P. V. Hryhorieva’s research while affiliated with Chernivtsi National University and other places

Defining quantitative growth parameters of individual skeletal bones, namely the right and left femurs, is practically important for determining the age of the fetus. Lack of data on changes in the length of the femur in 4-10 months’ fetuses, as well as the dependence of its morphometric parameters on the length of the lower limb and the age of the fetus, prompted us to conduct this study. The purpose of the study was to determine the morphometric parameters of the length of the right and left femurs during the fetal period of human ontogenesis, which could form the base of normal indicators. Materials and methods. Morphometric study was performed on the lower extremities specimens of 40 human fetuses of an 81.0-375.0 mm parietal-coccygeal length. Results and discussion. As a result of the study, the dynamics of changes in the length of the right and left femurs and lower extremities in 4-10 months’ human fetuses was established. Direct correlations were found in the studied fetal groups, and only in 5-month-old fetuses a direct medium-strength reliable correlation between the lengths of the right and left femurs was found. A weak correlation between the length of the left lower limb and the length of the left femur was found in 7-month-old fetuses. In other cases, direct significant strong correlations were found between the analyzed indicators. The results obtained regarding the change in the length of the right and left femurs, as well as the Pearson correlation coefficient between the morphometric parameters of the length of the right and left femurs and the length of the lower extremities and parietal-coccygeal length of human fetuses 4-10 months are important both theoretically and practically for fetal anatomy. Conclusion. During the fetal period of human ontogenesis, where there is a relatively uniform increase in the length of the right and left femurs, no significant differences in their length were detected. Between the 4th and the 10th month of fetal development, the length of the right femur increases by 5.59 times (from 13.18 ± 2.56 mm to 73.66 ± 2.19 mm), and the length of the left femur increases by 5.44 times: from 13.54 ± 2.35 mm to 73.73 ± 2.12 mm, respectively. In the fetal period the right and left lower extremities also grow equally, no significant differences in their length have been established

Objective: The aim: Is to find out the features of innervation of the skin of the anterior femoral region and the fascia lata during the fetal period of human development. Patients and methods: Materials and methods: The study was carried out on 64 preparations of the lower extremities of human fetuses of 4-10 months using macromicroscopic preparation and morphometry. Macropreparations of the skin nerves of the lower extremities of different age fetuses with anatomical variants were subject to photo documentation. Results: Results: The features of cutaneous nerve fetal topography of the anterior femoral region and the broad fascia of the femur were revealed, their connections were established, and their layering was determined. It was found that in human fetuses, not only the lateral cutaneous femoral nerve but in most cases the branches of other nerves of the lumbar plexus, except for the obturator nerve, are directed to the skin of the anterior-lateral femur surface. The innervation of the medial femur surface is provided by the following nerve complex: obturator, femoral, saphenous and genitofemoral nerves. Conclusion: Conclusions: Taking into account the fact that the terminal branches of adjacent cutaneous nerves of the femoral region intersect and overlap, innervation bypasses are formed, due to which, in case of possible damage to one of the nerves, its insufficiency is compensated to a certain extent. Anastomoses were found between the cutaneous nerves, in the form of loops of various shapes and sizes, namely: between the cutaneous-fascia branches of the femoral and ilioinguinal nerves and the femoral and obturator nerves.

Determining of projection-syntopic relationships of vasculonervous structures within the femoral ring, femoral triangle, and obturator and adductor canal in human fetuses is particularly important in fetal surgery, and requires the use of an appropriate set of methods of morphological examination. Obtaining data on the topographic and anatomical features of nerves, superficial and deep blood vessels of the anterior femoral region during the fetal period of human ontogenesis is a topical urgent task of fetal anatomy. The purpose of the study was to determine the method of the most rational sequence of actions during the preparation of the vasculonervous structures of the anterior femoral region in human fetuses to obtain standard results suitable for comparison in the age aspect. Material and methods. The study was performed on 80 human fetuses 81.0-375.0 mm parietal-coccygeal length using macromicroscopic preparation. After the selected sequence of preparation of nerves and vessels of the anterior femoral region in human fetuses 4-10 months we used additional methods such as vascular injection, surface staining of dissected vessels and nerves and morphometry to determine the forms of their age and individual anatomical variability. Results and discussion. The chosen sequence of preparation of nerves and vessels of the anterior femoral region in human fetuses allowed determining the forms of their age and individual anatomical variability. In particular, features of intramuscular branching of nerves and arteries in the muscles of the anterior and medial femoral groups, anatomical variability of the femoral artery and its branches, variant anatomy of the great saphenous vein, characterized by variability in shape, topography and bilateral asymmetry of its tributaries and formation of anastomoses were found in human fetuses. The identified connections and complexes of the femur cutaneous nerves, as well as areas of overlap and displacement are compensatory mechanisms in the peripheral nervous system and are observed not only between ontogenetically related nerves, but also nerves of different segmental affiliation. Conclusion. The proposed and tested method of preparation of vasculonervous structures of the anterior femoral region in human fetuses provides a standard for obtaining data on their typical and variant anatomy. The sequence of actions used during the preparation of the vasculonervous formations of the anterior femoral region of the human fetus preserves the natural appearance and relationships between the structures of the object of study. Age-related and individual fetal anatomical variability of vasculonervous formations of the anterior femoral region was discovered during the gradual preparation of the lumbar plexus branches, superficial and deep veins of the lower extremities, superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes, and femoral artery branches

Introduction. The anatomy of the gluteal and anteri- or femoral regions is characterized by considerable age and individual variability of the muscles and neurovascular formations, which is a rather common cause of complications during surgical interventions. Objective. The study aimed at determining the age and individual anatomical variability of the parietal branches of the internal iliac artery and the branches of the external iliac and femoral arteries during the fetal period of human ontogenesis. Materials and methods. The study included 80 specimens of fetuses, aged 4-10 months, of 81.0-375.0 mm of crown-rump length (CRL), without external signs of anatomical impairments or developmental malformations. Results. The branches of the iliolumbar artery anastomosis with the deep circumflex iliac artery and obturator artery; the lateral sacral arteries anastomosis with the branches of the median sacral artery. The branches of the right and left superior gluteal arteries (SGA) anastomosis at different frequencies with the internal pudendal artery, the inferior gluteal artery (IGA), the deep circumflex iliac artery, the lateral femoral circumflex artery (LFCA), the fourth lumbar artery and the obturator artery. The inferior epigastric artery anastomoses with the inferior posterior intercostal arteries, the lumbar arteries, and the superior epigastric artery. The latter also anastomoses with the branches of the superficial epigastric artery. The branches of the right and left medial femoral circumflex artery (MFCA) with different frequency form anastomoses with the obturator artery, IGA and SGA, the internal pudendal artery, LFCA and the first perforating artery. Also. the variants of the topography of the accompanying artery of the sciatic nerve in human fetuses were indicated. Conclusions. 4-10-month-old fetuses are characterized by the age and individual anatomical variability of the arteries of the pelvic and femoral walls.