Nico Schrijver’s scientific contributions

... Instead, sanctions create a "rally round the flag effect" against outside pressure, enabling political endorsement and directing the population's resentment toward outsiders. Sanctions cause suffering to civilians, especially the most vulnerable groups in the target nations, while those in authority remain relatively unscathed (Ali 2000;Schrijver 1994). Another factor is the role of regional powers, such as South Korea and Japan, in facilitating denuclearisation on the Korean Peninsula. ...

Reference:

North Korea's denuclearization: Obstacles and prospects from multinational aspect