been reported as 11.5 cases per 100,000 person-years [2], while the same figure in the Netherlands varies year on year from 90 to 170 cases per 100,000 person-years [3]. ...
... With the prevailing COVID-19 pandemic, both the SARS-CoV2 infection and the COVID vaccines have shown association with various cutaneous manifestations such as urticaria, autoimmune diseases, erythema multiforme, acute exacerbation of papulosquamous disorders, and vasculitis [8,9]. Among the various environmental triggering factors for dermatomyositis, infections such as coxsackie virus, HIV, and hepatitis B virus are known to cause dermatomyositis in genetically susceptible individuals [2,9]. ...
... 7 While there are a wide array of etiologies of hair loss, 1 if present, one reported marker of TA is the "fringe sign." 8 This refers to when there are intact hairs at the anterior fronto-temporal rim of patients with loss noted posteriorly to this "fringe" of hair. 8 When evaluating the patient with hair loss, a thorough history is necessary. Of note, while the focus of this article is on TA, individuals who wear hijab may also have other or a combination of etiologies of hair loss and being familiar with other forms of hair loss is necessary. ...
... Newly proposed criteria set forth by the International FFA Cooperative Group recommend diagnosis based on the presence of 4 or more points from a list of clinical and pathologic findings typical of FFA [37]. The presence of at Yellow dots and dystrophic hairs [45] No standard treatment. ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/901510883979265-1591948352934_Q64/Sergio-Vano-Galvan.jpg)
... While TA is typically slow and gradual in onset, patients who present after a postpartum TE may report "sudden onset" patchy hair loss and this history may lead to a mistaken diagnosis of alopecia areata. Prior reports of TA masquerading as AA highlight the need for having a high index of suspicion and taking a comprehensive hair care history [11]. ...
... Several dermatologic disease registries provide information on the long-term effects and safety of systemic therapies [9,10]. They also enable the collection of comprehensive data elements required to provide evidence on existing therapies and monitor the presentation of new therapies at a given time [11]. Patient registries are databases that often use an MDS to facilitate accurate analysis [12]. ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/695386889003013-1542804562314_Q64/Dmitri-Wall.jpg)
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272494170996792-1441979081632_Q64/Rodney-Sinclair.jpg)
... The incidence of alopecia continues to rise, and the frequency of alopecia increases with age (Adil and Godwin, 2017;Starace et al., 2020). Currently, limited therapies are available for patients with hair loss since the exact mechanisms underlying alopecia and effective therapeutic targets are unavailable (Vasserot et al., 2019;Mirmirani and Fu, 2021). The shorter anagen or longer telogen phases of the hair follicle cycle contribute to the pathogenesis of alopecia. ...