Noreen Goldman’s research while affiliated with Princeton University and other places

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Publications (274)


Abstract 4136977: Childhood Food Security and Cardiometabolic Health in Young Adulthood
  • Article

November 2024

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5 Reads

Circulation

Emily Lam

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Abigail Gauen

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Namratha Kandula

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[...]

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Nilay Shah

Background: Food insecurity is associated with adverse cardiometabolic health in adults. To understand the early, long-term impact of food insecurity, we examined the associations of food insecurity in childhood with young adult cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome stage and suboptimal cardiovascular health (CVH), and the modifying effects of participation during childhood in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Methods: In the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study of individuals enrolled at birth (1998-2000) and followed through age 22 years (2020-24) across 20 US cities, the associations of household food insecurity during childhood (age 3-5 years; score ≥1 on the US Household Food Security Survey) with CKM stage (0 [reference], 1, 2, or 3/4) and Life’s Essential 8 CVH score (high 80-100 [reference], intermediate 50-79, low 0-49) at age 22 years were evaluated with adjusted multinomial logistic regression. The interactions of food insecurity and SNAP participation, and food insecurity and race, were evaluated. Results: Among 1,071 participants, 53% were female; 53% non-Hispanic Black, 25% non-Hispanic White, 18% Hispanic; 39% lived in households with food insecurity, and 44% participated in SNAP. Food insecurity was associated with higher odds of being in CKM Stage 1 (aOR 1.41 [95% CI: 1.02-1.93]) and Stage 3/4 (aOR 1.78 [95% CI 1.11-2.83]) compared with Stage 0 at year 22 (Table). Food insecurity was also associated with having intermediate vs. high CVH in young adulthood (aOR 1.46 [95% CI 1.04-2.06]). SNAP participation modified the association of food insecurity and CVH; ffood insecurity was more strongly associated with intermediate vs. high CVH among those who did not participate in SNAP (aOR 2.37 [95% CI 1.39-4.04]) compared to those who were SNAP participants (aOR 0.79 [95% CI 0.46-1.35]) in childhood. There was no significant interaction of food insecurity and race for either outcome. Conclusions: Childhood food insecurity is associated with worse cardiometabolic health in young adulthood, especially among children whose families did not participate in SNAP. Policies to promote food security in children may promote cardiometabolic health across the life course.


Unequal Exposure to Occupational Stress across the Life Course: The Intersection of Race/Ethnicity and Gender

July 2024

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2 Reads

Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World

Work, a segregated social context in the United States, may be an important source of differential exposure to stress by race/ethnicity, but existing research does not systematically describe variation in exposure to occupational stress by race/ethnicity. Using work history data from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study and occupational-level measures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Occupational Information Network, the authors document the extent to which the race/ethnicity and gender composition of occupational categories varies by level of occupational strain and how life-course exposure to occupational strain differs by race/ethnicity and gender. Black and Latino workers are overrepresented in high-strain jobs at many ages, compared with other groups. Exposure to job strain across working ages shows more variation in exposure by gender and race/ethnicity groups than static measures. These findings point to potential bias in research using a single, cross-sectional measure of job stress.


FIGURE 1 Neighborhood Archetypes Identified in the WCHFS
FIGURE 2 Associations Between Neighborhood Archetypes and CVH: Stratified Analysis Results
TABLE 2 Continued
and are consistent with the primary findings.
Distribution of Participant Characteristics Across Neighborhood Archetypes
Neighborhood Archetypes and Cardiovascular Health in Black Breast Cancer Survivors
  • Article
  • Full-text available

June 2024

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39 Reads

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2 Citations

JACC CardioOncology

Background Maintaining cardiovascular health (CVH) is critical for breast cancer (BC) survivors, particularly given the potential cardiotoxic effects of cancer treatments. Poor CVH among Black BC survivors may be influenced by various area-level social determinants of health, yet the impact of neighborhood archetypes in CVH among this population remains understudied. Objectives This study aimed to characterize the neighborhood archetypes where Black BC survivors resided at diagnosis and evaluate their associations with CVH. Methods We assessed CVH 24 months post-diagnosis in 713 participants diagnosed between 2012 and 2017 in the Women’s Circle of Health Follow-Up Study, a population-based study of Black BC survivors in New Jersey. Neighborhood archetypes, identified via latent class analysis based on 16 social and built environment features, were categorized into tertiles. Associations between neighborhood archetypes and CVH scores were estimated using polytomous logistic regression. Results CVH scores were assessed categorically (low, moderate, and optimal) and as continuous variables. On average, Black BC survivors achieved only half of the recommended score for optimal CVH. Among the 4 identified archetypes, women in the Mostly Culturally Black and Hispanic/Mixed Land Use archetype showed the lowest CVH scores. Compared to this archetype, Black BC survivors in the Culturally Diverse/Mixed Land Use archetype were nearly 3 times as likely to have optimal CVH (relative risk ratio: 2.92; 95% CI: 1.58-5.40), with a stronger association observed in younger or premenopausal women. No significant CVH differences were noted for the other 2 archetypes with fewer built environment features. Conclusions Neighborhood archetypes, integrating social and built environment factors, may represent crucial targets for promoting CVH among BC survivors.

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Abstract 67: Childhood Adversity and Young Adult Cardiovascular Health: Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS)

March 2024

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2 Reads

Circulation

Introduction: Adversity during childhood, usually measured as retrospectively, is associated with long-term health. We examined associations of prospectively assessed childhood adversity with young-adult (YA) cardiovascular health (CVH). Methods: We included 1155 YAs with adversity measures from baseline Y0 (birth), Y1, Y3, Y5, Y9, and who completed a CVH exam at Y22 in the FFCWS. An adversity score (AS) (range: 0-7) represented the number of adverse childhood exposures experienced by age 9 out of 7 categories - emotional abuse and neglect; physical abuse and neglect; parental incarceration, parental substance use, and interpersonal violence. CVH was estimated using the Life’s Essential 8 (LE8) score (range: 0-100 points) overall and for each component, excluding sleep due to data unavailability. Linear regression models were adjusted for age and sex. Results: By age 9, 38% of YAs had experiences from 0-2 categories, 30% experienced 3, 21% experienced 4, and 11% experienced 5-7. People with higher AS were more likely to self-identify as Black compared to White, Hispanic, or other. In addition, higher AS correlated with lower BMI and higher nicotine use. Compared to individuals with 0-2 AS, an AS of 4 was associated with a 3.6-point (CI: -6.5 to -0.7) lower (less favorable) LE8 score and an AS of 5-7 was associated with a 4.9-point (CI: -8.5 to -1.3) lower LE8 score. Among individual LE8 components, smoking and physical activity scores varied significantly by AS. Compared with an AS of 0-2, a score of 5-7 was associated with a 13.0-point (CI: -22.9 to -3.1) lower smoking score. For physical activity an AS of 4 and 5-7 were associated with a 12.1-point (CI: -21.8 to -2.3) and a 14.4-point (CI: -26.3 to -2.4) lower PA score, respectively. Conclusions: Higher level of childhood adversity was prospectively associated with lower LE8 scores and worse CVH in young adulthood. Understanding the prospective associations between childhood adversity and CVH can help identify higher risk populations and guide treatment recommendations.


Life Expectancy among Native Americans during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Estimates, Uncertainty and Obstacles

December 2023

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2 Reads

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2 Citations

American Journal of Epidemiology

Few reliable estimates have been available for assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality among Native Americans. Using deidentified publicly available data on deaths and population by age, we estimated life expectancy for the years 2019 to 2022 for single-race non-Hispanic Native Americans. Life expectancy in 2022 was 67.8 years, 2.3 years higher than in 2021 but a huge four-year loss from 2019. Although our life expectancy estimates for 2022 vary under different assumptions about racial/ethnic classification and age misreporting errors, all estimates are lower than the average for middle-income countries. Estimates of losses and gains in life expectancy are consistent across assumptions. Large reductions in COVID-19 death rates between 2021 and 2022 were largely offset by increases in death rates from unintentional injuries (particularly drug overdoses), chronic liver disease, diabetes, and heart disease, underscoring the difficulties facing Native Americans in achieving reductions in mortality let alone returning to levels of mortality prior to the pandemic. Serious data problems have persisted for many years, but the scarcity and inadequacy of estimates during the pandemic have underscored the urgent need for timely and accurate demographic data for the Native American population.


RACIAL/ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN HEALTH: THE ROLE OF PHYSICALLY DEMANDING WORK

December 2023

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9 Reads

Innovation in Aging

Work is an important contributor to racial/ethnic health disparities. Because older-age functional limitations are associated with accumulated physical wear and tear, investigating work-related mechanisms that differentially expose Black and Hispanic Americans to difficult work conditions over time is an important step towards understanding these disparities. Using data on lifetime work histories, this study investigates the role of accumulated years of physically demanding work (PDW) in young and middle adulthood on the number of functional limitations at age 60 (FL60). It also assesses whether cumulative PDW accounts for the observed racial/ethnic differences in FL60 among U.S.-born Black, Hispanic, and White respondents. Results show cumulative PDW is strongly associated with FL60 and that it accounts for a part of the racial/ethnic gap in FL60 in the presence of extensive control variables. The findings illustrate the importance of work as a dynamic process that ultimately influences the health of a diverse, aging population. Policy implications are addressed.


RACIAL/ETHNIC COGNITIVE HEALTH DISPARITIES: THE ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL COMPLEXITY AND OCCUPATIONAL STATUS

December 2023

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9 Reads

Innovation in Aging

High levels of labor market segregation mean that Black and Latino workers may not have the same exposure to jobs involving complex work as their White counterparts, an aspect of work that appears to be protective of older adult cognition. The association between cognitive disparities and variation in exposure to occupational complexity by race/ethnicity remains understudied. Using work histories constructed from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) life history data we analyze the role of occupational complexity in the development of dementia at older ages and address a conjecture that complexity reflects occupational status. Findings highlight that: (1) occupations involving complex work with data during working ages may be protective against dementia at older ages, potentially contributing to the differentials in dementia prevalence by race/ethnicity, and (2) occupational complexity reflects occupational status. This research increases understanding of the implications of labor market segregation for cognitive health disparities by race/ethnicity.



Abstract 17880: The Association of Social Determinants of Health at Birth With Cardiovascular Health in Young Adulthood: The Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study

November 2023

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4 Reads

Circulation

Background: Social determinants of health (SDoH) are known to influence an individual’s risk for CVD. Childhood is a vulnerable period during which the influences of SDoH may have a stronger impact on future health outcomes. Little is known about early life SDoH and associations with cardiovascular health (CVH) in early adulthood. Methods: In 1998-2000, the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) enrolled 4898 mother-baby dyads from large cities across the US. Births to unmarried mothers were oversampled. When the offspring were 22 yrs, they completed an in-person exam for CVH metrics. SDoH at birth included maternal and paternal education, mother living in a public housing project, having income within the past year from public assistance/welfare/food stamps. Life’s Essential 8 (LE8) Score (without sleep) was assessed at age 22. Linear regression models examined the association of individual SDoH measures with LE8 score adjusting for age, gender and race/ethnicity. Results: This study included 1211 participants, mean age 22 yrs (55% female; 51% Black, 25% Hispanic, 20% White, 4% Other). Adverse SDoH were common with 10% living in a public housing project at birth and 36.7% of mothers having received public assistance within the past year. Adjusted CVH scores were 3.0 (95% CI 1.2-4.8) pts lower for individuals whose mother reported having received public assistance in the past year. Compared to mothers with a college or graduate degree, those with less than high school, high school, and some college had 8.0 (5.0-10.9), 7.1 (4.2-10.0) and 3.2 (0.3-6.1) lower scores CVH scores. Findings were similar for paternal education. No significant associations were observed with living in a public housing project. Conclusion: SDoH at the time of birth have long lasting influence on the CVH of offspring. Interventions to promote CVH within children and families experiencing adverse SDoH are critical to promote health equity and break the inter-generational cycle of CVD.


Abstract 15400: Association of Cardiovascular Health With Early Carotid Artery Changes in Young Adults From Disadvantaged Social Backgrounds: The Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS)

November 2023

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6 Reads

Circulation

Introduction: Associations of cardiovascular health (CVH), as measured by the AHA’s Life’s Essential 8 (LE8) score, with early markers of arterial injury have not been described in young adults. Methods: The FFCWS enrolled 4898 mother-baby dyads at delivery in 20 US cities in 1998-2000, oversampling mothers who were unmarried, including a disproportionate number of minority and low-income families. In 2021-23, offspring were invited to attend an in-person exam to measure CVH and perform carotid artery ultrasound. Individual CVH metric and overall LE8 scores (except sleep) were calculated for each participant (ppt). Carotid imaging was performed by 2 trained sonographers and images were analyzed by a core lab. We examined cross-sectional associations of LE8 scores with measures of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), gray scale (a measure of early arterial injury), and distensibility, using linear regression. Results: Among 1211 offspring ppts, mean age was 22y, >50% self-identified as female, and >75% as Black or Hispanic. Black and Hispanic ppts had lower, and ppts from Other racial/ethnic groups had higher, overall LE8 scores compared with White ppts (all P≤0.01; Table 1A). In unadjusted analyses, Black ppts had thicker carotid IMT and lower Young’s elastic modulus measures. Prevalence of diagnostic plaque was low. In analyses adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity (Table 1B), LE8 scores were significantly associated with lower carotid IMT, higher gray scale median, and lower Young’s elastic modulus. For example, for each 10 point higher (better) LE8 score, mean-maximal carotid IMT was lower by 0.008 mm. Conclusions: Among young adults largely from disadvantaged social backgrounds, the LE8 score was associated with early measures of carotid arterial injury. LE8 may be an important surrogate measure for monitoring long-term CVH and may help identify young adults with emerging subclinical disease and higher long-term cardiovascular risk.


Citations (45)


... Despite taking an age-specific lens in our review, we encourage future research to take into account other demographic attributes and consider intersectionality's influence on this phenomenon. It is important to recognize that older adults may be subject to different aging experiences and trajectories based on their gender, education, race/ethnicity, or social class (Moen et al., 2020(Moen et al., , 2022Sheftel et al., 2025). Future research may explore whether older adults in certain demographic groups (e.g., females or low socioeconomic status) may be susceptible to a "double burden of exclusion" when accessing digital technologies (Seifert et al., 2021, p. e99), perhaps due to the presence and interplay of multiple technology-related stereotypes against them. ...

Reference:

The Involuntary Experience of Digital Exclusion Among Older Adults: A Taxonomy and Theoretical Framework
Cognitive Health Disparities by Race and Ethnicity: The Role of Occupational Complexity and Occupational Status
  • Citing Article
  • September 2023

Work Aging and Retirement

... Multiple studies have shown that Black females faced more significant barriers to accessing timely high-level health care [36,39,40]. Sánchez-Díaz et al. found that neighborhood archetypes significantly impacted the cardiovascular health of Black breast cancer survivors [41]. Economic factors such as lack of insurance and poverty could be contributory [42]. ...

Neighborhood Archetypes and Cardiovascular Health in Black Breast Cancer Survivors

JACC CardioOncology

... This trend is strengthened by polygynous practices, which encourage men to have children till their old age. It also results in wide age gaps between spouses, as a result of which women may become victims of double subordination ( Barbieri, Hertrich, & Grieve, 2005;Bloom, Wypij, & Gupta, 2001;Frost & Dodoo, 2009;Goldman & Pebley, 1989;Ratcliffe, Hill, & Walraven, 2000). Yet, most research on fertility is focused on women, particularly married women, leaving out their spouses and the household environment they come from, even though it is evident that fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is male driven ( Derose, Wu, & Dodoo, 2010). ...

The Demography of Polygyny in Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Citing Chapter
  • November 2023

... The infection caused by SARS-CoV-2, which manifests as COVID-19, has impacted over 670 million individuals globally as of January 2023 [5]. By April 2022, COVID-19 was linked to over 6.2 million fatalities worldwide, a figure which is presumed to be underestimated [6]. SARS-CoV-2 exhibits a phylogenetic affinity with SARS-CoV-1 and maintains a relationship with SARS-CoV-1 [7]. ...

Research Note: COVID-19 Is Not an Independent Cause of Death
  • Citing Article
  • February 2023

Demography

... A shift towards positive affect (i.e. 'positivity effect') is a common phenomenon in aging, even in MCI and AD (Gorenc-Mahmutaj et al., 2015;Waring et al., 2017;Verissimo et al., 2022). Older adults are thought to suppress negative affect more effectively and show greater affective stability (Carstensen et al., 2000). ...

Evidence that ageing yields improvements as well as declines across attention and executive functions
  • Citing Article
  • September 2022

Yearbook of Paediatric Endocrinology

... In the contemporary context of COVID-19, this paradox raises a critical issue demanding further investigation. On the one hand, (post-pandemic) evidence confirms that due to their lower socioeconomic positions, minorities have been more physically victimized by the virus (Andrasfay & Goldman, 2022). On the other, (pre-pandemic) findings point out that, despite their relative advantages (Malat, Mayorga-Gallo, and Williams 2018), the majority ethnic (White) group has nevertheless fared worse mentally. ...

Reductions in US life expectancy during the COVID-19 pandemic by race and ethnicity: Is 2021 a repetition of 2020?

... Indigenous peoples have historically experienced extreme communal loss due to infectious diseases (Ehrenpreis & Ehrenpreis, 2022). This trend persisted during COVID-19, as Indigenous groups consistently experienced higher incidence, infection, and mortality rates compared to other racial or ethnic groups (Goldman & Andrasfay, 2022;Hornback & Ramos, 2021;Leggat-Barr et al., 2021;Musshafen et al., 2022;Perkins et al., 2022). Compared to their White counterparts, the overall incidence of COVID-19 and mortality rate among Indigenous peoples was found to be 3.5 and 1.8 times higher, respectively (Connolly et al., 2021;Kelley et al., 2022;Leggat-Barr et al., 2021;Perkins et al., 2022). ...

Life expectancy loss among Native Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic

Demographic Research

... Como se indicó en la introducción, desde los comienzos de la pandemia por COVID-19, se ha afirmado que el aumento de la mortalidad en las poblaciones puede ser debido al COVID-19 per se (impacto directo) o bien por causas relacionadas con la pandemia del COVID-19, como el colapso de los sistemas de salud o el incremento de las patologías crónicas no controladas y/o diagnosticadas debido al aislamiento/confinamiento. Sin embargo, es difícil establecer la independencia entre la mortalidad por COVID-19 y por otras causas. En este sentido, Castro et al. (2022) analizaron la pérdida de esperanza de vida en Estados Unidos y Brasil durante 2020, en tres escenarios: la diferencia de la esperanza de vida entre 2020 y 2019; realizan simulaciones con la esperanza de vida en 2019 sumando las muertes por COVID-19 en 2020, y la esperanza de vida en 2020 eliminando las muertes por COVID-19. Como resultado, se observa que las simulaciones en Estados Unidos subestiman la disminución de la esperanza de vida; mientras que en Brasil las simulaciones sobreestiman la disminución de la esperanza de vida (Castro et al., 2022). ...

COVID-19 is not an Independent Cause of Death

... Many factors are associated with weight gain after a breast cancer diagnosis. For example, a prospective study of non-Hispanic Black breast cancer survivors identified several individual and neighborhood factors associated with post-diagnosis adiposity changes, including premenopausal status, treatment with chemotherapy, decreased physical activity, and residence in neighborhoods with a higher density of fast-food-style restaurants [118]. Applying the NIMHD framework, a weight maintenance intervention could be designed to improve diet quality (behavioral domain at the individual level), develop culturally appropriate community physical activity programs (sociocultural domain at the community level), and promote or enforce policies (e.g., zoning laws) to increase access to healthy foods (physical environment at the societal level) after a breast cancer diagnosis. ...

Multilevel Factors for Adiposity Change in a Population-Based Prospective Study of Black Breast Cancer Survivors

Journal of Clinical Oncology

... Life expectancy estimates for the total US population and by race/ethnicity are displayed in Table 1 Estimated 2021 moderate (0.4 and 0.5 years respectively), but far from negligible. Corresponding estimates for Native Americans presented elsewhere show an even more pronounced worsening of the mortality impact of COVID-19: a loss in life expectancy at birth that increased dramatically from 4.5 years in 2020 to 6.4 years in 2021 relative to 2019, i.e., an additional 1.9-year reduction, with losses in both years vastly exceeding those for the Black and Latino populations [23]. The estimated reductions in life expectancy at birth for the Black and Latino populations in 2021 relative to 2019 are 1.8 and 1.9 times, respectively, the 2-year reduction for Whites. ...

Impact of COVID-19 on Life Expectancy among Native Americans