Nina Rajovic’s research while affiliated with University of Belgrade and other places

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Publications (41)


Arterial gas analysis parameters of the study population and their correlation with galectin-3.
Respiratory parameters of the study population and their correlation with galectin-3.
Univariate linear regression analysis with galectin-3 as dependent variable.
Can Galectin-3 Be Used as a Predictor of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity: Insights from High-Volume Patient Single Center
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  • Full-text available

February 2025

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6 Reads

Diagnostics

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Sofija Nikolic

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Background/Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition characterized by intermittent airway obstructions, leading to reduced oxygen levels and increased sympathetic nervous system activity. OSA can cause a range of health problems, including an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and mortality. Galectin-3, a member of the galectin family, plays a significant role in inflammation and fibrosis, and studies show that it is elevated in various conditions, including heart and lung diseases. The aim of this study was to determine whether galectin-3 levels are related to the severity of sleep apnea. Methods: A total of 191 participants from the University Clinical Hospital Center Bezanijska Kosa, Belgrade, Serbia, between January 2023 and May 2024, were included in the analyses. All patients were hospitalized under suspicion of OSA, and they all underwent a polysomnography test. Various demographic, respiratory, laboratory, and clinical parameters were obtained. Correlations between numerical variables and galectin-3 were assessed by the Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients. Univariate and multivariate linear regression models were used to assess the predictors of galectin-3 values. In all analyses, the significance level was set at 0.05. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 56.2 years, mostly male (68.9%). Of the comorbidities, two-thirds of patients had hypertension (66.1%), 46.8% had hyperlipoproteinemia, and 21.1% had diabetes mellitus. Patients who had an AHI of more than fifteen events per hour more often had higher values of galectin-3. OSA severity had a significant positive correlation with galectin-3 (p = 0.014). In multivariate linear regression analysis, significant independent predictors of higher galectin-3 values were older age, presence of coronary disease, hypoventilation syndrome, higher BMI, NTproBNP, lactate, creatinine, lower LDL, and lower FEV1 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that galectin-3 is linked to the severity of OSA and plays a crucial role in inflammation induced by intermittent hypoxia in OSA. Further screening and interventions targeting galectin-3 could aid in preventing inflammatory diseases related to sleep disturbances.

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Can Galectin-3 Be Used as a Predictor of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity: Insights from High-Volume-Patient Single Center

November 2024

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17 Reads

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition characterized by intermittent airway obstructions, leading to reduced oxygen levels and increased sympathetic nervous system activity. OSA can cause a range of health problems, including an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and mortality. Galectin-3, a member of the galectin family, plays a significant role in inflammation and fibrosis. It is elevated in various conditions, including heart and lung diseases. The aim of this study was to determine whether galectin-3 levels are related to the severity of sleep apnea. Materials and methods: A total of 191 participant from University Clinical Hospital Center Bezanijska Kosa, Belgrade, Serbia, between January 2023, and May 2024. was included in the analyses. All patients have been hospitalized under suspicion of OSA, and they have all undergone a polysomnography test. Various demographic, respiratory, laboratory, and clinical parameters were obtained. Correlations between numerical variables and galectin-3 were assessed by the Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient. Univariate and multivariate linear regression models were used to assess predictors of galectin-3 values. In all analyses, the significance level was set at 0.05. Results: The mean age of study participants was 56.2 years, mostly male (68.9%). Of comorbidities, two thirds of patients had hypertension (66.1%), 46.8% had hyperlipoproteinemia, and 21.1% had diabetes mellitus. Galectin-3 values significantly differed according to the examined groups (p=0.038), where patients who had an AHI of less than fifteen events per hour more often had lower values of galectin-3 in contrast to patients who had AHI of at least 15 events per hour, but fewer than 30 (p=0.019) and an AHI of at least 30 events per hour (p=0.046). In multivariate linear regression analysis significant independant predictors of higher galectin-3 values were older age, presence of coronary disease, hypoventilation syndrome, higher BMI, NTproBNP, lactate, creatinine, lower LDL, and lower FEV1 (p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that galectin-3 is linked to the severity of OSA and plays a crucial role in inflammation induced by intermittent hypoxia in OSA. Further screening and interventions targeting galectin-3 could aid in preventing inflammatory diseases related to sleep disturbances.


Assessing attitudes toward research and plagiarism among medical students: a multi-site study

November 2024

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38 Reads

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1 Citation

Philosophy Ethics and Humanities in Medicine

Background Research involves the systematic collection and analysis of data to enhance understanding of a particular phenomenon. Participation in medical research is crucial for advancing healthcare practices. However, there has been limited focus on understanding the factors that motivate medical students to engage in research. Additionally, in the era of e-learning, the easy accessibility of online resources has contributed to a widespread ‘copy-paste culture’ among digital-native students, which is recognized in academia as plagiarism. Existing studies suggest that a contributing factor to the increasing prevalence of plagiarism is students’ limited understanding of this act. The purpose of this study was to assess medical students’ attitudes toward research and plagiarism, and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Attitudes Toward Research (ATR) and Attitudes Toward Plagiarism (ATP) questionnaires. Methods This was a multicenter study conducted among medical undergraduate and postgraduate students attending the three medical universities who were involved in research. Students’ attitudes toward research and plagiarism were assessed using the ATR and ATP questionnaires. The research instruments underwent translation and cultural adaptation in accordance with internationally accepted methodology. The psychometric properties of the ATR and ATP, including validity and reliability, were assessed. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the model’s fit to the data. Results The ATR and ATP questionnaires were completed by 793 medical students who were involved in research (647 undergraduates and 146 PhD students). Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of 0.917 and 0.822 indicated excellent and good scale reliability for the ATR and ATP questionnaires, respectively. The five-and three- factor structures of ATR and ATP have been validated with maximum likelihood confirmatory analysis, and the results demonstrated an adequate level of model fit (TLI = 0.930, CFI = 0.942 and TLI = 0.924, CFI = 0.943, respectively). Medical students showed a high degree of positive attitudes toward research and favorable scores across all three domains of attitudes toward plagiarism. In multivariate regression models, age was found to be positively associated with favorable attitudes of research usefulness, positive attitudes, relevance to life subscales and total ATR scale (p < 0.001), while PhD study level was related to research anxiety (p < 0.001) and favorable attitudes across all three ATP domains (p < 0.001). Conclusion Medical students who were involved in research showed a high degree of favorable attitudes toward research and plagiarism. Adjusting medical school curricula to include research courses would broaden the students’ interest in scientific research and maximize their impact on the full preservation of research ethics and integrity.


The distribution of the relative multimorbidity burden among the sampled statistical regions of the Republic of Serbia. Shaded regions represent differences from national average given in percent
The distribution of relative disease prevalence among the sampled statistical regions of the Republic of Serbia. Shaded regions represent differences from national average given in percent
Heatmap of latent class models. A clustered heatmap displays the posterior probabilities from the latent class model. Columns represent individual disease observations, and rows correspond to the latent classes. The heatmap colors reflect the probability that a subject belongs to a given latent class, with warmer colors indicating higher probabilities. Appended dendrograms to the left and top of the heatmap illustrate the hierarchical clustering of categories based on their class membership probabilities. The dendrogram branches indicate the relative similarity between subjects, with shorter branch lengths representing closer groupings
Association between ambient air pollutants (ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and PM10) and increasing probability of multimorbidity. All marginal estimates are covariate-adjusted (age, sex, income, education)
Average adjusted posterior distributions of multimorbidity probability by chemical and microbial contamination. Water contamination (chemical and microbial) increases the expected probability of multimorbidity. Shaded areas represent conventional credible intervals. All marginal estimates are covariate-adjusted (age, sex, income, education)
Insights into relationship of environmental inequalities and multimorbidity: a population-based study

November 2024

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34 Reads

Environmental Health

Background Substantial inequalities in the overall prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity have been widely reported, but the causal mechanisms are complex and not well understood. This study aimed to identify common patterns of multimorbidity in Serbia and assess their relationship with air pollutant concentrations and water quality indicators. Methods This ecological study was conducted on a nationally representative sample of the Serbian population. Data were obtained from the European Health Interview (EHIS) Survey, a periodic study designed to assess population health using widely recognized standardized instruments. The study included 13,069 participants aged 15 and older, randomly selected through a multistage stratified sampling design. Multimorbidity was defined as having two or more self-reported diagnoses of chronic non-communicable diseases. Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed to identify clusters of multimorbidity. Concentrations of particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3), as well as water quality indicators, were obtained from the Serbian Environmental Protection Agency. Results The overall prevalence of multimorbidity was 33.4% [32.6%—34.2%]. Six latent classes of multimorbidity were identified: Healthy, Multicondition, Cardiovascular, Metabolic syndrome, Respiratory, and Musculoskeletal. Annual increases in PM10 and SO2 concentrations, as well as daily increases in O3 concentrations, significantly raised the odds of having multimorbidity (OR = 1.02, 95% CI 1.02–1.03; OR = 1.01, 95% CI 1.00–1.02 and OR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.02–1.03, respectively). A pattern of increased risk was observed with rising levels of water contamination. Exposure to physico-chemical, microbiological and combined contamination was associated with a 3.92%, 5.17% and 5.54% higher probability, respectively, of having multiple chronic conditions. There was strong evidence that air pollutants, as well as chemical and microbial water contamination, were significantly associated with higher odds of the most common clusters of multimorbidity identified by LCA. Conclusion There is compelling evidence of an association between multimorbidity and environmental pollution, suggesting that exposure to air pollutants and water contaminants may contribute to disease accumulation and help explain geographically and socioeconomically patterned inequalities. These findings underscore the need for extensive studies that simultaneously measure both multimorbidity and pollution to explore their complex interrelationships.


Psychometric Properties of the Serbian Version of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Disability Self-Assessment Questionnaire: Criterion Validity, Construct Validity, and Internal Consistency

October 2024

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28 Reads

Background/Objectives: The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire is a widely employed self-report tool for assessing upper extremity function. The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Serbian version of the DASH by determining its criterion and construct validity, as well as internal consistency. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with hand and wrist disabilities at the Institute for Orthopedics “Banjica”, Serbia. The psychometric properties of the Serbian version of the DASH were analyzed through an examination of its factorial structure and internal consistency. The DASH consists of 30 items, 24 of which assess function, 21 of which focus on physical function and three on social/role function. The remaining six items evaluate symptoms related to pain, tingling/numbness, weakness, and stiffness. Results: A total of 297 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 47.4 ± 16.8 years, with 50.5% males. Three models were assessed to determine the reliability and validity of the questionnaire across different domains. Model 1 examined a single-factor structure. In Model 2, the items were divided into two domains: Physical Function and Psychosocial/Symptoms. In Model 3, items were subdivided into three domains: Physical Function, Symptoms, and Psychosocial. All models demonstrated an excellent internal consistency with a Cronbach’s alpha > 0.9 for most domains. The values for the fit indices Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) and Comparative-Fit Index (CFI) were above their cut-off criteria of 0.9, while the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) were below the suggested value of 0.06, indicating an excellent level of models fit. Standardized factor loadings were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The present study provided the evidence for the appropriate metric properties of the Serbian version of the DASH. Results support both the unidimensional and multidimensional structures of the DASH.


The Correlation between Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Findings and Post-COVID-19: The Impact of Myocardial Injury on Quality of Life

September 2024

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42 Reads

Diagnostics

Background: In the post-COVID-19 era, there is growing concern regarding its impact on cardiovascular health and the following effects on the overall quality of life of affected individuals. This research seeks to investigate cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) findings following COVID-19 and their impact on the quality of life of affected individuals. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in consecutive patients with persistent cardiovascular symptoms after COVID-19 who were referred to CMR due to suspected myocardial injury. In addition, patients completed a questionnaire about symptoms and the quality of life during the post-COVID-19 period. Results: In this study, 85 patients were included. The study population consisted of patients with a mean age of 42.5 ± 13.4 years, predominantly women, who made up 69.4% of the study population, while men made up 30.6%. CMR findings showed non-ischemic myocardial injury in 78.8% of patients and myocardial edema in 14.1% of patients. Late pericardial enhancement was present in 40% of patients and pericardial effusion in 51.8% of patients. Pericardial effusion (p = 0.001) was more prevalent in patients who reported more pronounced symptoms in the post-COVID-19 period compared to the acute infection phase. Predictors of lower quality of life in the post-COVID-19 period were the presence of irregular heartbeat (p = 0.039), cardiovascular problems that last longer than 12 weeks (p = 0.018), and the presence of pericardial effusion (p = 0.037). Conclusion: Acute myocarditis was observed in a minority of patients after COVID-19, while non-ischemic LGE pattern and pericardial effusion were observed in the majority. Quality of life was worse during the post-COVID-19 period in patients with CMR abnormalities, primarily in patients with pericardial effusion. Also, irregular heartbeat, cardiovascular symptoms that last longer than 12 weeks, as well as pericardial effusion were independent predictors of lower quality of life during the post-COVID-19 period.


Lateral X-ray showing a posterior lateral tubercle fracture of the posterior process of the talus (Shepherd fracture). The red arrow points to the fracture site
Preoperative volume rendering (VRT) CT and multiplanar reconstructions permitting better visualization of the fracture, the degree of displacement and comminution of the posterior process. Based on these factors surgical decision is made either for osteosynthesis or fragment excision. The red arrow points to the fracture site
Arthroscopic appearance of the osteochondral fragment PPT (Left) and screw fixation of the fracture against the posterior talus (Right)
Intraoperative imaging confirming fragment reduction (A AP, B Lateral)
X-ray 6 weeks after surgery (AP, lateral)
Arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation for fracture of the posterior process of the talus (Shepherd’s fracture): a case report

July 2024

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142 Reads

Journal of Medical Case Reports

Introduction Fracture of the lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus (Shepherd fracture) is an uncommon injury seen in sport. It is secondary either to indirect trauma on the plantarflexed foot or to high-impact direct trauma. The fracture can be missed with conventional X-rays and therefore advanced imaging methods such as CT scans are usually warranted for management planning. There is a low threshold towards surgical management in the displaced or comminuted case as the delayed functional outcome with conservative treatment is frequently sub-optimal with long-term pain, degenerative changes and non-union. In this regard, recent years saw an increasing interest in the role of minimally invasive approaches for Shepherd´s fracture treatment, such as arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation (ARIF). Case report We present a case of a 27-year-old white male professional football player from Serbia who had Shepard fracture and successfully managed with arthroscopic osteosynthesis. The technical approach is detailed with posterior ankle arthroscopy offering the advantages of a minimally invasive approach with low morbidity and a rapid return to regular sporting activities. Conclusion The utilization of the 2-port arthroscopic approach this method enables the direct observation of the articular surface along with the corresponding fracture lines, thereby affording the surgeon the chance to achieve accurate reduction via a minimally invasive soft tissue aperture. We advocate that Arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation (ARIF) is a reliable method for the fixation of Shepherd's fracture in the hands of experienced ankle arthroscopists.


Path model presenting the complex relationship between assessed variables linked to anxiety and depression. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.
Sociodemographic and COVID-specific characteristics and comorbidities.
Mental health, quality of life, social support, and coping strategies.
A Complex Relationship between Quality of Life, Anxiety, and Depression among General Population during Second Year of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Population-Based Study

June 2024

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83 Reads

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1 Citation

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the global economy and public health, disrupting various aspects of daily life. Apart from its direct effects on physical health, it has also significantly affected the overall quality of life and mental health. This study employed a path analysis to explore the complex association among multiple factors associated with quality of life, anxiety, and depression in the general population of the Republic of Srpska during the pandemic’s second year. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a nationally representative sample (n = 1382) of the general population (adults aged 20+) during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia, and Herzegovina. Assessment tools included the DASS-21 scale for depression, anxiety, and stress, along with the Brief COPE scale, Quality of Life Scale (QOLS), and Oslo Social Support Scale (OSSS-3). Sociodemographic factors and comorbidities were also assessed. Structural equation modeling was used to identify the direct and indirect links of various characteristics to quality of life, anxiety, and depression. Results: This study revealed a considerable prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms (27.5% and 20.9%, respectively), with quality of life playing a significant mediating role. The constructed path model accounted for 33.1% of moderate to severe depression and 79.5% of anxiety. Negative coping was directly linked to anxiety and indirectly to depression via anxiety, while the absence of positive coping had both direct and indirect paths (through quality of life) on depression. Among variables that directly affected depression, anxiety had the highest effect. However, the bidirectional paths between anxiety and depression were also suggested by the model. Conclusions: Pandemic response strategies should be modified to effectively reduce the adverse effects on public mental health. Further research is necessary to assess the long-term effects of the pandemic on mental health and to analyze the contributing factors of anxiety and depression in the post-COVID period.


(a) Multimorbidity distribution categorized by age groups; (b) multimorbidity distribution based on monthly income per capita; (c) multimorbidity distribution in four statistical regions of Serbia.
Dendrogram of most common clusters of multimorbidity obtained by HCA method.
Distribution of multimorbidity according to sociodemographic characteristics.
Musculoskeletal Diseases as the Most Prevalent Component of Multimorbidity: A Population-Based Study

May 2024

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52 Reads

Background/Objectives: Due to their high frequency, common risk factors, and similar pathogenic mechanisms, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are more likely to occur with other chronic illnesses, making them a “component disorder“ of multimorbidity. Our objective was to assess the prevalence of multimorbidity and to identify the most common clusters of diagnosis within multimorbidity states, with the primary hypothesis that the most common clusters of multimorbidity are MSDs. Methods: The current study employed data from a population-based 2019 European Health Interview Survey (EHIS). Multimorbidity was defined as a ≥2 diagnosis from the list of 17 chronic non-communicable diseases, and to define clusters, the statistical method of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was performed. Results: Out of 13,178 respondents, multimorbidity was present among 4398 (33.4%). The HCA method yielded six multimorbidity clusters representing the most common diagnoses. The primary multimorbidity cluster, which was prevalent among both genders, age groups, incomes per capita, and statistical regions, consisted of three diagnoses: (1) lower spine deformity or other chronic back problem (back pain), (2) cervical deformity or other chronic problem with the cervical spine, and (3) osteoarthritis. Conclusions: Given the influence of musculoskeletal disorders on multimorbidity, it is imperative to implement appropriate measures to assist patients in relieving the physical discomfort and pain they endure. Public health information, programs, and campaigns should be utilized to promote a healthy lifestyle. Policymakers should prioritize the prevention of MSDs by encouraging increased physical activity and a healthy diet, as well as focusing on improving functional abilities.


The Predictive Value of Risk Factors and Prognostic Scores in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

August 2023

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110 Reads

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3 Citations

Diagnostics

Introduction: Risk stratification in patients with COVID-19 is a challenging task. Early warning scores (EWSs) are commonly used tools in the initial assessment of critical patients. However, their utility in patients with COVID-19 is still undetermined. Aim: This study aimed to discover the most valuable predictive model among existing EWSs for ICU admissions and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Materials and methods: This was a single-center cohort study that included 3608 COVID-19 patients admitted to the University Clinical Hospital Center Bezanijska Kosa, Belgrade, Serbia, between 23 June 2020, and 14 April 2021. Various demographic, laboratory, and clinical data were collected to calculate several EWSs and determine their efficacy. For all 3608 patients, five EWSs were calculated (MEWS, NEWS, NEWS2, REMS, and qSOFA). Model discrimination performance was tested using sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. C statistic, representing the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, was used for the overall assessment of the predictive model. Results: Among the evaluated prediction scores for 3068 patients with COVID-19, REMS demonstrated the highest diagnostic performance with the sensitivity, PPV, specificity, and NPV of 72.1%, 20.6%, 74.9%, and 96.8%, respectively. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, aside from REMS, age (p < 0.001), higher CT score (p < 0.001), higher values of urea (p < 0.001), and the presence of bacterial superinfection (p < 0.001) were significant predictors of mortality. Conclusions: Among all evaluated EWSs to predict mortality and ICU admission in COVID-19 patients, the REMS score demonstrated the highest efficacy.


Citations (25)


... However, to take just two examples: 38% of the students agreed that it was sometimes unavoidable to use others' words without citation and 32% agreed that plagiarism did not harm science. 14 Other studies have also included qualified doctors. For example, in a recent study of 91 second year postgraduate medical students, 30% admitted to having plagiarised at least once during their academic careers. ...

Reference:

When I use a word . . . Academic fraud—plagiarism
Assessing attitudes toward research and plagiarism among medical students: a multi-site study

Philosophy Ethics and Humanities in Medicine

... Depression frequently co-occurs with somatic symptoms and anxiety disorders [12,13,[28][29][30]. A meta-analysis showed that depression is bidirectionally related to anxiety [31]. ...

A Complex Relationship between Quality of Life, Anxiety, and Depression among General Population during Second Year of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Population-Based Study

... 6 Early warning scores (EWS) that help recognize clinical deterioration in the short term have been extensively used in COVID-19 patients.7 Among them, the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) and Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) have been reported to predict mortality and clinical deterioration adequately [8][9][10] ; however, several recent studies on EWS models showed subpar results. [11][12][13] Artificial intelligence (AI), featuring various machine learning (ML) tools, can analyze large amounts of data and offer solutions that are not apparent. ...

The Predictive Value of Risk Factors and Prognostic Scores in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Diagnostics

... External fixation plays an essential role in the treatment of high-energy fractures, bone defects, limb lengthening, and deformity correction [1,2]. Determining the optimal time for the removal of external fixators in fracture treatment poses a significant difficulty. ...

Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Comparing External Fixation to Intramedullary Nailing in the Treatment of Open Tibial Fractures

Medicina

... The Tehran University of Medical Sciences study, involving 230 clerkship, internship, and residency students, illustrates this paradox by revealing a limited understanding of plagiarism among residents compared to younger students [40]. In addition, in our study, gender was associated with differences in attitudes towards plagiarism with females having lower positive attitudes towards plagiarism which is in accordance with previously published study [41]. ...

Attitudes Toward Plagiarism Among PhD Medical Students in Serbia

... Muscle mass and strength peak at the age of 40 years, with men having a higher peak than women; however, both parameters gradually decline after the age of 50 years [13]. There is growing evidence of a robust interrelationship between sarcopenia and adverse clinical outcomes [29,30]. Patients with sarcopenia experience elevated rates of hospitalization and mortality [2]. ...

From Sarcopenia to Depressive Symptoms in Elderly: A Path Analysis

... They are known to increase the risk of preterm birth by interfering with the normal implantation process or by causing bleeding, both of which can precipitate early labor. If the placenta accreta case, preterm delivery may be needed to prevent life threatening haemorrhage in the mother [99].  Increased Risk with Multiple Cesareans: They found women who deliver two or more times by cesarean delivery are at a greater risk of having a preterm baby in their next pregnancy [100]. ...

Comparison of Post-Cesarean Pain Perception of General Versus Regional Anesthesia, a Single-Center Study

Medicina

... In previous studies, the PESI score was also shown to correlate (apart from AcT) with LVEF and the pulmonary venous flow waves S/D Table 3. Effectiveness of 6 different PESI modifications in prediction of 30-day all-cause mortality created by adding a single parameter to PESI (AUC 0.8608; P <0.001). Modified PESI score is obtained by adding a number of points provided in the table when a given sign is present or a given parameter exceeds the corresponding threshold value Tables 2 and 3 ratio (parameter related to clot burden and an independent mortality predictor) [28,29]. Heart dysfunction, caused by PE and assessed with the above-described markers, might be also caused by some chronic conditions of the heart and lungs and translate into higher PESI scoring. ...

Point-of-Care Echocardiographic Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients with Pulmonary Embolism

Diagnostics

... Swiftly conducted real-world studies by ERIC and others during the COVID-19 pandemic exemplify this potential, providing useful information on the outcomes of patients with CLL infected with SARS-COV-2 and their responses to COVID-19 vaccines. [115][116][117][118][119][120][121] Last but not least, RWD has also been used in more elaborate approaches involving artificial intelligence (AI). Indicatively, Agius et al. have reported a machine-learning approach for identifying patients with a high risk of infection, underlining the myriad possibilities of utilizing RWD toward the realization of PM. 122 AI and machine learning approaches are the way forward in incorporating a large amount of complex RWD data to make more refined predictions for our patients. ...

Thrombotic and bleeding complications in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and severe COVID-19: a study of ERIC, the European Research Initiative on CLL

Journal of Hematology & Oncology