Nigel Jackson’s research while affiliated with University of Plymouth and other places

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Publications (23)


Table 1 The position of MPs on the Grunig and Hunt (1984) continuum when performing PR to its full potential
Table 2 Media listed as priority for an MP (in percentages)
Table 5 Key features of MPs' websites
Table 10 How PR is used to build relationships PR tools Build formal and informal networks
Just Public Relations or an Attempt at Interaction?British MPs in the Press, on the Web and ‘In Your Face’
  • Article
  • Full-text available

December 2004

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180 Reads

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58 Citations

European Journal of Communication

Nigel A. Jackson

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It is no longer sufficient for a British Member of Parliament to represent a particular party and be in a safe seat to guarantee re-election. Arguably the MP has to prove that they not only represent the party but also the constituency, and increasingly they feel under pressure to prove they take the latter aspect of the job very seriously. Therefore we find them engaging in various activities which can be described as profile building or public relations, activities which we recognize as being more consistent with the PR activities of charities and/or pressure groups. They act as campaigners, building themselves a profile through the local media, they are also increasingly using the Internet to promote themselves, their activities and a number of causes important to the MP and a section of the constituency. PR theory, especially Grunig and Hunt’s continuum and Ferguson’s relationship management theories, help explain the possible motivations for MPs using these various strategies. The question this article asks is whether this is just PR or is there a less cynical motive for this activity. In other words is it simply about vote winning, which clearly is a key aspect, or is there also a desire to increase interaction between the local electorate and their parliamentary representative.

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MPs and Web Technologies: An Untapped Opportunity?

May 2003

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31 Reads

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84 Citations

Journal of Public Affairs

MPs have not previously been assigned a major role in electoral campaigning, being considered only one element of a political party's ‘marketing’ tools for winning votes. Evidence now suggests that the relationship between MPs and their constituents is changing. The concept of ‘constituency service’ implies that individual MPs can have a much greater influence on local voters and so possibly buck national trends. At the same time the concept of the ‘permanent campaign’ is transforming political campaigning whereby the political elite needs ever-greater control of the tools used to provide messages to voters. The internet is a potential battleground between MPs who want greater control of their own local campaigning and the party elite who want to ensure a consistent, coherent and controlled message. The Internet is a new addition to the campaigning armoury, yet the focus so far has been on e-government, e-democracy and election campaigns. By concentrating on how and why MPs use their websites this paper considers whether MPs have fully understood and utilised this new medium. Key questions include whether their websites are ‘sticky’, interactive and a means of creating a targeted message. The findings of this detailed study of MPs' websites show that apart from a few pioneers, MPs have not progressed beyond using the Internet as ‘shovelware’ — the vast majority view their website as an electronic brochure and not a new form of two-way communication. Copyright


Citations (21)


... This is important because studies show that citizens' voting behaviours are closely connected to their "news diet" and how they use the internet and/or social media for information purposes (Mosca & Quaranta, 2017, p. 162). Moreover, Facebook has been the most important social media platform for political parties in Europe for more than a decade now (e.g., Klinger & Russmann, 2017;Lilleker et al., 2015;Russmann, forthcoming) and a pivotal campaigning tool . Analysing electoral materials manage their relationships with the voters, Facebook is a perfect fit as it is well suited for managing these relationships-much better than Twitter, for example, which is mainly used by parties for reaching out to journalists and other stakeholders (Valentini, 2019). ...

Reference:

Campaigning on Facebook in the 2019 European Parliament Election: Informing, Interacting with, and Mobilising Voters
Social Media in the UK Election Campaigns 2008-2014
  • Citing Chapter
  • December 2015

... It is the avowedly persistent decline of the public's engagement with formal politics that justifies political marketing scholars' calls for the continuing need for deeper emotional engagement with the electorate (among others: Henneberg and O'Shaughnessy 2009;Lees-Marshment 2014;Abid, Harrigan, and Roy 2021). While the online presentation of politicians has been highly influenced by a personality-driven communication style (Stanyer 2013;Metz, Kruikemeier, and Lecheler 2019) that builds on authenticity, it is still challenging to build a long-term relationship with constituents (Jackson and Lilleker 2009;Henneberg and O'Shaughnessy 2009;Lilleker and Jackson 2014). What this paper explores is the potential of podcasting to alleviate some of these identified burdens. ...

Brand management and relationship marketing in online environments
  • Citing Chapter
  • January 2014

... The most recent research from an e-representation perspective found adherence to an e-representation model was limited to detailing their work within the legislature on behalf of their constituency and specific constituents or groups thereof . However studies assessing the use of websites, enewsletters, weblogs and social networking profiles found different platforms potentiate different communication strategies (Jackson & Lilleker, 2011a). The more traditional platforms and tools such as websites and e-newsletters are, on the whole, push communication tools designed to transmit information out to browsers or subscribers. ...

The Member for Cyberspace: E-Representation and MPs in the UK
  • Citing Article
  • January 2011

... Analisis konten media sosial menunjukkan bahwa jenis konten yang paling efektif dalam membangun citra positif adalah yang beragam dan informatif. Konten-konten ini tidak hanya mencakup pidato dan kegiatan formal, tetapi juga interaksi informal, seperti kunjungan lapangan, pertemuan dengan masyarakat, dan aktivitas sosial lainnya yang menunjukkan kedekatan dan kesetiaan kepada rakyat (Jackson & Lilleker, 2011). ...

Political campaigning, elections and the internet: Comparing the US, UK, France and Germany
  • Citing Article
  • March 2013

... Given constant social media development, it is no surprise that political parties and politicians seek communication with voters via the Internet and social media, especially in the election campaigns (Lilleker and Jackson 2013;Skovsgaard and Van Dalen 2013;Ridge-Newman et al. 2020;Jakob and Schwartz 2022). ...

Reaching Inward Not Outward: Marketing via the Internet at the UK 2010 General Election
  • Citing Article
  • April 2013

Journal of Political Marketing

... With this practitioners could therefore choose more dialogical and transformational approaches to achieve and maintain relationships with political consumers over the long term. Lastly experiential marketing, suggested by Jackson [14], focuses on involving the consumer in an active experience with the brand. Voters are not just spectators but feel part of the event. ...

General election marketing—selling a can of beans, building a favours bank or managing an event?
  • Citing Article
  • August 2013

Journal of Public Affairs

... According to Okan et al. (2014), social networking has become significant among political parties and political candidates to obtain more support and feedback, discuss ideas and opinions, and participate in public debates. Many scholars have studied the use of the Internet for political communication purposes (Blumler & Kavanagh, 1999;Hill & Hughes, 1998;Jones, 1998;Lev-On, 2011;Lilleker & Jackson, 2010;Livingstone, 1999;McChesney, 2000;Mcnamara, 2008;Norris, 2001;Schweitzer, 2008;Towner & Dulio, 2012;Vaccari, 2008). ...

Towards a More Participatory Style of Election Campaigning: The Impact of Web 2.0 on the UK 2010 General Election
  • Citing Article
  • August 2010

Policy & Internet

... The use of email, along with the increase in budget allocations for MP constituency expenditures (compare Ward, 2000, at £50 000, to Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority, 2016, allows for more frequent contact, as well as a larger quantity of contact (House of Modernisation Committee, 2007, ev. 74;Jackson, 2003;Korris, 2013, p.20). A final limitation of Rawlings's study is that it does not attempt to address live and in-person interaction, which is what this thesis will analyze (see Chapters 3-6). ...

Vote Winner or a Nuisance: Email and Elected Politicians' Relationship with Their Constituents
  • Citing Article
  • November 2005

Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing

... Por lo tanto, han dejado de ser simples votantes potenciales. Las reacciones de los usuarios a los candidatos o personalidades políticas ya sean positivas o negativas, aumentan la visibilidad de los mismos (Jackson & Lilleker, 2011;Vergeer et al., 2013;Manfredi & González-Sánchez, 2019), y en últimas, transmiten cierta noción de cercanía y confianza, necesaria para influir sobre el votante (Martínez & Gómez, 2021;Altamirano et al., 2022). ...

Microblogging, Constituency Service and Impression Management: UK MPs and the Use of Twitter

Journal of Legislative Studies

... This suggests a gradual convergence between new and traditional parties, with a growing similarity in their electoral campaign strategies. Nevertheless, to ascertain the existence of such a convergence or, as Lilleker et al. (2011) put it, an equalization in the campaign model, it is essential to conduct a longitudinal analysis. ...

Informing, engaging, mobilizing or interacting: Searching for a European model of web campaigning
  • Citing Article
  • September 2011

European Journal of Communication

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Eva Johanna Schweitzer

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