Oded Bar-Or's research while affiliated with McMaster University and other places
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Publications (318)
To evaluate the effect of 1 and 2 % hypohydration on high-intensity cycling performance of 10- to 12-year-old boys in the heat.
In a counterbalanced order, nine boys attended three sessions in which they cycled intermittently (6 × 10-min bouts at 40-45 % [Formula: see text]) in a climate chamber. During each session, environmental conditions and wa...
The influence of puberty on sweating patterns of girls exercising in the heat is not known. Nine- to 17-year-old girls, representing 4 stages of breast development: T1 (n = 21); T2 (n = 22); T3 (n = 25); and T4 (n = 22), cycled for 20 min at 60% in 35 °C. The population density of heat activated sweat glands was higher in T1 vs T3 and T4 and in T2...
We examined young athletes during a triathlon performed in a hot climate. Complete or partial data were available for 95 athletes competing in the National Triathlon Championship in Costa Rica. Mean ± SD for age and body weight (BW) were 13.1 ± 2.5 years and 46.3 ± 11.5 kg, respectively. Race requirements included: 500 m swimming, 15 km cycling, 3....
We determined whether beverage flavoring and composition would stimulate voluntary drink intake, prevent dehydration, and maintain exercise performance in heat-acclimated adolescent males running in the heat. Eight adolescent (age, 13.7 ± 1.1 years) runners (peak oxygen uptake, 59.5 ± 4.0 mL·kg-1·min-1) underwent at least four 80-min exercise heat-...
This study examined the effects of beverage composition on the voluntary drinking pattern, body fluid balance and body temperature responses of heat-acclimatized trained girls exercising intermittently in outdoor conditions (WBGT = 30.9 +/- 0.2 degrees C). Twelve trained, heat-acclimatized girls (age = 10.6 +/- 0.2 years) performed three 3-h sessio...
Skeletal Muscle StrengthEffectiveness of Resistance TrainingComparative TrainabilityPersistence of Strength GainsMechanisms Underlying Strength ChangesAdaptations During DetrainingStrength Training Benefits and RisksTrainability of Muscle Power and Local Muscle EnduranceEffectiveness of Training ProgramsMechanisms for Trainability of Muscle Power a...
Classical referenceDevelopmental aspects of exercise scienceIntroductionPhysical activity in children and adolescentsPotential health gains from physical activity and sports during childhood and adolescencePotential health gains from physical activity and sports specific to children and adolescents with a chronic diseasePotential risks from physica...
This essential new volume in the Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine series, published under the auspices of the International Olympic Committee, provides a thorough overview of the unique physiologic characteristics, responsiveness to training, and possible health hazards involved in the training, coaching, and medical care of young athletes. Intense...
To determine the reliability of formal exercise testing and the reliability of functional and activity questionnaires in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).
Children with JIA of any subtype ages 8-16 years who were recruited to a randomized trial comparing different exercise therapies participated in 2 preintervention sessions of exe...
The intent of this study was to assess the influence of drink flavor and composition on voluntary drinking and hydration status in girls exercising intermittently in the heat (35 ± 1°C, 45–50% relative humidity). Twelve physically active, nonacclimatized girls (9–12 years) performed three 3 h identical sessions, each consisting of four 20 min cycli...
To examine the effectiveness of high-intensity aerobic training compared with low-intensity training in terms of energy cost of locomotion, peak oxygen uptake, peak power, and self-reported physical function in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).
Eighty children with JIA, ages 8-16 years, were enrolled in a randomized, single-blind c...
Little information is available on energy metabolism during exercise in girls, particularly the contribution of exogenous carbohydrate (CHO(exo)). The purpose of this study was to determine substrate utilization during exercise with and without CHO(exo) intake in healthy girls. Twelve-yr-old preadolescent (YG; n = 12) and 14-yr-old adolescent (OG;...
Distinct natural killer (NK) cell subsets (CD56bright and CD56dim) are mobilized with exercise and these cells may serve adaptive functions. We determined the distribution of NK cell subsets in response to exercise and carbohydrate (CHO) intake in young girls and compared these responses with previous findings in young boys of the same age. Twelve...
CD95 is essential in regulating the immune system, and its reduced expression has been associated with anthracycline resistance in some childhood leukemias. We determined whether an acute bout of exercise would influence the mixed lymphocyte expression of CD95 in healthy children and adolescents. Fifty healthy pediatric subjects (female n=25) cycle...
The dependence of sweat composition and acidity on sweating rate (SR) suggests that the lower SR in children compared to adults may be accompanied by a higher level of sweat lactate (Lac-) and ammonia (NH3) and a lower sweat pH. Four groups (15 girls, 18 boys, 8 women, 8 men) cycled in the heat (42ºC, 20% relative humidity) at 50% VO2max for two 20...
Substrate utilization during exercise is known to differ between children and adults, but whether these differences are related to pubertal status is unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of pubertal status on endogenous (CHOendo) and orally ingested exogenous (CHOexo) carbohydrate and fat oxidation rates during exerci...
The dependence of sweat composition and acidity on sweating rate (SR) suggests that the lower SR in children compared to adults may be accompanied by a higher level of sweat lactate (Lac-) and ammonia (NH3) and a lower sweat pH. Four groups (15 girls, 18 boys, 8 women, 8 men) cycled in the heat (42 degrees C, 20% relative humidity) at 50% VO2max fo...
To 1) assess the safety and feasibility of laboratory-based exercise testing in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), 2) test the safety and feasibility of a 3-month exercise program in JIA, 3) assess pain during exercise in JIA, 4) compare ratings of perceived effort (RPE) with heart rate (HR) achieved, and 5) estimate the training effect on metabo...
Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation and female sex independently influence the natural killer (NK) cell response to acute exercise. Consequently, this study sought to elucidate sex-based differences in the distribution of NK cell subsets (i.e., CD56dim and CD56bright) in response to exercise and CHO intake. Twenty-two healthy 14-yr-old girls (n = 11...
Previous research has demonstrated that younger versus older animals and humans experience smaller perturbations in natural killer (NK) cells in response to physiological stress.
To determine whether the smaller perturbations in NK cells induced by strenuous exercise and carbohydrate (CHO) intake, previously reported in children, are influenced by...
This study tested the hypothesis that exercise-induced perturbation and recovery of the immune system would vary with age, puberty, and gender in healthy children and adolescents.
Twelve-year-old girls (YG; N = 14) and boys (YB; N = 20), and 14-yr-old girls (OG; N = 11) and boys (OB; N = 13) cycled for 60 min at 70% VO2max. Blood was collected befo...
To determine differences in the time overweight and nonoverweight youth spend on light, moderate, hard, and very hard activity plus gender and age differences in activity patterns.
This study was a cross-sectional design in a primary care hospital.
A total of 197 children and adolescents (4-16 years) participated. The overweight group (n = 107) wer...
Children and adolescents are often involved in sports in which weight loss or weight gain is perceived as an advantage. This policy statement describes unhealthy weight-control practices that may be harmful to the health and/or performance of athletes. Healthy methods of weight loss and weight gain are discussed, and physicians are given resources...
The purpose of this study was to examine the concordance in physical activity among parents and youth with physical disabilities.
Parent and youth pairs were divided into two groups based on the child's age (children: N = 123, age 9.15± 1.39 years; adolescents: N = 133, age 14.40± 1.83 years) and completed a modified version of the Canada Fitness S...
Juvenile obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide1,2 and its prevalence is still on the rise.3 While the specific causes of this epidemic are not entirely clear, some evidence emerges for a link between the prevalence of obesity and a low level of physical activity among children and adolescents in various countries, as well as an increas...
This study intended to identify pulmonary and exercise-related effects of chronic lung disease of infancy (CLD) versus prematurity (PRE) without CLD in children 5 to 7 years old who were born prematurely (24-30 weeks of gestation) with very low and extremely low birthweight of 500 to 1500 g (VLBW, ELBW).
Seventeen CLD and 14 PRE were compared with...
To determine, in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP), the relationship between physical activity level (PAL) and i) oxygen cost of walking, and ii) peak VO2.
In 11 subjects (10.6-16.3 yr) with mild CP, PAL, the ratio of total energy expenditure to resting energy expenditure, was determined from 3 d of heart rate (HR) monitoring (field...
Ipratropium bromide (IB) has been used to prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), but its effect varies among individuals. We hypothesized that such variability may reflect individual differences in vagal activity (VA), and therefore determined whether a correlation exists between VA and the effect of IB on EIB in 13.0 (+/-0.8)-yr-old c...
The purpose was to measure the effect of holidays or season on changes in body weight to determine if this was the reason for the low success rate of weight control program participants. Changes in percent ideal body weight were gathered on 73 overweight youth (average age: 10.5+/-2.8 years; percent ideal body weight: 150+/-28%) over 2-month interv...
To evaluate in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy the relationship between habitual physical activity and biomechanical treadmill walking economy and whether treadmill belt speed or walking time affect economy.
Physical activity was measured in 11 subjects (10.6-16.3 yrs) with mild cerebral palsy using a triaxial accelerometer. To determi...
The primary purpose of this study was to determine, in children and adolescents with mild spastic cerebra palsy (CP); 1) minute-by-minute differences in lower limb antagonist muscle co-activation and stride length (SL) during treadmill walking following 12-15 minutes of treadmill walking practice, and 2) if the minute-by-minute pattern of co-activa...
When metabolic rate during arm-cranking in the heat is equated between children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) and matched controls (CON), there are no relevant intergroup differences in heat strain. The metabolic rate, however, is known to be higher in CP during treadmill walking. The purpose of this study was to determine if during trea...
In their letter, Cooper and colleagues point out that IL-6 is reproducibly elevated with exercise in children and apparently dismiss our findings as “unexpected negative results.” We would like to respectively address the evidence as provided by the authors. First, the study by Perez Navaro et al. ( 2) apparently measured IL-6 levels in saliva, whi...
Few studies describe immune responses to exercise in children, compared with adults, and none have investigated the influence of carbohydrate (CHO) intake. We hypothesized less perturbation and a faster recovery of the immune system with exercise in children, regardless of supplemental energy. Twelve boys (9.8 +/- 0.1 y) and 10 men (22.1 +/- 0.5 y)...
Exercising in cold air enhances bronchial responsiveness (BR) as compared with exercising in warm air. This may be due to intrathoracic cooling or to increased vagal activity caused by facial cooling. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects on BR of cold air inhalation and of facial exposure to cold air, as well as the combined effect...
Temperature regulation during exercise in the cold was examined in 13 adolescent female individuals, aged 13-18 yr. Six girls with established menstrual cycles comprised the eumenorrheic menarcheal (EM) group, and seven nonmenstruating girls comprised the premenarcheal (PM) group. During the first visit, maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2 max), height...
The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of a 20-m shuttle-run test as an aerobic fitness test for Japanese children, adolescents, and young adults. Participants were 62 boys and 70 girls aged 8-17 years and 56 men and 99 women aged 18-23 years. Stepwise regression analysis was used to elucidate the relationship between shuttle-run per...
In response to passive heating, adults with hemispheric brain infarction demonstrate lower skin temperatures (Tsk) and higher sweating rates (SR) on the affected side. It is unknown whether children with similar conditions demonstrate a similar response and whether this response is advantageous to defending body temperature during exercise in the h...
To identify if particular foods or food groups may be associated with obesity in children and adolescents and to determine if consuming food away from home (FAFH) has an effect on the nutritional quality of their diets.
One-year cross-sectional study.
The obese subjects (n = 91) were on the waiting list for a hospital-based weight control treatment...
To examine the effect of prolonged cycling on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in boys and men and whether carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion would lower RPE during exercise.
Ten boys (9-10 yr) and 10 men (20-25 yr) cycled for 60 min at approximately 70% VO2peak on two occasions. In a double-blind, counterbalanced design, a total volume of 24 mL.kg(-1...
To determine whether physiologic responses during treadmill walking in children with cerebral palsy (CP) are affected by repeated walking bouts on different days, and whether effects are different at different speeds.
Three girls and five boys (9.2-15.7 yr, 23.3-64.4 kg) with mild CP received 12-15 min of treadmill walking practice and had their fa...
To compare the energy cost of treadmill walking, in pairs of obese and lean adolescents who were matched for total body mass.
Metabolic energy expenditure was determined at 67, 83, and 100 m.min-1, in nine obese and nine nonobese 11- to 18-yr-old boys. Total adiposity and fat distribution in the trunk and limbs were assessed using DXA.
There were n...
The purpose of this study is to find out the differences in physical activity (PA), energy expenditure (EE) and energy intake (EI) under free-living conditions between Japanese prepubertal obese and nonobese boys. The subjects were 15 prepubertal obese boys (Age: 11.7+/-0.4 years old, Body fat: 35.2+/-1.6%) who do not have obese parents and sibling...
To determine whether the relative utilization of exogenous carbohydrate (CHO(exo)) differs between children and adults, substrate utilization during 60 min of cycling at 70% peak O(2) uptake was studied in 12 pre- and early pubertal boys (9.8 +/- 0.1 yr) and 10 men (22.1 +/- 0.5 yr) on two occasions. Subjects consumed either a placebo or a (13)C-en...
To determine the predictive value of measurements of hand edema for the development of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD).
Cohort study.
Departments of rehabilitation medicine in 3 general hospitals and 1 rehabilitation hospital in Japan.
Thirty-four stroke patients.
Not applicable.
Measurement of the circumference of the middle finger was used to...
The metabolic cost of locomotion at any given speed, when expressed per kilogram of body mass, is greater for children than for older individuals. Incomplete explanations for the age-related difference motivated this study, which used a multidisciplinary method to examine metabolic, kinematic and electromyographic data from three maturational group...
The purpose of the analysis presented here was to examine the linear properties of the commonly used Rating of Perceived Exertion scale (RPE; Borg 1970) in children and adolescent cohorts. Heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) data from two samples of boys and adolescents who performed a progressive cycling task were subjected to R...
An equation has been developed to reduce the error in predicting energy expenditure (EE) from heart rate (HR) monitoring, by correcting for climate-related HR increases. To evaluate the effects of such a correction in a "real life" situation, a group of 9- to 14-year-old obese boys [mean (SD) 36.6 (3.3)% body fat; n=14] was monitored for 6 days dur...
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of upper-limb dominance on the forearm sweating pattern in cerebral palsy (CP). Eight boys with CP (13.1 ± 3.1 years) performed three 10-min bouts of an arm-cranking exercise at 35°C, 50% relative humidity. After the third bout, the sweat drops on both forearms were photographed. Sweat gland density (...
For ethical reasons, laboratory-based studies of dehydration in exercising children have not exceeded hypohydration levels of 1-1.5% body weight (BW). The purpose of this study was to determine whether this ceiling is justified, based on " real life " sports events. Ninety-two (84% of all participants) 8-to 17-year-old girls and boys were tested be...
To determine the relationship of juvenile obesity to dietary fat, particularly saturated fat, and with dietary energy (controlling for activity patterns).
Cross-sectional, evaluation of diet and activity patterns of obese and non-obese children and adolescents.
A total of 181 children, aged 4-16 y. Subjects were divided into two groups: obese (body...
An important national goal in Healthy People 2010 is to reduce the high prevalence of sedentary lifestyles and resultant overweight and obesity among girls.
The purpose of the present study was threefold: (a) to determine if pre-exercise self-efficacy predicted girls' perceptions of exertion during exercise, (b) to determine if these perceptions, i...
Poor lifestyle habits, such as unhealthy eating and physical inactivity, are major contributors to increased adult morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases. Over the past decade there has been an increase in sedentary lifestyle and obesity in children and adolescents, both in North America and worldwide. Physicians need to be aware of the scop...
To investigate plantar pressure differences between obese and non-obese adults during standing and walking protocols using a pressure distribution platform.
Thirty-five males (age 42.4+/-10.8 y; 67-179 kg) and 35 females (age 40.0+/-12.6 y; 46-150 kg) divided into obese (body mass index (BMI) 38.75+/-5.97 kg/m2) and non-obese (BMI 24.28+/-3.00 kg/m...
Objective techniques to determine whether an athlete is optimally prepared for a competition are virtually nonexistent. Preparedness for sports competition is commonly judged through the experience of the athletes and their coaches. Evidence from overtraining studies suggests that catecholamine (Cat) excretion rates may correlate with performance i...
Participation in organized sports provides an opportunity for young people to increase their physical activity and develop physical and social skills. However, when the demands and expectations of organized sports exceed the maturation and readiness of the participant, the positive aspects of participation can be negated. The nature of parental or...
Pediatricians are often asked to give advice on the safety and efficacy of strength training programs for children and adolescents. This review, a revision of a previous American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement, defines relevant terminology and provides current information on risks and benefits of strength training for children and adolescen...
Most research on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) has been conducted on healthy individuals. Less information is available on people with a chronic disease or physical disability, children and adolescents in particular. This review focuses on children and adolescents with obesity, neuromuscular disability, or insulin-dependent diabetes mellit...
Citations
... However, uncontrolled water intake may have little effect because we encouraged the participants to drink water before the test, and a previous report indicated that dehydration had no effect on the blood lactate acid curve (Van Schuylenbergh et al., 2005). Fourth, because this study included healthy college-aged male individuals, further research is needed in females and young athletes based on a sweat functional difference between genders (Frye & Kamon, 1983;Wyndham et al., 1965) and age (Meyer et al., 2007). Fifth, it is possible that psychological factors may negatively affect the three participants who were unable to proceed to Test 2. Last, replacement of sensor chips during the rest period could have affected our results. ...
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... The attenuation of NK cells and neutrophils, for example, was observed following 60 min of exercise in boys, but not in men (179). In 12-yr-old boys (174) and girls (180), CHO can blunt the NK cell response after only 30 min of exercise. Although it has been suggested that high-intensity exercise lasting longer than two hours is required before significant effects of CHO intake on immunity are observed (116), this is clearly not the case in children. ...
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... Balance, agility, coordination, power, speed, and reaction time are elements making up the skill-related component of PF [7]. Aerobic capacity refers to the maximum amount of oxygen consumed by the body during intense exercises, in a given time frame [8]. Its importance cannot be overemphasized because it has the greatest impact on one's health compared to the other health-related elements of physical fitness [9]. ...
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... Rated perceived exertion scales are especially valuable as an indicator of exercise intensity for individuals who have difficulty palpating heart rate or who have limited experience engaging in exercise. The scales have been used with various populations including older adults (Shigematsu, Ueno, Nakagaichi, Nho, & Tanaka, 2004), children (Tenenbaum, Falk, & Bar Or, 2002), and individuals with disabilities (Birk & Mossing, 1988;Holland, Bouffard, & Wagner, 1992;Ward, Bar-Or, Longmuir, & Smith, 1995) as a means of allowing people to express feelings of fatigue and exertion while engaging in physical activity. ...
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... Pohybová aktivita zohráva dôležitú úlohu v prevencii nadhmotnosti a obezity v detstve a dospievaní a znižuje riziko obezity v dospelosti [16]. Je jedným z dominantných [18] týkajúce sa zdravého životného štýlu pre deti a mládež. Spoločnosť odporúča, aby deti a dospievajúci trávili čas pohybovou aktivitou aspoň 30 minút denne. ...
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