Nikolai Klempp’s research while affiliated with University of Stuttgart and other places

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Publications (14)


Potenziale dezentraler Flexibilität: Welchen Beitrag können E-Autos und Wärmepumpen zu einem kosteneffizienten Redispatch leisten?
  • Experiment Findings

December 2021

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49 Reads

Nikolai Klempp

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[...]

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Kai Hufendiek

Trotz eines insgesamt sinkenden Bedarfs an Redispatch in den kommenden Jahren durch den Ausbau im Übertragungsnetz können die betrachteten Flexibilitätstechnologien jährlich ökonomische Potenziale zwischen 15 und 47 Mio. € generieren. Die maximalen ökonomischen Potenziale werden hierbei aus der Differenz der Netzengpassmanagementkosten im Übertragungsnetz mit und ohne die Einbeziehung der betrachteten dezentralen Flexibilität berechnet. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass die Integration von dezentraler nachfrageseitiger Flexibilität einen hohen volkswirtschaftlichen Nutzen entfalten kann. Insgesamt kumulieren sich die in Baden-Württemberg möglichen ökonomischen Potenziale bei den getroffenen Annahmen zwischen 2022 und 2028 auf 228 Mio. € . Dabei tragen kurzfristig vor allem Querschnittstechnologien sowie Wärmepumpen zum Potenzial bei, langfristig überwiegen die potenziellen Einsparungen durch Elektrofahrzeuge. In der Praxis würde sich die ökonomischen Potenziale je nach Marktsituation einerseits als Erlöse auf Anbieterseite (z. B. Eigentümerinnen und Eigentümer von Elektrofahrzeugen & Aggregatoren) und andererseits als Kostenreduktion im Redispatch beim Netzbetreiber aufteilen. Zu berücksichtigen ist dabei, dass die ausgewiesenen ökonomischen Potenziale keine Transaktionskosten sowie keine investiven Kostenpositionen enthalten, wie sie zur Erschließung der Flexibilität oder für die benötigte Infrastruktur auf Netzbetreiberseite anfallen. Die wirtschaftliche Erschließung der Flexibilität verbleibt somit als zentrale Herausforderung, da sich die Transaktionskosten durch eine entsprechende Automatisierung, die in den Erschließungskosten enthalten ist, niedrig halten lassen. Die abschließende qualitative Bewertung des Benchmark-Modells gegenüber aktuellen Alternativkonzepten zeigt ergänzend zu den quantitativen Ergebnissen auf, dass bei einer plattform- und marktbasierten Umsetzung des Benchmark-Modells die Vorteile überwiegen und es somit eine vielversprechende Lösungsoption darstellt. Die Transaktionskosten stellen aufgrund der Kleinteiligkeit der Flexibilitätspotenziale grundsätzlich eine Herausforderung dar, jedoch bieten ein Plattformansatz und ein geeignetes Produktdesign die Chance, die beteiligten Akteure zu integrieren. Wenn das Flexibilitätspotenzial durch die Akteure ohnehin für eine anderweitige Vermarktung erschlossen wird (z. B. im wettbewerblichen Energiemarkt oder zur Vermarktung als Systemdienstleistung), lassen sich auch die Potenziale dezentraler Flexibilität: Welchen Beitrag können E-Autos und Wärmepumpen zu einem kosteneffizienten Redispatch leisten? Erschließungskosten für den Redispatch deutlich reduzieren. Grundsätzlich bietet der Ansatz erhebliches Potenzial für eine effiziente Koordination, wobei das inhärent vorhandene Potenzial für Fehlanreize durch strategisches Gebotsverhalten durch entsprechende Maßnahmen minimiert werden kann.


Figure 1. Workflow of analysis; encircled "1" denotes the starting point of analysis, corresponding to the respective battery operation mode (1, 2, or 3).
Figure 4. Annualized total system costs and CO 2 emissions, normalized in % of respective values for battery operation mode 1, by battery operation mode, for 50% prosumer penetration ratio.
Figure 6. Annual residual load duration curves (absolute values; cyan) and battery charging (black); by battery operation mode); for 75% prosumer penetration ratio. (a) Battery operation mode 1; (b) Battery operation mode 2; (c) Battery operation mode 3.
Figure 8. Annualized total system costs and CO 2 emissions, normalized in % of respective values for battery operation mode 1 by battery operation mode for a 50% prosumer penetration ratio under consideration of widespread e-mobility.
Summary of the used variables and parameters for the prosumer battery storage operation.

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Impact of Network Charge Design in an Energy System with Large Penetration of Renewables and High Prosumer Shares
  • Article
  • Full-text available

October 2021

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98 Reads

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6 Citations

Energies

The transformation of our energy system toward zero net CO2 emissions correlates with a stronger use of low energy density renewable energy sources (RES), such as photovoltaic (PV) energy. As a source of flexibility, distributed PV systems, in particular, are oftentimes installed in combination with battery storage systems. These storage systems are dispatchable, i.e., controllable by the operating owners, who can thereby take over an active market role as energy prosumers. The particular battery operation modes are based on the individual prosumer decisions, which, in turn, are strongly affected by the regulatory framework in place. Regulatory frameworks differ from country to country, but almost all regulatory frameworks feature a network charge mechanism, which allocates network infrastructure and operating costs to the end customers. This raises the question of the extent to which different network charges lead to different prosumer decisions, i.e., battery operation modes, and thus different energy system configurations (system costs). In order to evaluate this question we apply (a) a fundamental linear optimization model of the energy wholesale market, which we stringently link to (b) an analysis of peak-coincident network capacity utilization as well as (c) an evaluation of the complete costs of energy for prosumers and consumers. This stringent cycle of analysis is applied to two prototypical network allocation schemes. We demonstrate that network allocation schemes that are orientated to peak-coincident network capacity utilization could both better incentivize a distribution network-oriented behaviour and better share financial burdens between prosuming and purely consuming households than would be the case for volumetric network charge designs. This paper further demonstrates that network-oriented battery operation does not, per se, result in optimal RES integration at the wholesale market level and CO2 emissions reduction. To identify effects from increasing sector integration, an analysis is both performed for a setting without and with consideration of widespread e-mobility. As a broader conclusion, our results demonstrate that future regulatory frameworks should have a stronger focus on prosumer integration by means, among other things, of an adequate network charge design reflecting the increasingly distributed nature of our future energy system.

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Quantification of the Flexibility Potential through Smart Charging of Battery Electric Vehicles and the Effects on the Future Electricity Supply System in Germany

April 2021

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82 Reads

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17 Citations

Energies

Electrification offers an opportunity to decarbonize the transport sector, but it might also increase the need for flexibility options in the energy system, as the uncoordinated charging process of battery electric vehicles (BEV) can lead to a demand with high simultaneity. However, coordinating BEV charging by means of smart charging control can also offer substantial flexibility potential. This potential is limited by restrictions resulting from individual mobility behavior and preferences. It cannot be assumed that storage capacity will be available at times when the impact of additional flexibility potential is highest from a systemic point of view. Hence, it is important to determine the flexibility available per vehicle in high temporal (and spatial) resolution. Therefore, in this paper a Markov-Chain Monte Carlo simulation is carried out based on a vast empirical data set to quantify mobility profiles as accurately as possible and to subsequently derive charging load profiles. An hourly flexibility potential is derived and integrated as load shift potential into a linear optimization model for the simultaneous cost-optimal calculation of the dispatch of technology options and long-term capacity planning to meet a given electricity demand. It is shown that the costs induced by BEV charging are largely determined by the profile costs from the combination of the profiles of charging load and renewable generation, and not only by the additional energy and capacity demand. If the charging process can be flexibly controlled, the storage requirement can be reduced and generation from renewable energies can be better integrated.


Role and Impact of Prosumers in a Sector-Integrated Energy System With High Renewable Shares

November 2020

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84 Reads

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35 Citations

Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on

Interactions of different policy instruments in real markets can lead to a mismatch between stakeholders striving for individual benefits and attaining an overall system optimum. These distortion effects are of particular relevance for sectorintegrated systems with high prosumer shares. Distributed battery storage systems, in particular, could constitute a pivotal source of flexibility in close to 100% renewable energy systems. However, depending on their sizing and run-mode, these battery systems can either serve for individual profit maximization or for the benefit of the system as a whole. We quantify the resulting differences by means of a fundamental linear optimization model of the electricity market which we fully link to a stakeholder full cost of energy analysis including relevant regulatory price components. We show that the effects encompass both system cost changes and distributional effects for certain stakeholder groups. We quantifiy the effects and apply an impact variation analysis to demonstrate that they could be relevant in view of the overall acceptance of the energy system transformation.


Extended policy mix in the power sector: How a coal phase-out redistributes costs and profits among power plants

November 2020

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35 Reads

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16 Citations

Energy Policy

With the phase-out of coal power plants, the existing mix of instruments aimed at decarbonising electricity sectors is getting more complex. This paper contributes to its understanding by highlighting the impact of coal phase-out, CO2-price and increasing capacity of variable renewable energies on contribution margins of power plants. By visualizing these three instruments in a brownfield screening curves model (SCM), their fundamental effects on plant operation, electricity price and margins become apparent at a glance. Moreover, the SCM allows to derive generic statements about winners and losers on the supply side. Results are then quantified within a case study for Germany using the power sector model E2M2. The high resolution regarding time and generation system permits a realistic simulation of electricity prices and thus of margins at plant level. We conclude that 1) margins between technologies and plants within the same technology vary significantly, in extreme cases by 9.5 times (period 2020–2050). And 2) the impact of a coal phase-out declines when the other two policies become more stringent. E.g. for an old lignite plant, a coal phase-out in a moderate political environment causes a loss in margin of 47%, whereas the loss is only 16% in an ambitious environment.


Design of regional flexibility markets for electricity: A product classification framework for and application to German pilot projects

November 2020

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189 Reads

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26 Citations

Utilities Policy

With the growing role of distributed energy resources, the electricity network is challenged by numerous technical problems, such as capacity congestion and over-or under-voltage. An often-discussed response, especially in the European zonal electricity system, is to implement regional flexibility markets. We contribute to this discussion by providing a comprehensive classification framework for the design of flexibility products by combining technical requirements with classical auction theory. The framework structures 23 product parameters in four stages of abstraction. By applying the framework to five market approaches used in current German research projects, we demonstrate its usefulness for consistent comparison of flexibility products at a high level of detail. This framework can empower national and international policymakers and practitioners in assessing flexibility markets holistically, thereby facilitating the implementation of sound solutions.


Strategisches Gebotsverhalten im Kontext der C/sells FlexPlattform

May 2020

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357 Reads

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3 Citations

Im Rahmen des SINTEG-Forschungsprojektes C/sells wurde ein Konzept zur Optimierung und Erweiterung bestehender Netzengpassmanagementprozesse entwickelt. Ziel des sogenannten C/sells FlexPlattform-Konzeptes ist es, netzebenenübergreifend Flexibilitätsbedarfe und -angebote effizienter koordinieren zu können und bislang nicht erschlossene Flexibilitätspotenziale, insbesondere der Lastseite, nutzbar zu machen. Das FlexPlattform-Konzept verfolgt den hybriden Ansatz, bestehende Netzengpassmanagementprozesse um einen marktbezogenen Mechanismus zur Kontrahierung von Flexibilität zu erweitern. Das vorliegende Diskussionspapier, das in Kooperation mit dem Institut für Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung (IER) der Universität Stuttgart, dem Fachgebiet Volkswirtschaftslehre mit Schwerpunkt dezentrale Energiewirtschaft der Universität Kassel und dem Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung (ISI) entstand, ordnet dieses Konzept in die aktuelle Debatte über Möglichkeiten des strategischen Gebotsverhaltens bei einem marktbasierten Netzengpassmanagement ein. Zunächst werden die zwei grundsätzlichen Problembereiche des strategischen Bietens, die Ausnutzung der Marktdesigninkonsistenz (Increase-Decrease-Game) und die Ausübung von Marktmacht beschrieben. Darauf aufbauend werden mögliche Maßnahmen zum Umgang mit strategischem Gebotsverhalten diskutiert. Dies sind Monitoring und Pönalisierung sowie langfristige leistungsbasierte Produkte und Preisgrenzen. Abschließend wird anhand von drei exemplarischen Netzengpasssituationen und zwei beispielhaften Produktdesigns die Wirkweise der Maßnahmen verdeutlicht. Es lässt sich festhalten, dass grundsätzlich geeignete Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung von strategischem Gebotsverhalten bestehen. Bei der detaillierten Ausgestaltung eines adäquaten Markt- und Produktdesigns müssen jedoch eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Anforderungen beachtet werden, weshalb die optimale Gestaltung in einem iterativen Prozess erfolgen sollte. Die Erfahrungen aus den drei C/sells FlexPlattform-Umsetzungen (ALF, comax, ReFlex) und das gemeinsame C/sells FlexPlattform-Konzept können hierfür die Grundlage bilden.


Abbildung 2-2: Vereinfachtes e³-Value-Diagramm der Funktionen und Interaktionen der beteiligten Akteure über die in C/sells entwickelten Flex-Plattformen ALF, ReFlex und comax
Netzdienlicher Handel als Element des zellulären Energiesystems am Beispiel des Altdorfer Flexmarkts (ALF)

May 2020

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205 Reads

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8 Citations

Der Beitrag erläutert auf Grundlage von beschriebenen Marktmechanismen, welche im Rahmen des Projekts C/sells für ein zelluläres Energiesystem entwickelt werden, die Wertversprechen von Flex-Plattformen für den netzdienlichen Handel von Flexibilität. Diese stellen Netzbetreibern ein zukünftiges Werkzeug für marktbasiertes Engpassmanagement zur Verfügung. Hierzu werden die Funktionen des C/sells Flex-Plattform Konzepts sowie die Interaktionen der beteiligten Akteure vorgestellt. Anschließend werden Charakteristika des Altdorfer Flexmarkts (ALF) als eine Implementierung des Flex-Plattform Konzepts detailliert beschrieben. Auf Basis der Systemlandschaft werden spezifische Prozessschritte erläutert und auf die Schwerpunkte bei der Umsetzung von ALF eingegangen. Hierzu gehört neben dem einfachen Marktzugang von Kleinanlagen die Integration in die durch intelligente Messsysteme bereitgestellte Infrastruktur. In der Zusammenfassung werden die Inhalte im energiewirtschaftlichen Kontext verortet und ein Ausblick auf die weitere Umsetzung gegeben.


Figure 1. Stochastic model with a 2-stage stochastic dual dynamic programming (SDDP) approach.
Figure 4. Example: price building in a stochastic optimisation model.
Figure A1. Reasons for special prices under the water inflow profile of the year 2002. (a) inflow profiles; (b) storage operation and electricity price.
Impact of Long-Term Water Inflow Uncertainty on Wholesale Electricity Prices in Markets with High Shares of Renewable Energies and Storages

May 2020

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252 Reads

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8 Citations

Energies

Renewable energy shares in electricity markets are increasing and therefore also require an increase in flexibility options. Conventional electricity price modelling with optimisation models in thermally dominated markets is not appropriate in markets with high shares of renewable energies and storages because price structures are not adequately represented. Previous research has already identified the impact of uncertainty in renewable energy feed-in on investment and dispatch decisions. However, we are not aware of any work that investigates the influence of uncertainties on price structures by means of optimisation models. Appropriate modelling of electricity price structures is important for investment and policy decisions. We have investigated the influence of uncertainty concerning water inflow by applying a second stage stochastic dual dynamic programming approach in a linear optimisation model using Norway as an example. We found that the influence of uncertainty concerning water inflow combined with high shares of storages has a strong impact on the electricity price structures. The identified structures are highly influenced by seasonal water inflow, electricity demand, wind, and export profiles. Additionally, they are reinforced by seasonal primary energy source prices and import prices. Incorporating uncertainties in linear optimisation models improves the price modelling and provides, to a large extent, an explanation for the seasonal patterns of Norwegian electricity market prices. The paper explains the basic pricing mechanisms in markets with high shares of storages and renewable energies which are subject to uncertainty. To identify these fundamental mechanisms, we focused on uncertainty regarding water inflow, but the basic results hold true for uncertainties regarding other renewable energies as well.


Zukünftige Mechanismen zur Beschaffung netzdienlicher Flexibilität - viele Konzepte, wenig Vergleichbarkeit

May 2020

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34 Reads

Die Autoren befassen sich in ihrem Aufsatz mit der Beschaffung von netzdienlicher Flexibilität und bieten hier eine Systematik zur standardisierten Spezifizierung von Flexibilitätsprodukten. Mit 21 Parametern stellen sie ihre Systematik genauer vor und beschreiben danach anhand von Beispielen Unterschiede. Die hier erstellte Systematik erlaube es Flexibilitätsprodukte zu vergleichen und auf deren Kompatibilität zu prüfen.


Citations (11)


... DC microgrids have become increasingly important in recent years due to the increasing sophistication with which they can integrate various energy storage systems like batteries and supercapacitors, as well as the increasing use of solar photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell power, among other DC loads [1][2][3][4]. The flexibility of DC microgrids to support a variety of DC loads is another factor contributing to their growing popularity [5][6][7][8]. ...

Reference:

DC Microgrids: A Propitious Smart Grid Paradigm for Smart Cities
Impact of Network Charge Design in an Energy System with Large Penetration of Renewables and High Prosumer Shares

Energies

... China's Guangxi Province plays a pivotal role in China's electric vehicle (EV) landscape due to its strategic location and favourable policy support. In the 13th five-year plan for the "Development of National Strategic Emerging Industries," Guangxi province produced 316,000 electric vehicles, highlighting the remarkable growth from a zero starting point (Guthoff et al., 2021). This growth indicates the enormous expansion of the Chinese electric vehicle manufacturing sector's capabilities. ...

Quantification of the Flexibility Potential through Smart Charging of Battery Electric Vehicles and the Effects on the Future Electricity Supply System in Germany

Energies

... These results are aligned with the findings in Fett et al. (2021), where the long-term impact of HES diffusion on German electricity market is investigated. In Schick et al. (2020), the research explores the suitability of high self-consumption rates among prosumagers within an energy system with a substantial share of renewable energy sources (RES). The investigation suggests that inflexible HES operations driven solely by individual economic interests might worsen the integration of RES, leading to higher carbon emissions and increased system expenses. ...

Role and Impact of Prosumers in a Sector-Integrated Energy System With High Renewable Shares
  • Citing Article
  • November 2020

Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on

... Optimization models are also used to quantify asset or technology rents in defined scenarios, where the modelled electricity prices are used ex-post to calculate revenues. For example, rents on the asset level are examined under the influence of various policy measures in [32]. Ref. [33] calculates the shift in rents between generators and consumers also using a linear optimization model. ...

Extended policy mix in the power sector: How a coal phase-out redistributes costs and profits among power plants
  • Citing Article
  • November 2020

Energy Policy

... Analyzing the impact of the size of the regional market, they find that the size of the market has a low impact on this share. The product classification framework of Heilmann et al. [14] structures 23 flexibility products by combining technical requirements and auction theory. Heitkoetter et al. [15] provide an assessment of the flexibility potential in terms of demand response in 401 German districts. ...

Design of regional flexibility markets for electricity: A product classification framework for and application to German pilot projects
  • Citing Article
  • November 2020

Utilities Policy

... Das Institut für Industriebetriebslehre und Industrielle Produktion (IIP) des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie (KIT) hat 50 elektrische Lastprofile von kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen veröffentlicht [6]. Ein weiterer Datensatz mit 28 Lastprofilen von Unternehmen aus den Bereichen Abfallentsorgung, Metall-und Holzverarbeitung sowie weiteren Branchen stammt ebenfalls vom KIT [7]. Das Fraunhofer IEE hat im Projekt Simbench Lastprofile von Gewerbe-und Landwirtschaftsbetrieben veröffentlicht [8]. ...

Electricity consumption of 28 German companies in 15-min resolution
  • Citing Research
  • September 2019

... • The general potential for market manipulation due to market design inconsistency and market power tendencies needs to be observed. The potential of mitigation measures within LFM were discussed previously (see [59,60]). Nevertheless, a consistent evaluation of dynamic market behavior still demands further research. • ...

Strategisches Gebotsverhalten im Kontext der C/sells FlexPlattform

... • Market entry for unused flexibility: integration of flexibilities without market access today. • Technical realization of the process chain: the project intends to show the proof of concept of the technical setup and the performance of the smart meter infrastructure [56]. ...

Netzdienlicher Handel als Element des zellulären Energiesystems am Beispiel des Altdorfer Flexmarkts (ALF)

... Second, optimization models are well suited to study structural changes in the power system, which is often difficult for statistical models because they rely on historical data. Therefore, optimization models can provide insight into how electricity prices will evolve under different conditions [11]. There are also some other approaches to model prices. ...

Impact of Long-Term Water Inflow Uncertainty on Wholesale Electricity Prices in Markets with High Shares of Renewable Energies and Storages

Energies

... To enable the data transfer between various sectors and provide standardization, having a data model is highly important but imposes a challenge. For instance, authors in Huber (2018) briefly explored the necessary parameters to describe a flexible data model for DSM. More extensively, authors in Schott et al. (2019) propose a generic data model which can describe various energy flexibility aspects, improve the information exchange, and enhance energy flexibility automation. ...

An interactive Online-Platform for Demand Side Management
  • Citing Conference Paper
  • June 2018