Pak J Commer’s scientific contributions

During the last two decades, South Asia has faced extreme climate change events of heatwaves, floods, storms, droughts, and fires, affecting economies and millions of people. Meantime, the region has also experienced a notable change in economic growth, population aging, and unemployment rate. However, the carbon implications of these factors are still limited, and it requires further exploration to understand their association with carbon emissions for environmental sustainability. Thus, the prime aim of this study is to empirically evaluate the effect of economic growth, population aging, and unemployment on carbon emissions in South Asia by controlling trade and renewable energy. For this, panel data from 1996 to 2020 for Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka have been used for empirical analysis. The study employs fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) estimation techniques using Stata and EViews software. Economic growth, population aging, and trade openness increase carbon emissions while unemployment and renewable energy reduce them. This study also confirms an inverted U-shaped association between income and carbon emissions in South Asia.

This study aims to analyze the role of inter-organizational relationship in boosting innovative performance of ICT enterprises through knowledge sharing supported by social capital. Gaining sustenance from Dynamic Capability View (DCV), the study investigates perceived enterprises' innovation performance as a result of inter-organizational relationships embedded with social ties and knowledge sharing among each other. Cross-sectional data were collected from managerial level employees working in ICT enterprises in Pakistan. The study findings based on Process Hayes Macro regression analysis using SPSS stated that the ICT businesses in knowledge hub are collaborating to build strong social relationships while sharing practical experiences and support each other through abstract resources for achieving higher levels of innovative outcomes. Inter-organizational relationships have an affirmative impact on innovation performance, invariably, knowledge sharing mediates the correlation between both. The influence of inter-organizational relationships on innovation performance through knowledge sharing is significant for firms with strong social capital. Consistently, social capital considerably moderates the relationships, as such organizations coordinate and work jointly with other organizations for driving service and product improvements. The research contributes by steers focus towards developing relationships among ICT enterprises, building ties based on faith and exchanging key information consistently to help and polish each other's innovation capabilities. Strong social ties among ICT enterprises will help acquire and capitalize on diverse knowledge to improve their innovation performance.

This paper intends to examine the influence of competencies of project leaders on success of transport infrastructure development projects. Subsequently, to decide on intervening role of innovative-work-behavior on project success. Lastly, investigating contingent effect of project type as moderator in objectifying the impact of innovative-work-behavior on project success. In order to justify key ambitions of intended study, the constructs were measured using a questionnaire-based survey from transport infrastructure development departments of Lahore, Pakistan. Validation of theoretical model was confirmed by means of structural equation modeling using Amos. Study findings suggest that innovative-work-behavior of project employees completely mediates effect incurred by leadership competencies on project success. Likewise project type with respect to strategic importance, contract type, application area and complexity moderates the relationship concerning innovative-work-behavior and project success. This study accounts for practical findings benefiting project managers in capitalizing on their leadership capabilities and promoting innovation within their teams for successfully accomplishing transport infrastructure projects. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that through taking maximum advantage of its empirical endorsement for achieving project success through development and enactment of certain key leadership competencies of project managers will encourage innovative actions of employees based on diverse project characteristics.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating role of reflective moral attentiveness in the relationship between financial incentives idiosyncratic deals and unethical pro-organizational behaviors in the pharmaceutical sales sector. In this study, data collected from 310 sales managers in pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan was analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) in SPSS version 23. The study found significant positive relationship between financial incentives idiosyncratic deals and unethical pro-organizational behaviors whereas reflective moral attentiveness statistically mediates between this positive relationship. The study is the first to describe the role of reflective moral attentiveness in the relationship between financial incentives idiosyncratic deals and unethical pro-organizational behaviors in pharmaceuticals sales sector of Pakistan. The findings of the study have been discussed in detail, including important practical and theoretical implications, limitations, and future directions.

Management innovation is the process of introducing new management practices, processes, and structures. It is considered essential to improve organizational performance and develop competitive advantage. While drawing on the rational perspective this research focuses on management innovation at firm level to empirically examine the impact of various phronetic leadership behaviors on learning dynamic capability of organization. The top management due to its prominent position in the organizations possess the ability to significantly affect management innovation to promote organizations' capability for success. Data was collected from 215 executives working at the positions of CEO, top management teams, and senior managers of 400 manufacturing firms. Initially, the use of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) through AMOS assessed scales validity in the current context of research. Then the use of structural equation modeling (SEM) helped to test the relationships among hypothesized variables. Results found significant positive impact of CEO and top management team reflexivity and senior managers diagnostic and implementation capability as part of phronetic leadership behaviors on management innovation. Also, management innovation mediated the relationship between phronetic leadership behaviors and learning dynamic capability of organization. This study contributes both theoretically and empirically by developing and testing the framework involving management innovation with respect to its antecedents and consequences in the context of manufacturing sector of Pakistan. Phronetic Leadership Behaviors, Management Innovation 100 Keywords-Management innovation, phronetic leadership behaviors, CEO and top management team reflexivity, senior managers diagnostic and implementation capability, learning dynamic capability.