Norman Miller’s research while affiliated with University of Southern California and other places

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Publications (36)


Figure 1. Means of the composite self-report measure as a function of race of partner and reward structure in Experiment 1. Standard errors are represented by the error bars. 
Figure 2. Means of the composite facial EMG measure as a function of race of partner and reward structure in Experiment 1. Standard errors are represented by the error bars. 
Figure 3. Mean heart rate as a function of race of partner and reward structure in Experiment 1. Standard errors are represented by the error bars. 
Figure 4. Mean liking as a function of race of partner, source of deficiency, and effort in Experiment 2. Standard errors are represented by the error bars. 
Figure 5. Means of the composite self-report measure of situational affect as a function of race of partner, source of deficiency, and effort in Experiment 2. Standard errors are represented by the error bars. 

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The Modern Face of Prejudice and Structural Features That Moderate the Effect of Cooperation on Affect
  • Article
  • Full-text available

November 1997

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1,366 Reads

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187 Citations

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Brenda Y. Paul

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Tiffany A. Ito

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Norman Miller

Facial muscle activity and self-reports were examined for racial bias in 3 studies. In the first 2 experiments, White participants imagined cooperating with a Black or White partner. Experiment 1 manipulated reward structure in the context of cooperating with a deficient partner. Experiment 2 manipulated partner deficiency and willingness to expend compensatory effort. On both facial EMG and self-report measures, joint rewards produced more negative affect than independent rewards. However, all partners were liked more when they were willing to try to compensate for their deficits. In addition, more liking was reported for Black partners, but EMG activity indicated bias against Blacks. Experiment 3 investigated individual differences in prejudice. Again, a greater preference for Blacks than Whites occurred on self-report measures, but in their facial muscle activity, high-prejudiced participants exhibited bias against Blacks.

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The "Golden Section" and Bias in Perceptions of Social Consensus

February 1997

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30 Reads

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53 Citations

Personality and Social Psychology Review

Meta-analytic examination of I28 false consensus effect issues supports the hypothesis that the "Golden Section" (61.8% group size) approximates the level of actual consensus that separates overestimation of consensus (group size < 61.8%) from underestimation (group size > 61.8%). Overestimation of the actual percentage of others who endorse one's own view increases as actual consensus decreases from 61.8%, and underestimation increases as it exceeds 61.8%. The form of the response (viz, a yes or no answer to a question) moderates this conclusion. The Golden Section holds for majorities and minorities defined by agreement with an issue. For majority and minority groups defined by disagreement, the inflection point is higher. Contrary to Mullen and Hu (1988), for agreeing majorities, the slope for consensus underestimation as a function of increased majority size does not differ from that of minority overestimation.


Alcohol and Aggression: A Meta-Analysis on the Moderating Effects of Inhibitory Cues, Triggering Events, and Self-Focused Attention

August 1996

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114 Reads

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328 Citations

Psychological Bulletin

The authors conducted a meta-analysis of 49 studies to investigate 2 explanations of how alcohol increases aggression by decreasing sensitivity to cues that inhibit it. Both the level of anxiety and inhibition conflict moderated the difference between the aggressive behavior of sober and intoxicated participants, but neither level adequately accounted for variation in effect sizes. Additional analyses of 3 social psychological moderating variables-provocation, frustration, and self-focused attention-showed that the aggressiveness of intoxicated participants relative to sober ones increased as a function of frustration but decreased as a function of provocation and self-focused attention. The authors also examined the moderating effects of dose.


Table 7 Gender Difference Effect Size as a Function of Type of Instigation Category M unweighted M weighted k effect size effect size 95% CI 
Table 10 Gender Difference Effect Sizes as a Function of Gender of Target Category M unweighted effect size M weighted effect size 95% CI 
Gender Differences in Aggression as a Function of Provocation: A Meta-Analysis

June 1996

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2,192 Reads

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703 Citations

Psychological Bulletin

In this article, we meta-analytically examine experimental studies to assess the moderating effect of provocation on gender differences in aggression. Convergent evidence shows that, whereas unprovoked men are more aggressive than women, provocation markedly attenuates this gender difference. Gender differences in appraisals of provocation intensity and fear of danger from retaliation (but not negative affect) partially mediate the attenuating effect of provocation. However, they do not entirely account for its manipulated effect. Type of provocation and other contextual variables also affect the magnitude of gender differences in aggression. The results support a social role analysis of gender differences in aggression and counter A. H. Eagly and V. Steffen's (1986) meta-analytic inability to confirm an attenuating effect of provocation on gender differences in aggression.


Gender Differences in Aggression as a Function of Provocation: A Meta-Analysis

May 1996

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19 Reads

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358 Citations

Psychological Bulletin

In this article, we meta-analytically examine experimental studies to assess the moderating effect of provocation on gender differences in aggression. Convergent evidence shows that, whereas unprovoked men are more aggressive than women, provocation markedly attenuates this gender difference. Gender differences in appraisals of provocation intensity and fear of danger from retaliation (but not negative affect) partially mediate the attenuating effect of provocation. However, they do not entirely account for its manipulated effect. Type of provocation and other contextual variables also affect the magnitude of gender differences in aggression. The results support a social role analysis of gender differences in aggression and counter A. H. Eagly and V. Steffen's (1986) meta-analytic inability to confirm an attenuating effect of provocation on gender differences in aggression.


Use of Meta-Analysis for Testing Theory

January 1996

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16 Reads

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8 Citations

Evaluation & the Health Professions

Within the context of the general superiority of meta-analytic reviews over qualitative reviews, we emphasize the fragility of meta-analytic outcomes, especially when the effects of moderator variables remain unexamined. We consider the contribution to increased theoretical understanding made by moderator analyses both of methodological and substantive variables in psychological, health, and medical research. The potential contribution of meta-analysis to understanding the process underlying established relationships and to assessment of the convergent and discriminative construct validity of previously used concepts is discussed.


Attitude certainty

January 1995

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38 Reads

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171 Citations

to date, a coherent picture of the nomological net in which the concept of certainty is located and its convergent or discriminant validity with respect to other measures of attitude strength is lacking / instead, only disjointed theorizing and findings exist from which, it is hoped, future work will weave a cohesive whole / begin by defining certainty, explicitly distinguishing subjective conceptualizations (on which we focus) from objective ones / position subjective certainty in relation to other measures of attitude strength, considering in particular the conceptual relation between attitude extremity and certainty / discuss antecedents of certainty and its consequences / present suggestions for new research antecedents of attitude certainty [informational/cognitive factors, social/consensual factors, individual attributes] / consequences of attitude certainty [social influence, information seeking, projection, attitude-behavior consistency] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)


Applications of Emotion Theory and Research to Stereotyping and Intergroup Relations

December 1993

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39 Reads

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51 Citations

a consideration of stereotyping and prejudice as "a phenomenon in the mind rather than in the guts" has its limits / urge that research on stereotyping and intergroup relations go beyond those limits by considering recent advances in theory, methodology, and research concerned with emotion / briefly reviewing current emotion theory and methodology, we present a framework in which emotion research and theory can be integrated with phenomena associated with stereotyping and intergroup relations / conclude with suggestions for expanding intergroup theory and research (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)


Cross-Cutting Category Membership with Role Assignment: A Means of Reducing Intergroup Bias

June 1993

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156 Reads

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140 Citations

British Journal of Social Psychology

Two experiments involving a total of 317 undergraduates evaluated the effect of role assignment on intergroup bias. To clarify the conflicting social categorization and social identity theory models, a cooperative contact setting was created in which members of 2 experimentally created groups worked as a team during which work roles either converged with or cross-cut initial group membership. Exp 1 supported the predictions of the social categorization model; Exp 2 resembled Exp 1, but included the insertion of procedures likely to increase negative task attitudes and the opportunity for personalization. Results of both studies suggested that cross-cutting role assignment reduces intergroup bias when it is implemented in a way that does not arouse negative task attitudes, but provides opportunity for personalization of teammates. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)


Table 1 . Mean for in-group, out-group and bias scores
Cooperation and the reduction of intergroup bias: The role of reward structure and social orientation

July 1992

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1,582 Reads

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211 Citations

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Two studies report a test of aspects of Brewer and Miller's (1984) model of the effects of cooperative contact on intergroup discrimination. Study 1 tested the hypothesis that conditions promoting an interpersonal orientation during contact would reduce ingroup bias between experimentally created social categories more than contact under conditions of task orientation. Subjects were randomly categorized as “overestimators” and “underestimators” and then assigned to teams composed of members of both categories. Teams engaged in a cooperative problem-solving task under conditions of interteam cooperation verus competition and under instructional conditions that promoted an interpersonal or task focus or with no such instructions. Results indicated that interteam reward structure and social orientation had additive and parallel effects on post-contact ingroup bias. Ingroup favoritism in reward allocations and evaluation of members of subjects' own team was least under conditions of interteam cooperation and interpersonal orientation, and these effects generalized to members of other teams. Study 2, using a scenario rating methodology, verified the assumption that the effects of interteam reward structure (competition versus cooperation) are mediated by the relationship between reward structure and task orientation.


Citations (35)


... Self-worth is inherently tied to the experience of respect, and when employees possess a heightened sense of self-worth, they are more inclined to transcend their work roles' constraints and pursue personal value realization, thereby spawning more innovation (Lei, 2015). Conversely, inadequate respect from leaders, this unequal signaling (Van Quaquebeke et al., 2007), often triggers deviant behaviors (Bettencourt and Miller, 1996) and promotes self-interest over teamwork (Sleebos et al., 2007), engendering negative work attitudes and behaviors. Therefore, the interpersonal respect between leaders and employees is intricately linked to the collaborative and innovative atmosphere. ...

Reference:

Mixed emotions: binary paths of humble leadership influencing employee behavior
Gender Differences in Aggression as a Function of Provocation: A Meta-Analysis

Psychological Bulletin

... Mejs et al. (2010), for instance, examined sociometric popularity and found that it predicts higher achievement independently or in its interaction with social intelligence. Perhaps most closely related to our study, Maruyama, Miller, and Holtz (1986) showed that increases in achievement precede increases in popularity, but not vice versa. However, popularity is not the same as centrality. ...

The relation between popularity and achievement: A longitudinal test of the lateral transmission of value hypothesis.
  • Citing Article
  • October 1986

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

... Indeed, to maximize the impact of the pedagogical activity between the two groups, it is recommended to facilitate the emergence of certain cognitive processes that counteract the social categorization of "us" versus "them". The first strategy is to give participants the opportunity to get to know each other on a personal basis and thus, to personalize their relationship (Brewer & Miller, 1988;Ensari & Miller, 2005). The second strategy consists of having an inclusive social category emerge, where members of both groups can be part of the same "us", to develop a superordinate common identity (Gaertner & Dovidio, 1989;Gaertner et al., 1994). ...

Contact and Cooperation
  • Citing Chapter
  • January 1988

... Enquanto que alguns autores (Campbell, 1986;Mullen & Goethals, 1990;Suls & Wan, 1987) apontam para o facto de que as pessoas assumem que os outros partilham das suas fraquezas mas que as suas qualidades são únicas, outros (e.g., Schimel, Pyszczynski, Greenberg, O'Mahen, & Arndt, 2000), sugerem que as pessoas se distanciam de outras pessoas que acreditam que partilham das suas fraquezas. Verificamos ainda que existe uma tendência para atribuir as nossas qualidades a alvos atraentes (Granberg & Brent, 1980;Miller & Marks, 1982) e projectar os nossos atributos indesejados em alvos pouco atraentes ou desfavoráveis (e.g., Sherwood, 1979). Na verdade, até a utilização de estereótipos pode ajudar a invalidar a perícia (expertise) daqueles que nos vêem negativamente, desacreditando um avaliador para minimizar os efeitos negativos da crítica à auto-estima, servindo assim um propósito de auto-aprimoramento (self-enhancement) (Fiske & Taylor, 2008). ...

Assumed Similarity Between Self and Other: Effect of Expectation of Future Interaction with That Other
  • Citing Article
  • June 1982

Social Psychology Quarterly

... Higher scores indicate higher aggressive behavior (the average for males is 77.8). There is a strong correspondence between pencil-and-paper measures of aggression and their behavioral counterparts (Carlson et al. 1989). ...

Evidence for a General Construct of Aggression
  • Citing Article
  • September 1989

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

... Prior identity scholarship has already suggested that individuals have multiple identities (Brewer et al., 1987) and people's identities often operate in overlapping ways. A typical example is the intersectional identity concerning race and gender (e.g., Black women; Beal, 2008;McCluney and Rabelo, 2019). ...

Social Identity and Social Distance among Hong Kong Schoolchildren
  • Citing Article
  • June 1987

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

... Οι δύο αυτοί καινούργιοι παράγοντες επηρεάζουν την πρόθεση του ατόμου για την συγκεκριμένη συμπεριφορά και είναι η «Δύναμη των Στάσεων» και η «Αυτοταυτότητα». Η «Δύναμη των Στάσεων» αναφέρεται στην σιγουριά που νιώθει το άτομο για την συγκεκριμένη συμπεριφορά, στο πόσο σωστή είναι η άποψη να ενεργήσει έτσι, στην σπουδαιότητα που νιώθει όσον αφορά την πρόθεση του και κατά πόσο οι γνώσεις, η πληροφόρηση και το ενδιαφέρον παίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στην διαμόρφωση της πρόθεσης (Bagozzi & Yi, 1989;Marks & Miller, 1985;Davidson, Yantis, Norwood & Montano, 1985). Η «Αυτοταυτότητα» με την σειρά της εστιάζει στο πόσο ικανό πιστεύει προσωπικά ότι είναι το κάθε άτομο ώστε να ακολουθήσει την καινούργια συμπεριφορά. ...

The Effect of Certainty on Consensus Judgments
  • Citing Article
  • June 1985

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

... Assumed similarity has been demonstrated for a diverse range of characteristicsincluding, for example, attitudes (Marks & Miller, 1982), goals (Dunlop et al., 2018), motives (Huelsnitz et al., 2020), vocational interests (Holtrop et al., 2018), political preferences (Locke et al., 2012), and affect (Thomas et al., 1997;Watson et al., 2000). However, when applying the trait-based approach to basic personality models, it becomes apparent that only a few trait dimensions show consistent assumed similarity effects. ...

Target Attractiveness as a Mediator of Assumed Attitude Similarity
  • Citing Article
  • December 1982

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

... Physically attractive individuals benefit in other ways as well. For example, physically attractive individuals are evaluated more favorably (i.e., seen as more competent, confident, and socially skilled) than less physically attractive individuals (Anderson & Nida, 1978;Cash & Trimer, 1984;Landy & Sigall, 1974;Maruyama & Miller, 1980). Perhaps because those who are physically attractive are evaluated more favorably, in labor markets, such individuals are more likely to be hired (Gilmore, Beehr, & Love, 1986;Lowman, Harms, & Mills, 2019;Morrow, 1990) and promoted (Chung & Leung, 1988;Ling, Luo, & Guoman, 2019) compared to their less physically attractive counterparts. ...

Physical Attractiveness, Race, and Essay Evaluation
  • Citing Article
  • September 1980

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

... A representation of this kind tends to dilute the relationship that Field Dependence-Independence has with other variables. In an effort to remedy this situation and to assess which of the two interpretations is the more adequate, McGarvey, Maruyama, and Miller (1977) proposed the use of the absolute value of the deviation scores obtained on the Rodand-Frame Test from Morell's method, i.e., the absolute value of the algebraic sum of the deviations (absolute algebraic errors). Given the higher reliability and validity attained by the proposed method over that of Morell (algebraic errors) (see Table 1), McGarvey, et al. concluded that, in fact, negative scores have to be considered as a manifestation of a field dependence. ...

Scoring Field Dependence: A Methodological Analysis of Five Rod-and-Frame Scoring Systems
  • Citing Article
  • June 1977

Applied Psychological Measurement