N.B. Singh’s research while affiliated with Sharda University and other places

Water pollution is a major global problem Sources of water pollution  Industrial waste  Agricultural waste  Household waste  Pharmaceutical waste  Underground storage leaks Effect of water pollution on the Environment  Death of aquatic organisms  Disruption of food-chains  Diseases  Destruction of ecosystem  Provide high-performance, affordable water and wastewater treatment solutions (Asgar and Mushtaq, 2023)  Nanomaterials are fabricated with features, such as high aspect ratio, reactivity, tunable pore volume, electrostatic, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic interactions, which are useful in adsorption, catalysis, sensing, etc. (Jain et.al., 2021) Types of nanomaterials used How it works?  Nasosorption  Nanofiltration  Catalysis  photocatalysis  Dendrimers  Zeolites  Metal nanoparticles  Carbonaceous nanomaterials  Polymeric nanocomposites Background:  Floral waste, a byproduct of the flower industry, is abundant and often overlooked as a valuable resource.  ZnO, GO, G-ZnO NCs a conductive polymer, has garnered attention for its diverse applications, including in the field of antibacterial nanocomposites.

Contamination by pathogenic bacteria represents a severe risk to public health and well-being. We outlined current approaches to detecting and sensing harmful bacteria by integrating recognition elements with nanomaterials (NMs) in this study. Nanomaterials have emerged as a transformative technology for bacterial detection due to their unique physicochemical properties, including high surface area, quantum effects, and enhanced reactivity. This review highlights the current trends in the application of various nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots, in the detection of bacterial pathogens. These materials enable the development of selective, and rapid detection methods through mechanisms like surface plasmon resonance, electrochemical sensing, and fluorescence. Furthermore, integrating nanomaterials with microfluidic devices and biosensors is discussed, showcasing advancements in point-of-care diagnostics. Challenges such as stability, reproducibility, and potential toxicity of nanomaterials are addressed, alongside regulatory considerations. The future outlook emphasizes the potential of emerging nanomaterials, such as graphene and metal-organic frameworks, to revolutionize bacterial detection. This review aims to enhance the scalability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability of these technologies, paving the way for widespread clinical and environmental applications.

Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative force, driving breakthroughs across a wide range of fields including materials science, electronics, medicine, agriculture, and energy. This review article discusses the multifaceted landscape of nanomaterials (NMs), highlighting their profound impact across various domains. From advancements in material science to significant shifts in healthcare and environmental remediation, nanotechnology has expanded the boundaries of what is possible. We explore the synthesis, properties, and applications of NMs, showcasing their potential to revolutionize energy storage, catalysis, and drug delivery. Additionally, the societal implications of nanotechnology, addressing ethical considerations, environmental concerns, and regulatory frameworks have been discussed. As nanotechnology continues to evolve, it becomes ever more crucial to highlight its opportunities and challenges to fully harness its potential. This review provides insights into the dynamic and evolving landscape of NMs, illuminating pathways for future research and innovation.

Nanomaterials are widely employed in wastewater treatment, among which nanoferrites and their composites hold significant prominence. This study adopts a green approach to synthesize zinc ferrite nanoparticles, subsequently integrating them with polyaniline (PANI) to fabricate the ZnFe2O4-PANI nanocomposite. Characterization of the prepared ZnFe2O4-PANI nanocomposite was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) techniques. Using Scherrer’s equation, the crystallite size of the synthesized zinc ferrite nanoparticles was found to be 17.67 nm. SEM micrographs of the ZnFe2O4-PANI nanocomposite revealed that in situ polymerization of ZnFe2O4 with polyaniline transforms the amorphous surface morphology of the polymer into a homogeneous nanoparticle structure. The adsorption of crystal violet (CV) dye onto the surface of the ZnFe2O4-PANI nanocomposite depends on pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature, concentration levels and duration. The Langmuir adsorption model fitted the data well, indicating adherence to a pseudo-second-order kinetic pattern. Thermodynamic values ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° indicated that the adsorption process occurred spontaneously. Advantages and disadvantages of the technique have also been highlighted. Mechanism of adsorption is discussed. From the obtained results, it is evident that the ZnFe2O4-PANI nanocomposite holds promise as a sorbent for the removal of dye from wastewater.

In recent years, heavy metals (HMs) obtained from different industrial processes pollute water, soil, and the environment to a great extent. Even trace amounts of HMs are a risk to human health and cause various types of diseases. Therefore, the removal of HMs from the environment is of utmost importance. Numerous methods are used to remove HMs but bioremediation technology based on microorganisms has become more popular due to its highly efficient, inexpensive, and environment-friendly nature. Different microorganisms such as fungi, algae, yeast and bacteria are found to be effective biosorbents. A variety of chemical groups, including phosphate, sulfate, amino, sulfhydryl, carbonyl, hydroxyl and carboxyl on the cell wall of microbes affect biosorption to a great extent. In this chapter, the use of different genetically engineered/modified microbial organisms for the efficient removal of toxic heavy metal elements is discussed.

Advanced materials and processing techniques are the backbone of the smart industry. The smart industry could not be run without a furnish of raw materials. Further, the raw materials could become advanced materials by employing good processing technology. Owing to this, new advanced materials exhibit compelling properties and applications in various fields. In the present chapter, we have provided an insight into the current development in the materials advanced materials comprising different fabrication methodologies and their incorporation with nanofillers, as well as their advanced processing techniques. Moreover, advanced materials’ applications have been emphasized in different fields, like tissue engineering, biomedical, agriculture sector, and pesticides.

Nanocomposite and their applications

The major issue in the modern area is the wastewater discharge, particularly the organic pigments from several industries, which creates various pernicious health hazards. As a result, synthesized zinc ferrites and cellulose nanocomposites are effective photocatalysts used for the detoxification of crystal violet dyes. The crystallite-size of synthesized zinc ferrite nanoparticle was confirmed from XRD by using Scherrer equation to be 25.5 nm. The elemental composition of the zinc ferrite-cellulose nanocomposite was clearly shown by the EDS spectrum. Based on the FESEM micrographs, the zinc ferrite-cellulose nanocomposite morphology revealed a smooth surface with microspheres measuring 500 nm in size. The ZnFe2O4-cellulose nanocomposite demonstrated 92% photocatalytic efficiency for the removal of crystal violet dye at pH 6 after 160 min of sunlight irradiation with a catalyst dosage of 50 mg and an initial dye concentration of 10 ppm. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was found to be consistent for the photocatalytic process. Finally, the newly developed photocatalyst (ZnFe2O4-cellulose nanocomposites) should be considered better for dye decontamination in wastewater

Cosmetics attract most age groups from teenagers to old age. Cosmetic goods now contain a variety of nanoparticle and nanomaterial types. Nano cosmeceuticals have changed the era of cosmetics as they have advanced delivery mechanisms with task specifications. They are used in nail, hair, lip, and skin care products by cosmetic giants including Estee Lauder, L’oreal, Nivea, Zelens, and Derma Swiss, etc., and have patented the use of dozens of "nanosome particles.” The global market for cosmetics using nanotechnology is worth millions of dollars and increasing at 7.14% annually. Liposomes, niosomes,nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and nanosomes are novel nanocarriers that are now used in a variety of cosmeceuticals for drug delivery to achieve site specification, improved stability, biocompatibility, extended action, and increased drug-loading capacity. In this chapter use of various nanocarriers in cosmetic applications with their safety concerns will be discussed.