December 1975
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This chapter focuses on the primary objects of aid to students and the criteria for its disbursal. Generally, one may say that the object should be to provide students with economic conditions that enable them to use their working day for study. In most European countries direct aid is rendered as a combination of grants and loans. Some countries prefer grants, while others, such as the Scandinavian countries, render most of their direct aid in the form of loans. The public aid given in other countries is almost exclusively confined to grants. The qualifications of students in some countries are assessed each year, but in many countries this is done only for admission to the university and not in connection with granting of aid. Assuming that more and more students in all European countries receive direct aid from public funds, one should in principle require foreign students or their home countries to cover the expenses of their studies abroad.