Panmao Zhai's research while affiliated with The State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and other places

... Both climate change and population can influence the population's exposure to climate extremes (Jones et al., 2015). Many researchers have investigated population exposure to different types of extreme climate events, including population exposure to extreme precipitation (Chen and Sun, 2019b;Chen et al., 2020a;Shi et al., 2021), extreme rainstorms (Liao et al., 2019), floods (Tellman et al., 2021), heat events (Jones et al., 2015;Jones et al., 2018;Ullah et al., 2022;Zhang et al., 2018), and droughts (Chen and Sun, 2019a;Chen et al., 2018;Zhang et al., 2021a). For instance, Jones et al. (2015) used climate model data to project changes in population exposure into the latter half of the 21st century and found that the future population exposure to heat waves in the continental United States will increase 4-fold to 6-fold over the observed levels. ...

... During the Plum Rain season, the rain belt in eastern China hovers between the south of the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River (Fig. 1a, b), usually accompanied by persistent heavy rainfall and floods, contributing 20-50% of the annual precipitation and causing huge losses not only to the nation but also to the lives and properties of human beings (Wang and LinHo 2002;Xu et al.2003;Chen 2004;Zhou and Yu 2005;Wu et al. 2006a, b). In summer 2020, the Plum Rain season was extraordinarily longer than usual, with the accumulated precipitation anomaly ranking at the top since 1961 (Ding et al. 2021;Liu et al. 2020a;Niu et al. 2021). From June to July, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River experienced consecutive heavy rainfall (Figs. ...

... At present, the evaluation and application of CRA40 has been gradually carried out. Some scholars have argued that the CRA40 dataset is better than other datasets for calculating temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation [29][30][31] and have proven that CRA40 performs better with respect to reproducing the climate and its changing characteristics for Mainland China [32]. ...

... Although changes in HWs and HP have been investigated individually at global and regional scales, few studies have focused on sequential heatwave-heavy precipitation (HWHP) events (i.e., an HP event occurring within several days after an HW event) (Lombardo and Ayyub, 2015;Zhang and Villarini, 2020;Chen et al., 2021;Liao et al., 2021;Wu et al., 2021;You and Wang, 2021;Gu et al., 2022;Ning et al., 2022). In the last decade, rare rainstorms tightly following the record-breaking HWs have been reported in some areas. ...

... Intense research has been continuously conducted on the large-scale circulations and moisture budgets of PEPs over East Asia [3], Europe [4], North America [5], and mainland China [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Climatological studies on the relationship between increasing global temperatures and precipitation variability [13][14][15] have further suggested that uneven extreme floods and droughts will tend to occur more in future. Besides this uncertainty on a climate scale, mechanisms for the initiation, moisture aggregation and weakening of each individual PEP are not clear from the perspectives of synoptic and sub-synoptic scales. ...

... The efforts in these regions have mainly been to preserve heat during winter; no definite measures have been proposed to deal with heat prevention during summer. Since the middle of the 20th century, the rate of the rise in the surface temperature in China has been higher than the global average [17]. There is growing evidence of the increasing indoor temperature in these regions. ...

... The amount of precipitation and the precipitation regime (i.e., frequency or intervals among precipitation events) have changed in the past and are projected to change continuously in the future [1]. In some regions or areas such as in Europe [2] and subtropical China [3], the precipitation amount is projected to decrease and thus drought events are expected to become more frequent and severe. The drought-induced tree mortality has been observed around the world [4][5][6]. ...

... Note that the collective significance of trends in a finite number of EPI series in a region might exceed the nominal significance level (i.e. the 0.05 level in our case) due to the inter-site correlations in the precipitation field (Livezey and Chen, 1983). We take this into account by employing a spatiotemporal moving block bootstrap resampling technique (Kiktev et al., 2003;Li et al., 2018;Wang et al., 2021;Wilks, 1997) with a fixed block size of 3 for each EPI (see Li et al., 2018 for details). The fixed block size of 3 has been shown to be adequate to represent the inter-annual serial correlation in the EPIs (Kiktev et al., 2003;Li et al., 2018). ...

... Bengtsson et al., 2004;Serreze et al., 2009;Semenov et al., 2021). A warmer Arctic challenged science to establish the linkages between i.e. the Arctic Ocean surrounding the North Pole and the region encompassing the Hindu Kush Himalaya mountain range and the Tibetan Plateau, also denoted as the Third Pole (You et al., 2021). The challenges faced in the Third Pole and mid to low latitudes due to the impacts of rising temperatures are to some degree resemble those in the Arctic (Marsden, 2017). ...

... The effects of excess/lack of precipitation on WUE have been studied in various ecosystems across the planet (Liu et al., 2016;Huang et al., 2021). However, these effects differ between ecosystems and between different climatic conditions, with no consensual effect being identified in the literature. ...