Oskar Pineño's research while affiliated with Hofstra University and other places
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Publications (34)
This article introduces the ArduiPod Box, an open-source device built using two main components (i.e., an iPod Touch and an Arduino microcontroller), developed as a low-cost alternative to the standard operant conditioning chamber, or "Skinner box." Because of its affordability, the ArduiPod Box provides an opportunity for educational institutions...
Introduction: effects of time and context on latent inhibition Despite its apparent simplicity, the phenomenon of latent inhibition (LI) represents one of the most sophisticated and flexible mechanisms that organisms with complex nervous systems have developed through evolution to ensure efficient interaction with the environment. Because the envir...
Two experiments were conducted to study overshadowing of extinction in a conditioned taste aversion preparation. In both experiments, aversive conditioning with sucrose was followed by extinction treatment with either sucrose alone or in compound with another taste, citric acid. Experiment 1 employed a simultaneous compound extinction treatment and...
Rats given presentations of a citric acid solution while recovering from LiCl-induced illness (i.e., a "medicine effect" treatment) subsequently drank more of an aversively conditioned NaCl solution at test, when the NaCl presentation was immediately preceded by citric acid. That is, citric acid passed a summation test of conditioned inhibition. Su...
Conditioned taste aversion is arguably the most important learning process that humans and animals possess because it prevents the repeated self-administration of toxic food. It has not only profoundly influenced the content and direction of learning theory, but also has important human nutritional and clinical significance. In addition to its dire...
Protection from extinction of conditioned fear has been demonstrated when a conditioned inhibitor of fear is presented during extinction treatment. The present study assessed if similar results could be obtained during the analogous habituation of unconditioned fear. The neophobic response typically elicited by the presentation of a novel flavor wa...
The present article presents a response rule developed to account for both positive and negative stimulus interaction. In the response rule proposed here, positive interaction phenomena (e.g., second-order conditioning) and negative interaction phenomena (e.g., Pavlovian conditioned inhibition) are presumed to occur during performance and acquisiti...
According to the comparator hypothesis (Miller & Matzel, 1988), cue competition depends on the association between a target stimulus (X) and a competing cue (e.g., an overshadowing cue [A]). Thus, it was expected that overshadowing would be reduced by establishing an inhibitory-like relationship between X and A before compound conditioning. In thre...
Two conditioned taste aversion experiments with rats assessed the relative effectiveness in providing evidence of within-compound learning of different procedures that involve the initial compound presentation of two stimuli, A and X, with the unconditioned stimulus (i.e., AX+). In Experiment 1, following a single AX+ trial, groups A+ and B+ receiv...
Two conditioned taste aversion experiments with rats were conducted to establish if a target taste that had received a prior pairing with illness could be subject to second-order conditioning during extinction treatment in compound with a flavor that also received prior conditioning. In these experiments, the occurrence of second-order conditioning...
For more than two decades, researchers have contrasted the relative merits of associative and statistical theories as accounts of human contingency learning. This debate, still far from resolution, has led to further refinement of models within each family of theories. More recently, a third theoretical view has joined the debate: the inferential r...
One conditioned taste aversion experiment with rats assessed the impact of extinguishing a target conditioned stimulus (CS), S, in compound with a second CS, A, upon conditioned responding elicited by CS S when presented alone at test. Following initial conditioning treatment with CSs A and S, the experiment manipulated number of extinction trials...
Contiene: Introducción: I. Psicología comparada del aprendizaje; II. Procesos asociativos básicos: condicionamiento clásico e instrumental; III. Cognición y memoria animal; IV. Psicobiología del aprendizaje; V. Aprendizaje causal.
Three experiments were conducted using a conditioned taste aversion procedure with rats to examine the effect of nonreinforced presentations of a conditioned stimulus (CS) on its ability to compete with a target stimulus for manifest conditioned responding. Two CSs (A and B) were presented in a serial compound and then paired with the unconditioned...
Three conditioned lick suppression experiments with rats were performed to assess the influence, following compound training of two stimuli (A and X) with the same outcome (AX-O trials), of extending training of the blocking association (i.e., A-O) on responding to the target stimulus (X) at test. In Experiment 1, backward blocking was attenuated w...
The present experiments assessed the effects of different manipulations between cue preexposure and cue-outcome pairings on latent inhibition (LI) in a predictive learning task with human participants. To facilitate LI, preexposure and acquisition with the target cues took place while participants performed a secondary task. Presentation of neither...
In the framework of animal conditioning and human associative learning, primacy and recency effects on acquired stimulus control of behavior refer to the superior influence of first-learned and last-learned associations, respectively. Most contemporary associative models of learning anticipate unwavering recency effects and claim support from numer...
Three experiments examined human processing of stimuli as predictors and causes. In Experiments 1A and 1B, two serial events that both preceded a third were assessed as predictors and as causes of the third event. Instructions successfully provided scenarios in which one of the serial (target) stimuli was viewed as a strong predictor but as a weak...
This article demonstrates and analyzes spontaneous recovery of stimulus control following both forward and backward blocking in a conditioned suppression preparation with rats. Experiment 1 found, in first-order conditioning, robust forward blocking and an attenuation of it following a retention interval. Experiment 2 showed, in sensory preconditio...
Three conditioned taste aversion experiments with rats investigated superconditioning. In each experiment, alternate exposures of 2 flavor compounds with a common element (i.e., AB/AS) were administered to establish an inhibitory relationship between the 2 unique elements, B and S, and prior to testing, S was paired with lithium chloride (LiCl). In...
Recent research suggests that outcome additivity pretraining modulates blocking in human causal learning. However, the existing evidence confounds outcome additivity and outcome maximality. Here the authors present evidence for the influence of presenting information about outcome maximality (Experiment 1) and outcome additivity (Experiment 2) on s...
La semejanza de las consecuencias modula la interferencia
retroactiva entre claves entrenadas separadamente. La
interferencia retroactiva entre claves entrenadas separadamente ha sido
considerada como un efecto que ocurre debido a que las asociaciones diana e
interfiriente comparten una consecuencia común. Aunque este punto de vista
es consistent...
Two appetitive conditioning experiments with rats examined reacquisition after conditioned responding was eliminated by either extinction or by a partial reinforcement procedure in which reinforced trials were occasionally presented among many nonreinforced trials. In Experiment 1, reacquisition to a conditional stimulus (CS) that had been conditio...
In three experiments, we assessed the role of signals for changes in the consequences of cues as a potential account of the renewal effect. Experiment 1 showed recovery of responding following extinction when acquisition, extinction, and test phases occurred in different contexts. In addition, extinction treatment in multiple contexts attenuated co...
Efectos Diferenciales de la Ausencia de Reforzamiento y e l Castigo en Humanos. En una preparación de aprendizaje asociativo, los participantes recibieron reforzamiento parcial (RP) con dos claves diferentes. Para una de las claves, las presentaciones no reforzadas consistieron en emparejamientos de la clave con una consecuencia neutra, mientras qu...
Associative learning theories assume that cue interaction and, specifically, retrospective revaluation occur only when the target cue is previously trained in compound with the to-be-revalued cue. However, there are recent demonstrations of retrospective revaluation in the absence of compound training (e.g., Matute & Pineño, 1998a, 1998b). Neverthe...
Matute and Pineño (1998a) showed evidence of interference between elementally trained cues and suggested that this effect occurs when the interfering association is more strongly activated than the target association at the time of testing. The present experiments tested directly the role of the relative activation of the associations in the effect...
Most associative theories have assumed that stimulus competition occurs only between conditioned stimuli (CSs) that are trained
in compound. The present research investigated the possibility of competition between two CSs that were individually paired
to the same unconditioned stimulus (US). We used human subjects in an anticipatory suppression ana...
Citations
... In rats, the expression of immediate early genes, such as c-fos, in the brain can be analyzed to reveal the regions active during the formation of a CTA [24]. Furthermore, the studies of second-order conditioning and sensory preconditioning were achieved in mammalian CTA [25]. These complicated conditionings were confirmed by the use of various stimuli [26]. ...
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... We used a [spatial] context-shift design to manipulate a mechanism that presumably operates exclusively in interference phenomena, and we contrasted its renewal-like effect, on a backward blocked cue and a cue that was subject to retroactive interference in Experiment 1 (embedded in a sensory preconditioning design), and on a forward blocked cue and a cue that was subject to proactive interference in Experiment 2 (conducted in first-order conditioning). If forward blocking and backward blocking rely solely on mechanisms that depend on compound training, these blocking effects should not be influenced by context shifts between training and testing, in contrast to the effects of context shifts between Phase 1 and Phase 2 that have been observed in proactive cue interference (e.g., Amundson et al., 2003) and retroactive cue interference (e.g., Matute & Pineño, 1998a;Miguez et al., 2012). Thus, modulation of blocking by the relative similarity of the test context to the contexts of Phase 1 and Phase 2 of blocking treatment would suggest that cue interference contributes to the phenomenon of blocking; that is, blocking would be recognized as a hybrid of cue competition and cue interference. ...
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... A defining feature of LI is sensitivity to the consistency of the context in which the pre-exposure, learning, and testing are carried out. 71 Changing between the clear and paper-lined tubes did not impair LI, suggesting that the flies likely consider these to be a similar context. However, if odor pre-exposure, learning, and testing were performed in different contexts (i.e., a copper grid-lined versus a paper-lined or clear tube) LI was abolished. ...
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... Yet, to our knowledge, research on retroactive interference does typically not observe such unspecific interference effects on non-targeted stimuli (e.g. Drosopoulos et al., 2007;Pineño & Matute, 2000) and we did also in our experiment find a substantial counterconditioning effect. Nevertheless, the fact that we chose a different control condition for the interference manipulation might potentially explain, why we did not replicate Ellenbogen et al. ( , 2009 results. ...
... La hipótesis de la recuperación de información supone que tiempo y contexto modulan la recuperación de lo aprendido después de la interferencia provocada por un segundo aprendizaje, produciendo o no la expresión del aprendizaje adquirido inicialmente . Recientemente este supuesto ha sido aplicado con éxito al estudio del aprendizaje humano principalmente en preparaciones de aprendizaje causal y ha generado una gran cantidad de investigación que supone mecanismos similares de recuperación entre humanos y animales Pineño, Vegas y Matute, 2003;Rosas, García-Gutiérrez y Romero, 2003;, lo que ha tenido como consecuencia una extrapolación de variables metodológicas y procesos observados en estudios con animales al aprendizaje humano, olvidando así su naturaleza única. ...
Reference: Vila&Rosas Apre causa libro
... In contrast to the hypothesis that greater prediction error would lead to greater extinction learning, prior studies in both animals (Vervliet, Vansteenwegen, Hermans, & Eelen, 2007) and humans (Pineño, Zilski, & Schachtman, 2007) have found that presentation of aversive stimuli in compound may interfere with extinction of the individual stimuli. However, in these studies, the feared stimuli were not presented singularly prior to being presented together, which Rescorla (2006) asserts is a central element for achieving deepened extinction. ...
... Our platform is inspired by present-day behavioural, cognitive and neuroscience experiments that rely on opensource, community based, DIY-type solutions for running and developing new experimental paradigms, as well as for processing and analysing the resulting data streams (Akam et al., 2022;Aoki et al., 2015;Bishop et al., 2022;Buscher et al., 2020;Devarakonda et al., 2016;Geissmann et al., 2017;Guilbeault et al., 2021;Gurley, 2019;Kane et al., 2020;Kapanaiah et al., 2021;Mathis et al., 2018;Oh et al., 2017;O'Leary et al., 2018;Pineño, 2014;Siegle et al., 2017;Štih et al., 2019;Swanson et al., 2021;Walter & Couzin, 2021). Briefly, our system allows for the display of stimuli on a computer screen placed outside (but adjacent to) a tank, the tracking and detection of the subject's location in realtime through an overhanging camera, the programming of contingencies between fish movements and the delivery of food rewards, and the automatic recording of data in analysable format. ...
... Blocking (specifically, forward blocking; Kamin, 1968) and associative proactive cue interference (e.g., Amundson et al., 2003;Matute & Pineño, 1998b;Slamecka & Ceraso, 1960) are two stimulus interaction learning phenomena that share several procedural similarities. In a conventional twophase forward [cue] blocking design, one cue (Y) is paired with an outcome (e.g., O) during an initial phase of training, and later a compound of Y and a second [target] cue (X) is paired with the outcome (i.e., Y-O pairings in Phase 1 and YX-O pairings in Phase 2). ...
... To our knowledge, no study has manipulated the relative novelty of the NPE St systematically. However, both Tsakanikos and Reed (2004) and Pineño, De La Casa, Lubow, and Miller (2006) manipulated preexposure of the Snt within a single study, changing the relative novelty of the NPE St. Further, while most letter string protocols preexpose the Snt (e.g., Evans et al., 2007;Granger et al. 2016;Schmidt-Hansen et al., 2009;Shrira & Kaplan 2009), Gal et al. (2009) changed the Snt between Phases 1 and 2 again, changing the novelty of the NPE St. While the first two studies suggest that relative novelty contributes to the LI effect (Pineño et al., 2006;Tsakanikos & Reed, 2004), the third does not (Gal et al., 2009). ...
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... In retroactive interference, the interfering X-O2 association is learned second (i.e., after the X-O1 association), whereas, in proactive interference, it is learned first. Following this sort of categorization, there is a third type of interference that is curiously rarely mentioned: interspersed interference in which CONTINGENCY ASSESSMENT AND SDT 191 the X-O1 and the X-O2 pairings occur interspersed and subsequently interfere with expression of the opposing association (Pineño et al., 2000;Polack et al., 2017). ...
